cS o GC s = n TYPES OF TSUNAMIS _ (veemeat (To be submitted to! “mechanism of oceurrence into the following four 1. Barthquake Triggered Tsunami 2, Voloano Triggered Tsunami _ 3. Landslide Triggered TsunamiTsunami chapter — 3, the tectonie earthquakes cause the Earth’s crustal deformation ‘Thus, if this earthquake occurs beneath the sea, the water above the deformed area would be displaced from its equilibrium position and thence generates sequence of gigantic waves of tsunami, Further, we know that the earthquake is dependent on the type of fault, so also, the tsunami, Some examples of earthquakes due to different types of faults/activities that caused tsunamis are given below: © Earthquake-Tsunami by Thrust Fault: Since the thrust fault ig associated with convergent or destructive plate boundaries, the plates move abruptly, causing water displacement due to the vertical ‘component of movement. Some examples of this type of tsunami are given below. ‘© Storegga ‘Tsunami (about 8,000 yrs ago) originated at locations away from convergent boundaries. 1929 Grand Banks, Papua New Gi to the earthquakes which destab flow into the ocean and gené (1 9.2), the 2004 Indian Occ ‘Tohoku earthquake (9.0) are ‘Smaller (M_ 4.2) (called local and regi coasts in only a few mis waves) is befitting due to thi arthquake-Tsunami by Ne can only do. ‘Typically related to flexure 103Stud: 2 g E 5 3 a ° 3 ie THE JOLT OF VAJONT transfers to the at faster rate than the water can absorb, Thence, the giant submarine landslides ‘could cause tsunamis, This was only theory tll 1958, when a giant landslide in Lituya Bay, Alaska, produced the ever highest tsunami wave on records i.e. 524m (over 1700), Of course, the wave could not travel far, as it struck land almost immediately. ‘To ao a aren) Mot 7 was on othe Hohe! uate ond Oo } Get anenornin aldose Saran | ‘ott swan tn eres Sie Sie re rtantntat| tide the wave {Gann hon epnsanoel eae Tha eee i A ‘Scaroyed be vipa Unigene Pt ae Another big example is with Febandvmmor ting poop aneye opener to Civil Constrution while d In 1963, Monte Toe resulting ina tsunanni wave sutged over 262 m ( Dam in Taly. Named these waves mega-tsunami by: towns and consumed about 2,000 human lives.million eubie yards (30, the NE shore of Lit plunged from an al (914 m) into the wat generated tsunami Inlet and was Fig. 4.6 Landslide model feading to Tsunami ‘Tsunami 105st to the Gulf of Alaska, The force of the wave removed all trees and vegetation from elevations as high as 1720 feet (524 meters) above sea level. Millions of trees were uprooted and swept away by the wave. This is the highest wave “thathas ever been record: “observed. The scale of this wave was so much greater than ordinary tsunamis, it eventually led to the new category of megatsunamis. ‘Some regions vulnerable to landslide-tsunamis are detachment planes. However there of these slopes are. Whatracvont (To be subm0 30°F SOE WE 120° 150° 180" 1 La Palma (UK) voleano could erupt and spark a mega tsunami Fig. 4.9 Krakatau tsunami travel map. potential to cause mass devastation in Britain, ‘There are also fears that Bali, (the island) — known for its sandy beaches — officials: declared the biggest risk-from/a could b have started packing up their possessions as homes nearby Mt. Agung volcano. Fears of a following an earthquake off the nearby island 4.4.4 Meteo-tsunamis (Tsunami Triggered by| Themetoogial codon cyclones, occasionally create a st Table 4.2 Vela Luka Nagasaki Bay Japar Pohang Harbour | Kent & Sussex Longkou Harbour (Giutadella Ha Gulf of ‘West sil \ Se team feuudinba(To be subi _Taises water heights above normal levels, suddenly at ‘the shoreline. The very low atmospheric pressure and inward swirling winds uplift the dome of water to form under and travel in the storm, These water domes ‘when reach shore, rear up in shallows and surge like ‘an earthquake-generated tsunami that arrives shortly after landfall of the storm's eye. (Refer Table 4.1 for some meteo-tsunami events). Meteotsunamiis were also recorded in UK; the I" officially identified was on ine i when British researchers saw people walking across St. Michael's Mt. causeway suddenly found themselves standing in water: Prof. David Tappin of British Geological Survey said, “Most tsunamis are geological, with a vertical movement on the seabed due to earthquake or landslide, where as Meteotsunamis, are E rapid change in atmospheric pressure of justa fe sea surface by a few centimeters, In the when it enters shallow water whilst the Jacco Kromkamp, of the (NIOZ), explained the: if the displacement of a body of water pressure. Another best example is wit ‘meteotsunami storm surge over the 10 create a the entire v Anaster stone into hitting the are very di energy very localized th does. Thenly at re and form domes te like hortly 4 for vas on alking ing in amis ake or small, ite the Te but same earch hw the sheric Tke’s lestial ami to Galen New yal of tional. Ifan cable Ponse ith the Deity, ‘dhits teroid but Tsunami 109 to create a tsunami, it needs something that disturbs’ the entire water column” Anasteroid ocean impact is analogous to throwing | astone into apond. Of course, the energy of the stone. hitting the water will produce waves, but ‘betneeael are very dispersive. In other words, they lose. their, energy very quickly. These dispersive waves are much localized that won’t have the energy that a tsunami», does. The tsunamis occur when there’s large scale shift of mass in the seabed, such as while seismic or. ™ volcanic or landslide activities that cause a huge movement ina massive column of water, fom the seabed tthe surface therefore don’t lose energy as coastlines 1000s of km away, spectacular to be sure; they W ‘As per the model, water j km, producing tim waves ims in height. That's awfully! ‘going to be very dangerous. of the impacting asteroid wi(Tobes the explosions doesn’t easily generate the kind of deep, all-ocean waveforms as tsunamis, since most of the energy generated steam, produced vertical fountains above the water, and tuned to be compression waveforms List out the causes that trigger a Tsunami? Explain briefly Describe how seismic and voicanie activities cause a tsunami ‘What are different types of tsunamis? Explain any two With an example discuss the mechanism involved in earthquake triggered tsunami? With an example discuss the mechanism involved in volcano triggered tsunami? With an example discuss the mechanism involved in landslide triggered tsunami? Explain how earthquake triggered tsunami taking an example of 2004 December, 26 Indian Ocean Tsunami? Can an asteroid, meteorite or comet tke celestial produce a tsunami hits an ocean? Explain What do you understand by Meteo-sunami? How is it ca Write a short note on man-made tsunami, Explain how thrust faut and normal felt can tigger tu . Explain the cause and effects of Lua Bay Tsunami. Wote 2 short note on the tsunami occurred inthe Vajont Da 45 Jong wavelength, wavelength of only 30.0r40m, and 0, a slight swell usually about 30 om (12. height grows as they reach shallowTsunami iit Similarly, the wavelength and period of the tsunami can be determined by the'size and shape of the underwater disturbance. ‘Thus, not only with high speeds, tsunamis can also travel large distances with limited energy loss (Further, due to variation of water depths, the crests travel at different speeds and also refract). ‘What happens as tsunami approaches land? As discussed above, tsunami speed varies with the water depth and hence, the tsunami slows as the water depth decreases (The depth decreases as we move towards the coast). However, the energy flux remains nearly constant, which depends on both, wave speed and wave height. Therefore, the wave height ‘grows which is known as shoaling: Due to this shealing effect, a tsunami that is uunnoticeable:in the middle of the sea may grow high several metres niea coast ‘The increase-of the tsunami" (Ha i, where hand h, are wave hei deep water respectively. Soa tsunami witha heightof is4000 mwould have a waveheig 4uauidmhs+Stuc (To be submitte detect by the human eye. However, the ocean observing instruments ean measure ths, The following are the three most popularinstrumentsin practice 10. Tide gauges 2 Satellite atimeters DART (Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis) system __-4& RADAR system / 44.6.1 Tide Gauges "Equipment. It consists of acoust ‘open at the lower end in water, It is. ‘which emits an ultrasonic sound and ‘water level can be calculated. An’ given in figure 4.10. ‘ADJUSTED RESIDUALS(™)he ocean following practice to Reporting, ea-surface uted by the named as ‘Acasuring tube kept by “bat’, detect an pund pulse pis sensed ance to the stic sensor: Tsunami 113 However, the big problem with this instrument is that some satellites only. move over a particularlocation once in a month or s9. Thus, it depends on the fortune of presence of the satellite at right time and atthe right place to detect tsunami, (Fortunately, during the Indian Ocean tsunami of 26+ December, 2004, the Jason satellite altimeter was in the right place at the right time) ‘The adjacent image (figure 4.11) depicts the height of the sea surface (on either side of slant line) measured by the Jason satellite 2-hours after the initial tarthguake hit the southeast of Sumatra (the epicentre) on December 26,2004. However, the data processing took long time, and so it was less useful to warn. they are still far off sh pressure recorder, recording the pressureFig. 4.12(6) 26 Dec, 2004 Tsunami sensed by Jason 1 1886,Germon scat Hench Hrs showed "Mo waven canbe roected fom ct sect {a00, Ascender Popow ache neuro ih (penal ust Nay Sooo tea as 7 sae none ee Seay icram Ae et tonanes ot engio ns ge Bi i sh act nguags a “soon an cungeeaptaniog Stuc (To be submitteTsunami 115 be possible that the space-based observation might: play a direct role in tsunami warning y 4.6.5 Scales of Tsunami Measurement The effect of tsunami is understood by measuring | in the following two ways, 1. Tsunami Intensity Seale 2. ‘Tsunami Magnitude Sale “ have been used for long time. In the early the DART! days, there were two scales in use. These are: (b) The Zmamura-lida Intensity ‘The SAI scale was in use in the ‘was used in Pacific Oceano measure the latter scale was modified by Solo} intensity Tag {+ log, Hf where H_ isthe average coast [This sealeis termed as the Solovievs (SUPT Scate), in the global tsunami cal NOAAI Recently, in 2013, after the close ‘4 new 12 point scale was prop, Seale (ITIS-2012), which ES12007 and EMS. . Tsunami Magnitude has tobe measured on ts Loomis proposed a scale! potential energy, rather! asthe ML scale,Stu (To be submit 4.7 WARNING SYSTEMS AND _ RISK REDUCTION MEASURES We already understood from the previous chapter that scientists cannoteexactly-predictearthquakes, when and Where they occur. So also, they cannotexactly predictwhen artsunami-will be generated. However, when the tsunamie ‘is generated:in-the mid-oceany ittakesstime-torreachthe® Fig. 4.12 Tsunami warning sign. shore:leaving’someslead-time'torwarm: Though, there are tsunamis reached within minutes, but stl system (the tsunami warning sign is the impact OF Stina and the ass tsunami warning systems. Th(Tc framed structur succeeded in slo of the tsunami’b -Lovai tsunam orthose <30-minutesfromithe:source, ceausenajordamage. The force of water can destroy and loss of life, 4.7.3 bdverse Effects of Tsunami jsahinginits path The flooding affect of the tsunami en causes major destruction to humans, roads and s infrastructure thereby disrupting the normal functioning Coustitnes aaa of the society. 1. Site Pk: Strictly speaking, withdrawal (oftsunami) causes more: g caused by the 2008 damage. Unami in Tamil Nadu, India and medical supplies. In addition to the physical damage,as vats ties ‘alls ities her 993, fing, tami od ’ Tsunami 119 framed structures in the area. The wall may have succeeded in slowing down and moderating the height ofthe tsunami butit did not prevent major destruction and loss of life Some other systematic measures to protect tsunamis include: coastlines again Site Planning and Land Management - withthe browderstrameworkeof a comprehensive plan, site"plarming.determines theslocations-configuration,.and,densityof developmentomparticularsites andis, therefore, an imporiant too! in reducing tsunami nis ‘The designationand:zoni r areas flor such, open: ‘Tsunami walls in coastal JapanStt € 2 s ao o 2 o f 2. Engineering structures — Mostofethe (Font wor sbehers) The houses constructed by them are mainly of flight weight materials without a any[= [sea CS reheorThe orginal The rapidaoplacementofware’ 0000 tesa atty oF faults tides 0° otcanic eruptions oF Minder waterlandsldes ‘rplosions (eg. nuclear) forge meteorald impacts sanam opcurs duct seismic of voleaie atthe ts Ths. we can understand ee mnybe the reasons the sea water welt sgcal activity. Whatsoever violent motion andl apna surges overiand with great destructive b ‘or even destructive: It eflcs of a tsunami can be unpredictable aks as batinpst not as wore a hat On Oe. “Dimately itis rapid devastating motion of water on Near shores. ‘AMisconception ‘Tsunamis are popularly called tidal waves or sometimes ocean waves but they actually have nothing to do with the tides and ocean waves. This ‘may because of the misconception and the confusos between various types of waves generated in sei “and oceans due to atmospheric (wind), sola, lst gravitational activities. These waves are generated surface of the sea/ocean but tsunami com bottom surface of the sea/ocean. More ‘Wave: generated by wind ted due tothe gravitational pole!‘The geological mov produced in sll Fault movement a nariedey mcarotsl 2, Landslide und 3, Volcanic ativisy jer water ment on Sea-bed 4.3.1 Fault Move! for a tsunami is due to Boe coyements on the Seabed which is usally ebmmpanied by an carhquake. They release of mount ofenenay ducto a quake prov ‘ides the capacity gee of moverent and the extent of walet displaced ifthe earthquake. Fig 4.3 shows how an ‘earthquake | situation with a normal wave patterns. A fault may ‘and as long as earthquake does not occur, there will When an earthquake occurs at the sea floor, the re quake may be either a Dip-sip normal ot tides rush toward the shore Z produced waves are calle avaves ovetas wit ward wave 1018 The Stores Norwegian’ affected the to landslid activities bu induced wa 4.3.3 Vole: Volcanic activig of tsunami. Th the shore or und lor depressed as a fault, or may For instane) Krakotoa in In violently in 1 tsunami meast that crushed 36,000 peopl 4.3.4 Med Gen The generals oftsunami isas 1. Aconsid (an at undemei (earthq, landslide The dist perturba ‘The way wave of At the away fro These w: and to ¢ ote that TSlidein the Norwegian sea and some incidente affected the British Isles caused de landslide or meteorologica) activities but are les to earthquake induced waves 4.3.3 Volcanic Activity aa \lemie activity is the third majoreause of tsunami. The volcano situated nea the shore or under water may be upli ordepresscima aaa eae -Ammianus Marcellinus deseribed (365 AD) a sequence of gigantic waves (he did't know the term tsunami) ineluding an in Alexandria.