1

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
M.Arch dissertation submitted to the Manchester School of Architecture in 2022.

I would like to thank my supervisor, David Johnson for his continuous guidance and invaluable advice
throughout the writing of this dissertation.

I would also like to thank my parents for their endless support.

AUTHOR’S DECLARATION
I hereby declare that I am the sole author of this dissertation with the exception where explicit
reference is made to the contribution of others. This is a true copy and has not been submitted to
any other degree at any other institution.

2
ABSTRACT
This dissertation aims to examine how the public can engage in a meaningful exploration of iron
smelting displays and activities in an archaeology site setting. It questions how visitors can
participate in convivial public activities on the site and ways to enhance their experiences. Through
examining this research question, an analysis was conducted to study how the archaeology of iron
smelting sites differs across time and region.

Once a prolific iron smelting site in the South East Asia, Sungai Batu located in Malaysia was
identified as the case study for this dissertation. It explores how the contemporary condition of the
archaeology site, society’s participation in activities accessible in the site and also it questions how
heritage status and protection of the site is governed by the historical and heritage organisation.

3
CONTENT
Appendices 32 - 37
Author’s Declaration 2 Appendix A

Acknowledgements 2

Abstract 3

Contents 4

List of Figures 5

Introduction 6-7

Chapter I Literature Review 8-12

Public Engagement in an Archaeological Museum Setting
Archaeological Research and Public Engagement in Rural Malaysia
Iron Smelting Sites in Malaysia
Heritage Conservation and Protection of Archaeological Iron Smelting Sites

Chapter II Methodology 13
Introduction
Case Study Analysis
Public Survey

Chapter III Sungai Batu, Malaysia 14 - 22

Site Location
Background History
Public Accessibility
Archaeological Display Method
Public Activity
Heritage Protection and Conservation

Chapter IV Multiple Archaeological Site Precedents 23 - 28

Coalbrookdale Museum, United Kingdom
Burkina Faso, Africa
Jinsha Site Museum, China

Conclusion 29

Bibliography 30 - 31

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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 29 Blast furnace by the Darby family on display ............................................................... 23
Figure 30 Top of the blast furnace ............................................................................................. 23
Figure 31 Water Furnace Wheel................................................................................................. 24
Figure 1 Archaeological ritual spot at Sungai Batu, Kedah, Malaysia ............................................ 7
Figure 32 Cast Iron Pot 1 ........................................................................................................... 24
Figure 2 Location of Sungai Batu in Malaysia ............................................................................. 10
Figure 33 Cast Iron Pot 2 ........................................................................................................... 24
Figure 3 Location of Sungai Batu in Bujang Valley District .......................................................... 11
Figure 34 Walking Pavement to the Building............................................................................... 24
Figure 4 Site Location ................................................................................................................ 14
Figure 35 Burkina Faso Study Area Plan .................................................................................... 25
Figure 5 Iron ores around Mount Jerai peak geological formations ............................................. 14
Figure 36 Burkina Faso Site Context .......................................................................................... 25
Figure 6 Iron found near the site ................................................................................................ 15
Figure 37 Surrounding Site Context of Burkina Faso .................................................................. 25
Figure 7 Sungai Batu Iron Smelting Excavation Timeline ............................................................. 15
Figure 38 Remnants of Iron Smelting Furnace 1 in Bukina Faso .................................................. 26
Figure 8 Sungai Batu Excavation Timeline 2 ............................................................................... 15
Figure 39 Remnants of Iron Smelting Furnace 2 in Burkina Faso ................................................ 26
Figure 9 Red Dotes Indicates the Excavation Site at Sungai Batu ............................................... 16
Figure 40 Jinsha Site Museum Archaeological Display ............................................................... 27
Figure 10 Site Zoning ................................................................................................................ 16
Figure 41 Suitable Walking Pavement in Jinsha Site Museum ..................................................... 27
Figure 11 Remnants of Iron Smelting Furnaces .......................................................................... 16
Figure 12 Ritual monument ........................................................................................................ 16
Figure 13 Remnant of jetties ...................................................................................................... 16
Figure 14 Educational Institution within the 2km radius of the Site .............................................. 17
Figure 15 Walkway Pavement in between the Archaeological Excavation Buildings .................... 17
Figure 16 Principles in Designing Walkway Pavement for the Pedestrians ................................... 17
Figure 17 Viewing Area.............................................................................................................. 18
Figure 18 Exhibition Area ........................................................................................................... 18
Figure 19 Remnants of Tuyere ................................................................................................... 18
Figure 20 Exhibition Area ........................................................................................................... 18
Figure 21 Comparison of using Partition Wall to Protect the Visitors, Site and Artefacts from the
Rain .......................................................................................................................................... 19
Figure 22 Lighting Installation in a Public Exhibition Space ......................................................... 19
Figure 23 Guided Tour of the Archaeological Display ................................................................. 20
Figure 24 On-going Excavation Activity for the Volunteers .......................................................... 20
Figure 25 Hands-on Brick Making .............................................................................................. 20
Figure 26 Replica of Iron Smelting Furnaces .............................................................................. 21
Figure 27 Replica of Iron Smelting Furnace ................................................................................ 21
Figure 28 Coalbrookdale Museum of Iron Building Structure ..................................................... 23

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INTRODUCTION This dissertation is divided into four chapters. Chapter 1 Literature Review will investigate the
four topics of this dissertation which consist of public engagement in an archaeological site setting,
archaeological research and public engagement in rural Malaysia, iron smelting sites in Malaysia
When iron emerged in Southeast Asia, it opened up a world of unforeseen material and
and also heritage conservation and protection of archaeological iron smelting sites. These identified
imaginative possibilities, which were represented in official patterns and theoretical assumptions.
topics will help to understand better processes taken by the various contemporary archaeological
Iron's arrival opened up a world of new possibilities for culture in Southeast Asia (O'Connor, 1975).
sites to encourage the public to participate in ongoing activities in the site more and initiatives taken
New iron smelting heritage sites have been discovered in Sungai Batu, Kedah, Malaysia in 2007.
by the relavant bodies to protect these sites.
While the storey emphasises the Bujang Valley complex 300CE, this information isn't technically
new; what is noteworthy about the discovery is the existence of seemingly non-religious structures, Chapter 2 Methodology describes the specified method taken to investigate chosen case
particularly one used for metalworking. There has been limited evidence of native metalworking in study which is an iron smelting excavation site, Sungai Batu with an area of 4km² located in the
Malaysia during this period until now. district of Bujang Valley, Kedah, Malaysia evidences the existence of a prehistoric Malaysian
civilization (Contributors, 2021). The study of public engagement in archaeological iron smelting
It is important to improve the condition of the archaeological site and its context to enable
sites is gathered through site observation through an online database and public survey through
visitors to understand the history of iron smelting which allows them to appreciate the historical value
Google form. In addition, Sungai Batu is the main case study for this dissertation which followed by
of iron smelting. Visitors would enjoy being in an archaeological site setting by feeling welcomed
Coalbrookdale Museum of Iron, Burkina Faso and Jinsha Site Museum are chosen as precedent
when entering the site and participating in engaging activities that could help them understand better
case studies. The similarity between those selected case studies is that there is an ongoing
about iron smelting. A well-maintained historical site and material displayed demonstrate how the
archaeological activity in addition to the public engagement.
whole site is valued by the relevant bodies and communities. The community can have a better
historical experience being inside an archaeological site as it is well maintained and protected. Each Chapter 3 is the primary study which focuses on the archaeological iron smelting site, Sungai
element in the space is specially curated to allow the visitors to experience a unique ambience. A Batu located in Kedah, Malaysia. Excavation of 52 iron smelting sites in Sungai Batu complex has
display of how iron smelting technology evolved across time demonstrates how technology is revealed evidence dating back to the 8th century B.C.E and the archaeological site is designated as
developed. This helps to understand key factors contributing to the arrival of iron smelting at the a national heritage site by United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
site. (UNESCO) in 2012. It was once an extremely prosperous trading port and its inhabitants mastered
the most important technology of the ancient world. Due to the presence of the iron industry in the
This dissertation aims to study how the public engages with iron smelting displays in an
coastal area, Sungai Batu has become a prime entrepot centre in South East Asia which enabled
archaeological site setting. This dissertation will investigate how related bodies such as The United
the trading vessel to harbour near the coastline and increase trading businesses with China and
Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization United (UNESCO) and International
India. This section will also investigate in-depth the history of Sungai Batu how it becomes an iron
Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS) protect and conserve archaeological site to ensure
smelting port centre, actions taken by the relevant organisation to protect the historical
that the site is maintained and preserved to allow people from the present and future to witness the
archaeological iron smelting site and ongoing activity that is happening to invite people to visit the
archaeological iron smelting site which once was vital for the country’s economy. What are the steps
site.
taken for the public to engage and participate in the iron smelting process and materials display in
an archaeological site to cultivate their understanding and appreciation of the historical site? What
is the connection between the ongoing archaeological research that helps to encourage public
engagement?

6
 Figure 1 Archaeological ritual spot at Sungai Batu, Kedah, Malaysia

Chapter 4 is a study of a series of archaeology sites as a precedent to review the condition

of the archaeology sites in various settings and locations. The sites chosen are Coalbrookdale
Museum of Iron, Burkina Faso and Jinsha Site Museum to study their site location, public
accessibility, ongoing public activity and heritage protection and conservation. From this chapter,
we will be able to conclude that the key factors in different archaeological sites can invite people to
the site and evoke a sense of participation from the visitors in the various site settings.

Lastly, this dissertation concludes with a discussion of how the investigation of the
archaeological site has a number of key factors contributing to designing the archaeological space
to cater to and accommodate the public for their comfort, safety and experience. Methods used to
carry out the investigation are case study analysis and public survey to collect and analyse the
information on the space of the public welfare in the archaeology site and to gather various
perspectives regarding archaeology and heritage conservation from the public.

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LITERATURE REVIEW
In this dissertation, the literature review is divided into four sections to identify the key
components related to the research topic.
The first section defines public engagement in an archaeological site setting and how that
might take place. This section looks at the community-based approach taken by several researchers
and archaeologists to provide an opportunity for the community to increase public engagement and
participation.
The second section builds on the relationship between archaeological research and public
engagement in rural Malaysia. This will look at contemporary steps taken by the archaeologist and
authorities to get the interest of the public to engage with the archaeology iron smelting display and
the site. Numerous initiatives are taken by the authorities for the public to situate themselves in an
archaeological site which would help them to fully experience walking through a historical site where
at times archaeological activities remain ongoing.
The third section is an introduction to the history of iron smelting in Malaysia. A large number
of iron smelting furnaces are found in Sungai Batu, Kedah, Malaysia because, in ancient times,
Sungai Batu was known as thriving iron production and exporter in the regions of South-East Asia
due to its strategic location near the coastline and availability of the material to produce iron which
was widely found in Sungai Batu.
The final section looks at steps taken by related heritage organizations and authorities in
Malaysia to protect Sungai Batu, an archaeological heritage site from being neglected and
abandoned by the community. An overview of how the site is protected is shown to encourage active
involvement from the community. People from the present can leave a historical significance for the
future community as this would help to evoke a sense of appreciation for the future community. This
would show an overview of how the archaeological site used to be and how it progresses over time.
A genuine conservation effort is “the improvement of the general level of public knowledge about
archaeology and the demonstration of the benefits of archaeology to society” (Saidin, 2019).
Public Engagement in an Archaeological Museum Setting
Archaeology has traditionally been carried out for and communicated among a small number
of researchers, but many archaeologists now consider "community engagement" to be a vital
element of their work. Archaeologists may make special efforts to convey their insights in methods
that are more widely accessible, such as scholarly publications, museum exhibits, and documentary
films. (Agbe-Davies, 2014). According to Greer (1995), the goal of a community-based approach is
to define an archaeological research role in the definition and construction of community identities,
and a central concern in achieving this goal is the development of a dialogue between community
and researcher that does not only serves as a given project's starting point but can also be
embedded in it. The goal is to reposition archaeology in the public sphere from a place created by
and for archaeologists to a place defined by the social construction of archaeology that emerges
from collaborating with those currently fighting for change in the modern world (Matthews, 2005).
On a global scale, there appears to have been a surge in both chances for diverse publics to
participate in archaeology and public demand for such experiences in recent years (Thomas, 2017).
Archaeologists have been accustomed to claiming that their work benefits the world by resurrecting
old wisdom to tackle modern issues. The "democratic" discipline brings to light hidden or neglected
stories, and the foundations of contemporary social situations are uncovered to better improve the
present (Agbe-Davies, 2010).
Excavation of the archaeological site would help engagement from the public to involve in the
process of identification and revealing the historical value of a place. The archaeological practice is
shaped and benefited by community interaction. Possession and processing of collections of
archaeological discoveries can provide an opportunity for community archaeology groups to
increase public engagement and participation (Spence, 2020). Possession of differing classes of
archaeological material and artefacts post-excavation is required to undergo appropriate processing
of identifying each artefact before it is placed on archival deposition.
In contrast to the homogeneity that often defines contemporary displays, creative activities
have emerged. To accomplish this, curators and designers properly examined the museum's
mission and searched out new means of communicating with the public (Fritsch, 2011). Because
museums and collections have such tremendous capacity to educate and act effectively in the world,
it is critical to creating a more positive tone (Lucas, 2016). Visitors' spontaneous sound effects, body
8
gestures, and emotional reactions are all too familiar to museum educators. But, in terms of
education, where do such physical and emotional responses fit? Are they merely transient
occurrences? Or do these embodied responses imply knowledge? (Hubard, 2007).
In March 2020, the Queen's University Belfast (QUB) Centre for Community Archaeology
(CCA) conducted a community-based archaeological investigation at remnant First World War
practice trenches in Magilligan. Magilligan, a peninsula that lies in the northwest of County
Londonderry, Northern Ireland has a long history of assisting local communities in engaging directly
with their history. Adult volunteers and school groups can directly participate in archaeological
fieldwork initiatives through each of these investigations, which also allows local people to be more
involved in the study of their heritage. Through monthly meetings, field visits, and participation in
digs, the CCA collaborates with the Belfast Young Archaeologists' Club to provide young
archaeologists with the opportunity to learn more about archaeology. People stayed close to their
homes as a result of Covid-19's involvement, and many became interested in their ancestry right on
their doorstep. In a campaign that stressed the value of local knowledge, the Legacy Council and
the National Museum of Ireland welcomed people to share their discoveries and ideas about the
heritage in their communities on an online platform. Community Archaeology Toolkit was introduced
to encourage community engagement in heritage that provides insight into how archaeologists
conduct their work as well as information that can inform participants' research into monuments in
their communities, allowing local communities to develop their community-based projects. It also
intends to assist project participants in developing their understanding of the past, archaeological
research, and how community-based fieldwork projects can be planned and performed. (McDermott
et al., 2020)
Archaeological Research and Public Engagement in Rural Malaysia
There is always a need to build a systematic and practical archaeology and heritage
educational program, particularly in rural areas with important archaeological findings; yet, heritage
awareness among the educated and the urban public remains questionable (Saidin, 2019). The
educated urban public is easy to collect information regardless of topics with the current technology
nowadays. It is convenient to access information through online technology as does not require them
to go out of their house or residential compound. Therefore, it is crucial to invite the urban public to
visit archaeological findings in the rural area by having engaging programs that encourage active
participation from the visitors.
Years of research in Malaysia show that community participation in heritage is still sporadic,
owing to a lack of confidence between the authority and local stakeholders (Goh et al., 2019). The
authority should have transparency between them and the community. Several initiatives can be
taken by the authority in ensuring that the archaeological site is well maintained and the physical
condition of the archaeology site could last for some time. Educational programs can be carried out
to spread the awareness of the importance of archaeology and iron smelting in society. The majority
of local stakeholders do not explicitly express their interest in heritage engagement, according to an
investigation into community heritage involvement in a UNESCO World Heritage City. As a result,
the authority lacks baseline data to identify and approach potential community stakeholders (Ismail,
2013).
Through a series of site visits, public open days, television and radio broadcasts, and
newspaper interviews, residents, particularly schoolchildren, will hopefully raise community
awareness about the past and promote future legislation to protect these important and rapidly
disappearing sites (Kaye et al., 2007). The need and importance for conservation and management,
as well as the site as a whole and tremendous strides, have been made in instituting an ongoing
conservation and site management program (Johnson, 1999).
As a result of globalization processes, historical archaeologists have become more aware of
the rich possibilities of exploring the connectivity that happens between sites, and hence between
people, communities, and countries (Buckler, 2014). Historical archaeological assessments must
be multiscale, taking into account both the situational nuances and the global dimensions of a site
(Buckler, 2014).
Iron Smelting and Archaeological Sites in Malaysia
Iron is the most useful metal known to man, and it is the most efficient of material substances
as a steel alloy. This metal's ores are abundant and widely distributed, making them accessible
around the world. As a result, the delay in discovering a method for extracting iron from its numerous
ores is an important fact in human history (Rickard, 1939).
9
 As stated by Merwe (1970), Bellows was used to melt the iron at the Katengwa, a smaller
furnace used for refining iron, and a pot was frequently placed at the bottom of the furnace to receive
the molten metal, according to informants. This material's melting point is 1535°C, which can only
be reached with specialized industrial equipment. The first economic intelligence report based on
information acquired in Southeast Asia by a Chinese envoy already shows thriving international
commerce in mineral ores near the South China Sea's coastlines. (Harrison and Connor, 1969).
Likely, the numerous pieces of tin jewellery and widely dispersed iron slags discovered at Oc-Eo
were made from ores transported across vast areas of the China Sea by early Southeast Asian
commerce, and hence mining sites require additional attention from prehistorians. (Harrison and
Connor, 1969).

New iron smelting heritage sites had been excavated in Sungai Batu, Kedah, Malaysia. Figure
2 and 3 shows the location of Sungai Batu in Malaysia which is near the coastline. While the storey
emphasises the Bujang Valley complex's 300CE age, this information isn't technically new; what is
noteworthy about the discovery is the existence of seemingly non-religious structures, particularly
one used for metalworking. There has been limited evidence of native metalworking in Malaysia
during this period until now. This inquiry is part of a bigger plan to transform the Bujang Valley into
a heritage site (SEAArch, 2009). Sungai Batu is located under one of three complexes of Bujang
Valley, home to archaeological collections and ruins that show that a rich civilization existed in this
area from the third to the fourteenth centuries AD (Rosli et al., 2019).

There is an interesting correlation between mining activity and the discovery of early Hindu-
Buddhist sculptures on the mineral-rich Malay Peninsula. When one examines the origin of Hindu or
Buddhist metal sculptures discovered in Malaya, it becomes clear that the vast majority of them
were discovered in tin-rich areas during modern dredging. (Harrison and Connor, 1969). In practice,
'community archaeology' is heavily influenced by the social, cultural, economic, and legal contexts
in which it takes place (Thomas, 2017).

Figure 2 Location of Sungai Batu in Malaysia

10
 Heritage Conservation and Protection of Archaeological Iron Smelting Sites

Sungai Batu is part of the Kedah Tua Civilization has been acknowledged as Southeast Asia's
oldest site of human civilization with the potential to become a global tourism attraction, similar to
Angkor Wat in Cambodia and Borobudur Temple in Indonesia, both of which are listed as United
Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization’s (UNESCO) World Heritage sites (Zulkefli,
2017). The idea is that some sites around the world, currently classified as UNESCO World Heritage
sites, are so valuable that they should take precedence over national concerns and be considered
part of a global patrimony and shared inheritance (Meskell, 2014).

The major objective of archaeological site protection, which is commendable in and of itself,
appears to be an attempt to leverage legislation to essentially prohibit any excavation that is not
formally funded and supervised by the relevant museum authorities (Close, 1957). Expertly
conducted excavations can yield vital scientific data in addition to any artefacts discovered (Close,
1957). Data recovery efforts have contributed greatly to archaeologists' understanding of the past,
but focusing on these programs at the expense of preservation activities tends to cause two key
issues. First, for instance, operating just within the constraints of a federal project area prevents the
archaeologist from gaining a regional knowledge of the site under excavation. Their knowledge for
the project is limited to an extent that the only resources or investigation that is carried out by the
archaeologist is within the scope defined by the federal. This would not allow them to explore beyond
the constraints. An adequate amount of knowledge is needed to supplement archaeology
understanding for future study. Second, this "mitigation mode," which focuses solely on excavating
sites threatened by federal projects, does not allow for the preservation of sites for future
archaeological research requirements, whether inside or outside of federal project regions (Barnes,
1981).

The goal is usually innocuous, but a person may not comprehend that there is a finite quantity
of these resources or may believe that "no one will ever miss it" because it is insignificant.
Archaeological sites and artefacts are protected by concerned law bodies regardless of their size or
weight, and removing them bears the same penalties as removing a complete pot or causing
purposeful damage to cultural resources (Central States Archaeological Societies, 1994).
Figure 3 Location of Sungai Batu in Bujang Valley District
Many archaeological sites have been neglected and destroyed as a result of development
pressures, whether in urban or rural regions (Saidin, 2019). There are a few steps taken by UNESCO

11
to safeguard the heritage such as normative methods taken to encourage safeguarding, taking the
lead on emergency safety measures, essential heritage monitoring in the midst of global and
strengthening the ties between education and heritage (Management, 2022).

Researchers' failure to properly organize, document, and pack collections are as much of an
archaeological sin as not backfilling a site (Robins, 1988). The contemporary Conservation
Management Plan for the UNESCO World Heritage Site of Lenggong Valley in West Malaysia,
according to heritage management, fails to respect community values and attitudes, as well as
stimulate stakeholder participation in conservation planning (Goh, 2015). There have been two
identified issues in Malaysia where practices of conservation management are conducted by
professionals which consist of government authorities and archaeologists without consulting the
non-governmental bodies and local society. Secondly, tangible cultural materials is given an
additional priority as this has cause an inequity of conservation management (Goh, 2015). Heritage
conservation has become a contentious issue, and it has proven to be effective since it works directly
with cultural heritage, which is essential to the local identity shared by all social classes and ethnic
groups. (Cheng et al., 2014)

12
METHODOLOGY to the public on the site. By doing this, the relationship between the public and activities that
encourages public participation can be uncovered.

To explore further the concepts discussed in Literature Review, I have chosen a primary case
study which is Sungai Batu located in Malaysia to study how the condition of the site and activities
could engage with the community. Furthermore, some case studies that present a range of
conditions for public engagement are discussed. The case studies listed are Coalbrookdale
Museum, Burkina Faso and Jinsha Site Museum. To answer the question of my dissertation on why
public engagement is important to an archaeological site, each case study is analysed under the
following points; site location, public accessibility, archaeological display method and ongoing public
activity.
1 – Case Study Analysis
The investigation of the case studies is initially conducted through collective information from
online databases and articles to understand the historical, location, activity and contextual heritage
of the site. The background of the site along with a historical timeline that shows a period when the
iron smelting industry appeared in a region is created to understand how long iron smelting activity
has emerged in Sungai Batu.
The study of the Sungai Batu archaeological site is done by analysing the site into four
sections. The first section, analyse how the location of the site could lead to the emergence of iron
smelting in Sungai Batu. This helps to study how significant historical events and activities could
attract people to the site. The second section explores the surrounding site context and how the
public could access the site. The third section shows activities that had been done for the public to
involve with the archaeological display. The fourth section observes the methods by which
archaeological artefacts are displayed. This is to see how the public could engage with the artefacts
presented on the site.
2 – Public Survey
A public survey is carried out to the public to collect personal perspectives on their visit to
contemporary archaeological sites and museums. The public survey is conducted by distributing
questions in a form through a Google form. In the form, participants are asked about their
recollections and personal experience in archaeology to comprehend their understanding of the
heritage site setting.
The public survey taken is divided into four parts. The first section inquires about the
participant of their general information to understand if their differences in the background could
affect the data collected. The second section inquires about the participant of their interest in
archaeology and how often they visit an archaeology museum. The third section inquires participant
about heritage conservation and protection of archaeological museum to understand if the
community are aware that most heritage museums and sites are protected by the government and
private organization. This section explores steps and initiatives taken by relevant bodies that are
noticeable to the public and their recommendation to improve the facilities and conditions of the
heritage buildings and sites better. Last but not least, the fourth section shows a few pictures
describing the existing condition of the primary case study, the Sungai Batu archaeological site.
Participants’ observation of the site is gathered to identify what are the key factors contributing to
the effectiveness of public engagement.
This public survey collected would help to analyze and understand the connection between
heritage archaeological displays and the history of the site. Participants’ personal view and thoughts
on factors affecting their experience in the site is identified to help analyze further key characteristics
to create an effective and meaningful engaging program.

Mapping of the case studies and their context is done to illustrate the location of the site and
allows one to understand the better connection of the site with surrounding activity and its distance.
Through gathering online information, we can analyze ongoing iron smelting activity that is offered

13
CASE STUDY – SUNGAI BATU, MALAYSIA Sungai Batu has become an entrepot due to the presence of the iron industry. The position
of Kedah as an iron producer enables the construction of wharves, an administrative system to
transport commodities and regulate trade. However, changes in the physical environment in terms
of river channels or sea-level rise had forced the site to be relocated inland at some time in history,
Site Location
as shown at Sungai Batu (Rosli et al., 2019).
Sungai Batu is a Malaysian archaeological site in the state of Kedah within Lembah Bujang
Iron ores such as hematite and magnetite are widely available around the Mount Jerai peak
valley. The archaeological site is located on a palm oil plantation where it was once home to a thriving
geological formations. Mount Jerai is located 10 kilometres away from the site location (Karya,
iron smelting industry. Mount Jerai, the highest point in the vicinity at 1217 metres, was especially
2017). Researchers and archaeologists had indicated that none of the known by-products of iron
important as a marker for traders and seamen during the busy trading season in Lembah Bujang
such as weaponry or knife was found on-site because, after some analyses, they discovered that
(Rosli et al., 2019). Other than iron smelting spots, archaeologists also discovered remnants of 12
iron ingots, a product obtained from smelting iron ores were produced to be exported by traders to
jetties and administrative buildings (Zul, 2016). Suggesting the site was once a thriving trading port
make weapons and chariots.
because the site is located strategically near the coastal area which became the centre for the port-
polity due to its geomorphological formation, consisting of a network of wide and deep rivers which
enabled trading vessels to harbor near to the coastline.

Figure 5 Iron ores around Mount Jerai peak geological formations

Figure 4 Site Location

14
 before the arrival of Buddhism and Hinduism in the region (Karya, 2017). Excavation of the site is
done gradually as demonstrated in Figure 7.

Figure 6 Iron found near the site

Figure 7 Sungai Batu Iron Smelting Excavation Timeline

This investigation helps to understand that the surrounding context of the site could inject a Source: Author

value into the iron smelting activity and could act as an archaeological symbol that gives an
invaluable impact on the economy of the country. Dissemination of Hinduism and Buddhism could
be a force of social change in the existing group of community. Religion has gone through its
formation, privilege era, popularity, secularization and pluralism eras as a result of the advancement
of communication technologies. Every advancement in communication technology has resulted in a
shift in religious beliefs (Zhao, 2019).

Background History

Sungai Batu is a 2000 years old archaeology site with an area of 4km ² and one of the oldest
civilizations in Southeast Asia (Zul, 2016). In 2009, the team identified 100 potential excavation
Figure 8 Sungai Batu Excavation Timeline 2
spots in Sungai Batu which was led by the National Heritage Department and a group of Source: Author

archaeologists from one of Malaysia’s top universities, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM).
Figure 8 is a timeline that shows a series of events by researchers and archaeologists
They also found a district clay brick monument with a circular structure believed to be the
excavating the site which led to the declaration of the Sungai Batu archaeological site as one of the
sacred home of the gods during ancient times. This led to the dissemination of various aspects of
world heritage sites in the world by UNESCO in 2012. Researched had done the excavation using
Indian culture in the region. Hindu and Buddhist communities began to emerge in the vicinities of
several methods such as sketches, photos, dating samples, stratigraphic data and also scientific
the trading sites as ritualistic monument dated 19000 years (110 century AD) was found (Zanina,
analyses. Therefore, the declaration of the site as a world heritage site could become a magnet to
2016). According to researchers, the ritualistic and pottery spot indicates the practice of animism

15
attract international tourists, especially those who are interested in archaeology. However, the
official opening of the archaeological site to the public is undetermined.

Figure 9 Red Dotes Indicates the Excavation Site at Sungai Batu

Figure 10 Site Zoning

From Appendix A Section 2, half of the participants only visit archaeology sites or museums Source: Author

once a year. The location of the archaeological sites can be a factor contributing to this result.
Archaeology sites with good accessibility and strategically located should be considered to promote
the place to the public. This would encourage people to actively and often visit the site in their area
with their family and friends.

Public Accessibility
From left to right
The site is located near the main road called Jalan Pintasan Semeling. It is a 36 minutes car
Figure 11 Remnants of Iron Smelting Furnaces
ride from the nearest town where the public can visit the iron smelting archaeological site Figure 12 Ritual monument
Figure 13 Remnant of jetties
occasionally. Two education institutions consisting of from primary school and a university can be
located around the site area shows that students can visit the site and experience making iron To access the site, it is easier to visit the site by car, taxi or bus as it is located 70 kilometres
smelting. Recognizing that everyone has the right to participate in their chosen cultural heritage. The away from the capital of the state. Figure 14 shows two educational institutions consisting of a
importance and potential of cultural heritage as a resource is emphasized for long-term development university and a primary school within 2 kilometres radius of the site.
and to improve the quality of artefacts' condition, and lifespan in a rapidly changing society.

16

Figure 14 Educational Institution within the 2km radius of the Site
Source: Author
From data gathered about the public accessibility to the site, the difficulty for the public is the
lack of information to approach and access the site. While there are walking pathways available,
there is no signage or direction. Based on Figure 15, we can observe that there are no suitable and
appropriate walkway pavements and signage for the visitors.
Figure 15 Walkway Pavement in between the Archaeological Excavation Buildings
Therefore, to fulfil visitors’ comfort to walk around the site, eight key principles should be
considered as shown in Figure 16 (Santas et al., 2019) in designing the footpath or sidewalk that
could apply to the site. Firstly, the size of the pedestrian walkway should be appropriate. Proposed
a 1500mm wide walkway is possible to cater for one or two people to walk. This is to provide the
pedestrians with safety and comfort. Secondly, accessibility for pedestrians should be universal and
able to be accessed by everyone, especially disabled people. This could contribute by making the
space more inclusive. Thirdly, clear signage should be provided for the visitors as a piece of clear
information about the site at the scale of visitors. Fourth, in designing the pedestrian walkway, it is
interesting to incorporate attractive spaces or elements that could make the space more pleasant
and encourage visitors to walk and fill in the public spaces. Fifthly, permanent security of the footpath
should be considered to evoke a sense of security while walking around. Footpaths should be clean
from any sharp objects and holes to avoid people especially the elderly from falling. Sixthly, the
quality of the surface provided should be flat, comfortable and safe to ensure a firm sidewalk surface.
Last but not least, efficient drainage in the implementation of a footpath can contribute to maintaining
its functionality and allow rainwater to channel in the right direction. Slippery surfaces are unwanted
as they can cause people to slide and fall.
Figure 16 Principles in Designing Walkway Pavement for the Pedestrians
17
Archaeological Display Method

Visitors can view the archaeological display artefacts through an open concept setting that
exhibits all the iron smelting furnaces and ritual monuments. Thousands of parts of the iron-smelting
furnaces called tuyere can be found on the site ground. A tuyere is a nozzle assembly that drives
hot air into the furnace to increase and maintain the requisite heat for melting (Kane, 2017). Despite
the exhibition area being exposed to the Malaysian weather, a steel structure cantilevered viewing
area allows the visitor to observe the site from above. This helps them to analyse the condition of
the overall site and archaeological display material. Therefore, relevant organizations in Malaysia
Figure 18 Exhibition Area
such as International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS) and United Nations Educational,
Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) play a vital role in ensuring the historical site is
protected to enhance the meaning of collections. Ordinary objects can be turned into cultural assets
by preserving the memories of numerous human activities. The more global and inclusive worldview
that was evolving at the current time is exemplified by cultural heritage (Sandis, 2014).

Figure 19 Remnants of Tuyere

Figure 17 Viewing Area

Figure 20 Exhibition Area

18
 From the public survey collected in Appendix A Section 4, 78.3% of participants agree that
the structure of the space to display and excavate the archaeological artefacts is unsuitable because
of its enormous open structure exposed to the weather and environment and jeopardizes the
physical condition of the artefacts. However, the lack of funding for the program can be the reason
why the existing structure is not pleasing and safe for the public and artefacts.

Therefore, to create a welcoming and interesting public space for the visitors to visit the site,
a few key elements should be considered in designing the structure of the space. Coverings or
protected barriers between the archaeology artefacts and the exterior should be installed to protect
the artefacts from rain which can cause defects on the artefacts and visitors are unable to
experience walking around the site comfortably as comparison shown in Figure 21.

Figure 22 Lighting Installation in a Public Exhibition Space

Source: Author

Public Activity

Figure 21 Comparison of using Partition Wall to Protect the Visitors, Site and Artefacts from the Rain
Source: Author
Since the site is listed as a World Heritage Site under UNESCO, Kedah Tourism and Heritage
Committee chairman Mohd Rawi Abdul Hamid hopes that it would become a tourist attraction for
international visitors, particularly among archaeologists from around the world (Zul, 2016). The
uniqueness of the heritage history has the potential for archaeo-tourism and become a popular
archaeological site in Southeast Asia (Abdullah, 2020).

One of the noticeable activities lacking in the site is the lack of a tour guide to bring visitors
Furthermore, lighting in the site also plays a vital role in designing the structure of the spaces.
around the site. A guided tour of the site could be done by experts to bring the visitors around the
This allows the artefacts to be the sole focus, well illuminate and can be seen clearly by the visitors
site to allow an overview and in-depth experience of witnessing the archaeological site and display.
at any time of the day. Figure 22 shows an iteration of how lighting installation in a public exhibition
Nonetheless, the tour guide could be led by volunteers or even students for a friendly and relaxing
space can be applicable.
guided tour. If not, visitors could experience the site by relying on information from Google.

19
 Figure 23 Guided Tour of the Archaeological Display Figure 24 On-going Excavation Activity for the Volunteers

Figures 24 and 25 show the public can involve in an ongoing excavation process of the iron
ingots as a volunteer. This would help researchers to discover a lot more about iron smelting
products. As shown in Figure 24, volunteers are seated in a determined grid system to allow easy
and comfortable space for them to dig the artefacts. Furthermore, a hands-on iron smelting and
brick making experience is catered to the public to educate them about the methods used by the
region’s oldest civilization (Grace, 2019).

Other than the proactive activities that had mentioned on the site, a collaborative project was
proposed to ensure a holistic community-based management plan. One of the prominent activities
held was Knowledge Transfer Programme, a collaboration conducted by USM archaeologists
together with organizational leaders. The aims of the program are for local communities around the
research sites to be encouraged to share their archaeological knowledge and skills with the public,
to enhance public knowledge about the value of archaeological sites and encourage local
engagement in conservation activities and promote human capital in the archaeological and
archaeotourism industries in the surrounding area and also to secure the future of the local youth. Figure 25 Hands-on Brick Making

The activities offered under the archaeology program are encouraging involvement and participation
from the local community in the research project, internship opportunities for the students,
encouraging public volunteerism and tour guides are provided with special training.

20

Figure 26 Replica of Iron Smelting Furnaces
Figure 27 Replica of Iron Smelting Furnace
In this endemic era, related bodies and organizations should consider promoting and
educating archaeology to the community through online events to help people stay updated and
follow up with ongoing changes. It provides an opportunity for people who are deeply interested in
archaeology but they are unable to attend public physical events. Hence, public knowledge and
information about archaeology and the site can be time to time updated and shared with other
communities through online platforms.
Therefore, to attract the public to the site, it is vital to take proactive steps to promote the site
to the community and encourage public participation through engaging and effective activities. This
would help to create a creative environment for the public to be actively involved in the program
offered by the heritage organization in Malaysia and for a better understanding of the site's history.
Moreover, public awareness of the importance of the site would help to establish strong
heritage conservation and preservation in society. There are various activities and educational
attractions designed exclusively for the public who has an interest in archaeology and anthropology
(Grace, 2019). Such as the activities mentioned earlier in Sungai Batu, the public are welcome to
participate as a volunteer to join the ongoing excavation work and educate themselves in making
bricks for iron smelting furnaces and melting ores which is considered the method used by the
region’s oldest civilization (Grace, 2019). By doing this, the public can learn the process of making
iron and uncovered how technology changed in the production of making iron throughout time.
Heritage Protection and Conservation
Even though Sungai Batu archaeological site has been gazetted under National Heritage Act
in 2012, the site must remain protected by State Heritage Department (JWN), the state government,
UNESCO and the local community. Put in place instant measures to prevent the unnecessary
destruction of this old archaeological site and to provide the essential protection for these priceless
artefacts. This archaeological site has immense potential and outstanding importance to world
history and culture, and that action should be made as soon as possible to inscribe it on the Tentative
List as a World Heritage Site, before more monuments are destroyed in secret and irresponsibly
(Mail, 2013).
In Appendix A Section 3, the highest percentage of participants are unsure if the government
and other related heritage organization such as UNESCO and ICOMOS have played their role in
21
ensuring archaeology sites are well protected. They feel that they are not well exposed to
archaeology and understand in-depth the importance of heritage.

To ensure that the archaeological site is well protected, the local community has to be actively
involved in the programs offered by relevant organisations and educate them on the importance of
maintaining the historical culture and site. Implementation of strict rules and punitive punishment
should be done towards irresponsible parties who neglect and would like to demolish part of the
historical sites. Loss of the historical value of the site could affect the country’s economy and tourism
industry. Local government and authorities also should keep the historical archaeological artefacts
and showcase them in local environments. This would allow the local community to know and
appreciate the history better. There are various ways that the organization can do such as funding
the archaeology research and expertise to maximize their knowledge and cultural history. This can
boost the country’s economy and tourism to a higher level and invite people from all over the world
to witness the preservation and conservation process and archaeology display. Educational
institutions can promote and emphasise the local history to the students at an early age. This can
make archaeology interesting and appealing to the community hence they are more enthusiastic to
learn about the subject.

All scientific pieces of evidence, excavation efforts and data gathered by the archaeologist
and researchers should be archived lawfully and in a good state. This will contribute to future
archaeology research projects and prevent them from being exploited by the irresponsible
organization.

22
MULTIPLE ARCHAEOLOGY SITES AS PRECEDENT Archaeological Display Method

1. COALBRROOKDALE MUSEUM, United Kingdom

The Ironbridge Gorge Museum Trust manages ten Ironbridge Gorge Museums, including the
Coalbrookdale Museum of Iron. The museum is located in Coalbrookdale, a World Heritage Site in
the Ironbridge Gorge in Shropshire, England, and is the birthplace of the Industrial Revolution.

The establishment of a modest Coalbrookdale Museum, which was renamed the

Coalbrookdale Museum of Iron in 1970 resulted from the commemoration of the 250th anniversary
of Darby’s first coke smelting and became part of the Ironbridge Gorge Museum Trust.

It is a structure with a Grade I listing. The Old Furnace was the 100th recipient of the
Institution of Mechanical Engineers' Engineering Heritage Award in 2014 (Wikipedia, 2021).
Figure 28 Coalbrookdale Museum of Iron Building Structure

Abraham Darby smelted iron ore for the first time here, using easily accessible "coking coal."
The coal was mined in drift mines on the valley's sides. The iron generated was of a higher grade
than typical coal because it included significantly fewer impurities. This discovery, along with many
other industrial advances in other regions of the kingdom, was a crucial element in Britain's rapid
industrialisation, which would become known as the Industrial Revolution. The Ironbridge Institute is
now located in Coalbrookdale.
Figure 28 shows the existing building structure that contains all of the iron-smelting furnaces
and archaeological artefacts. From our observation shown, we can deduce that the archaeology
site and artefacts are well protected from unwanted external factors such as rain which can
jeopardize the physical condition of the furnaces and artefacts. The envelope of the structure is
made out of a glass curtain wall and a corrugated metal roof which still allows natural daylighting to

The museum, supplemented by a rich photographic archive holds a wide range of materials penetrate through the glass wall and illuminate the space.

relating to local history and ephemera. All aspects of the museum’s sites and related fields are
embraced with material and industry that produces iron, steel, ceramic and with history of art and
design.

Furthermore, there is also consist of decorative and domestic ironwork and ruins of the Old
Furnace, a pioneering water-powered blast furnace. The Old Furnace site was excavated in 1959
by Allied Iron founders, the successors to the Coalbrookdale Company.

From left to right

Figure 29 Blast furnace by the Darby family on display
Figure 30 Top of the blast furnace

23
 From left to right
Figure 32 Cast Iron Pot 1
Figure 33 Cast Iron Pot 2

Public Accessibility

Figure 34 Walking Pavement to the Building

Coalbrookdale Museum of Iron shows an exemplary method of accessible walking pavement

for the visitors to walk around the site as shown in Figure 34. The walkway pavement provided is flat
and the width of it is ideal to accommodate more than 2 passersby. There is also a seating area for
Figure 31 Water Furnace Wheel
people as an intermediate transition between the open public space into the secluded building. It
also acts as a space for the visitors to rest and enjoy the scenery of the space

24
2. BURKINA FASO, Africa

The study of ancient iron smelting in Africa has piqued the curiosity of many archaeologists,
historians, anthropologists, and others in recent decades. The goal and focus of this research are
to gain a better understanding of the history of practices in West Africa, particularly the approach of
ancient iron metallurgy.

Site Location

Burkina Faso is located northeast of the main city of Ougadougou and northwest of the
district centre of Kaya. The research archaeology site area is located near the village of Dem.

With 11 big furnaces and a large mining footprint, the Dem site in Burkina Faso covers an
area of approximately 2km2 and represents a considerable scale of mining. Small grassed fossil
dunes of sand that cover the forging sites and are currently undergoing erosion, disclosing details
Figure 36 Burkina Faso Site Context
of the mining region, indicate that the site is not modern (Hein and Funyufunyu, 2014).

Figure 35 Bukina Faso Study Area Plan

Figure 37 Surrounding Site Context of Burkina Faso

25
 Figures 36 and 37 show there is no indication of any nearby town or city around the
archaeology site. There is also no road to bring the visitors leading to the site by car or bus which
would make it difficult for people who are interested to witness the iron smelting furnaces in Burkina
Faso. From the observation, Burkina Faso is located in a rural area with open endless tropical
deserts.

Archaeological Display Method

The history of exploration and mining is arguably gone; extraction procedures are unknown;
the motives for production have been forgotten and the age of the workings is unknown. Mine
locations, waste sites, ore bodies, and furnaces are all measured and recorded. Fragments of tuyere
made of clay and sand were also spotted around the furnaces on the site (Hein and Funyufunyu,
2014).

Figure 39 Remnants of Iron Smelting Furnace 2 in Burkina Faso

Heritage Protection and Conservation

These places are protected at the national level, as well as by local committees that follow
customary law. These sites are governed under the World Heritage Sites Department's terms. A
local committee oversees the long-term maintenance of each site by residents. The sites are also
managed by the National Management Committee (Team, 2022).

A 24-month initiative in Burkina Faso aimed at strengthening the capacities of stakeholders

concerned with the preservation of intangible cultural resources. The project, which will be carried
out in two parts, is aimed at training trainers, to establish a team of 10 national facilitators who would
train 225 local stakeholders. These stakeholders will subsequently be expected to collaborate with
their communities to protect living heritage on a local level and maintain its long-term viability
(UNESCO, 2019).

Figure 38 Remnants of Iron Smelting Furnace 1 in Bukina Faso

26
3. JINSHA SITE MUSEUM, China

The Jinsha site was discovered in Chengdu in February 2001 and covers around 5 square Figure 40 shows how the site uses a steel roof and truss structure with a partial skylight that
kilometres. From the 12th century BC until the 7th century BC, it was the capital of the ancient Shu allows light to illuminate the archaeology space. Visitors can walk around the gallery easily as they
state, the epicentre of an ancient civilization along the Yangtze River's upper reaches. The can see the space clearly from the light provided. The usage of a glass curtain wall subtly acts as a
excavation of the Jinsha site is China's first major archaeological find since the country's entry into partition which allows the visitors to feel the “inside-out” concept. It makes them as if they are in an
the twenty-first century, and it also reveals the existence of another historical relic in Sichuan exterior space. This is a prime example where even though the archaeology site is large, with the
Province after the famous Sanxingdui, earning it the title of "Top Ten Archaeological Discoveries of application of the steel structure and glass wall can protect the archaeology site and artefacts from
2001" (Museum, 2022) the rain or any unwanted factors. However, we should not entirely rely on steel structures for an
enclosed space but other materials such as timber or glulam as the building enclosure can also
protect the archaeological sites and artefacts. This can look architecturally pleasing and inviting for
Archaeology Display Method
the visitors to visit the archaeology museums and sites.
The Jinsha Site Museum preserves the core section of the archaeological site in its original
location and presents the authentic ritual ceremonial site of the ancient Shu kingdom, allowing the
Public Accessibility
public to witness both the archaeological excavation and the restoration process on the original site.
Typical remains such as palace foundations, ash pits, and graves, as well as important artefacts
such as gold masks, gold crown-lace, jade long tubes, and stone kneeling human figures, are
elaborately displayed inside the museum galleries to demonstrate the ancient Shu kingdom's social
life and spiritual beliefs. The property is thickly vegetated outside the museum buildings to form a
museum park with wonderful scenery. Jinsha Site Museum has been recognised as a national
treasure since its inception (Heritage, 2022).

Figure 40 Jinsha Site Museum Archaeological Display Figure 41 Suitable Walking Pavement in Jinsha Site Museum

27
 From observation in Figure 41 shows that in Jinsha Site Museum, visitors can walk
comfortably and safely around the archaeological site by using the provided elevated timber walking
pavement with a glass railing. A suitable walking pavement is a preferred accommodation for the
public as it is a separator from walking on the archaeological site. It gives numerous advantages to
the visitors such as increased safety, mobility, and healthier communities. Hence, the walking
pavement allows the visitors to walk freely with their family and friends
The museum not only focuses on examining aspects of Jinsha culture, but it also collaborates
with other museums across the world. With dozens of museums from Italy, France, Canada, the
United States, Australia, and Japan, they have organised thematic exhibitions, academic
exchanges, and staff exchanges. In the coming days, the museum are planning to strengthen
international contacts and collaboration with other museums throughout the world in the fight against
Covid-19 (Heritage, 2022)

Public Activity

Various activities have been held at the museum that enables the audience to gain a better
understanding of the archaeological site as well as the culture and history of the city by fully
integrating cultural attributes related to the Jinsha Site.

First and foremost, Jinsha Site Museum is the first in China to implement a plan to extend
museum hours to the evening, which has a distinct charm and has a big influence in China.
Furthermore, the Chinese New Year cultural events, which last barely 20 days on average, attract
nearly 600,000 tourists each year and include Chinese lantern exhibitions, art performances,
traditional local markets, and interactive games. In addition, it hosts concerts, poetry readings,
dramas, and workshops for the public good during the summer.

Second, the Jinsha Site Museum has formed strong collaborations with a variety of groups,
bringing Jinsha culture to the forefront of their citizens' minds. Thus, Jinsha features can be found in
subway trains and stations, school museums for children, and art initiatives such as music, literature,
movies, and games. Every year, around 100,000 school pupils visit our museum, according to
statistics. The museum is even more popular among young people to post on social media, and
citizens can enjoy their daily hobbies such as fast walking, Chinese shadow-boxing, photography,
and so on. It enhances inhabitants' daily lives in various ways and serves as a cultural bridge
connecting the public to Chengdu's rich culture and history.

Since the outbreak of Covid-19 in 2020, the museum has offered online events such as
exhibitions, courses, and guidance, allowing the audience to stay up to date on the latest museum
news and information. In total, internet users accessed the internet more than 20 million times. The
number of followers on the museum's official social media pages has climbed by 61.2 per cent, or
nearly one million, in only one year.

28
CONCLUSION

This study has shown that designing a contemporary public space for archaeology sites or
museums has to be guided to provide a comfortable and suitable space for the public to visit. Clear
wayfinding and proper walkable walking pavement should be provided throughout the site to allow
the visitors to go through the site and find their way around. Engaging, compelling and effective
ongoing activities are encouraged to increase public participation in the site. Actively invite the local
community of all ages to participate in art events or workshops to make them connect with the local
history and local culture. Relevant government bodies and private organizations such as UNESCO,
ICOMOS and JWN should take proactive steps in ensuring that the archaeological sites and
museums are well protected and conserved by implementing strict regulations and imposing
punishments for people who threaten the archaeology sites and artefacts.

Through this investigation, for the community to connect with the local culture and appreciate
the history, fundamentally initiatives and steps mentioned earlier should be considered. The present
archaeological sites and artefacts should be well protected so people in the future can witness the
unique glory of the past.

It is evidence of the similarity and dissimilarity of the primary case study, Sungai Batu along
with three other sites precedent consist of Burkina Faso and Jinsha Site Museum which could
probably be nearer in the timeline between each other whereas Coalbrookdale Museum of Iron is
more of a newer timeline. Therefore, there is a more built form at the site, in comparison to the sites
of a vast different century and civilisation.

In conclusion, it shows the technological evolution that has impacted the world civilization in
history and maybe future generations have the awareness with the engagement of the public with
building forms, together with the distribution of digital information by the stakeholders.

May Sungai Batu rises from its (furnace) ashes, that its discovery and continue to show the
world the artefacts in a proper build form that attracts people from all over the world.

29
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Thomas, S. (2017). Key Concepts in Public Archaeology, UCL Press.

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APPENDICES

Appendix A: Public survey results from 23 participants, conducted between 19th April – 28th April
2022

Section 1: Defining Participants

Section 2: Public Interest in Archaeology

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Section 3: Heritage Conservation & Protection

33
34
Section 4: Sungai Batu Archaeological Site

35
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