CHEMISTRY FOR ENGINEERS -

LEC

1st Semester AY 2021 - 2022

MEASUREMENTS
 LEARNING OUTCOMES

• Apply significant figures and use appropriate

units in measurements and calculations.
• Analyze and solve problem involving
different measurements
 MEASUREMENT

• Chemistry is a quantitative science. The

experiments that you carry out in the
laboratory and the calculations that you
perform always involve measured quantities
with specified numerical values.
• Measurement is the determination of the
dimension, capacity, quantity or extent of
something.
• In chemical laboratories, the most common
types of measurements are those of mass,
volume, length, time, temperature, pressure
and concentration.
 SYSTEM OF MEASUREMENT

• ENGLISH SYSTEM

• SI SYSTEM OR METRIC SYSTEM

 ENGLISH SYSTEM

❖ A collection of functionally
unrelated units .
❖ Difficult to convert from one unit
to another.

Example: 1 foot = 12 inches = 0.33 yard

 METRIC SYSTEM OR SI

❖composed of a set of units that are

related to each other decimally,
systematic
❖ units related by power of tens
Example:
1 meter = 10 decimeters = 100 centimeters = 1000 millimeters
BASE QUANTITIES OF THE SI
SYSTEM OF UNITS
 DERIVED QUANTITIES

• Area
• Volume
• Velocity
• Density
• Concentration
• Pressure
 LENGTH

• refer to the distance between two points

 MASS

• A measure of the total quantity of matter in

an object

• WEIGHT is a measure of the force exerted

on an object by gravitational forces.
 VOLUME

• refer to the amount of space occupied

 VOLUME FOR REGULAR
OBJECTS

• Cube : V = a3
• Rectangular Parallepiped: V = l x w x h
• Cylinder: V = ∏r2h
• Sphere :V = 4/3∏r3
Note: Always use the lower meniscus at eye level
VOLUME FOR IRREGULAR
OBJECTS
 TEMPERATURE

• It is related to the kinetic energy of the

atoms or molecules in a body.
• Degree of the hotness or coldness of a
substance
 TEMPERATURE SCALES

• Fahrenheit is a temperature scale used mostly in

the United States.

• Celsius is the temperature scale used mostly in

other countries and in science. Based on 0 C being
freezing point and 100 C being boiling point, the
difference between those two points is divided up
into 100 equal parts.

• Kelvin is the temperature scale used by scientists,

where all of the numbers are positive. It is based on
the idea of absolute zero.
 TEMPERATURE
CONVERSION

tF = t + 329
5 C
0

tC = 5
9 (t F − 32 0
)
 PROBLEM 1:

Liquid helium is extensively

used in research on
superconductivity. Liquid
helium has a boiling point of
4.22 K. Express this boiling
point in a) °C and in b) °F
 PROBLEM 1

Given: 4.22 K

Required: a) ⁰ C b) ⁰ F

Solution:

Answer:
 DENSITY

• ratio of the mass of an object to the

volume occupied by an object

mass m
= =
volume V
 PROBLEM 2:

• The mass density of water at 25°C is 0.997

g per mL. A child’s swimming pool holds
346 L of water at this temperature. What
mass of water is in the pool?
 PROBLEM 2:

Given:

Required:

Solution:

Answer:
 PROBLEM 3

A rock is placed on a balance and its mass is

determined as 12.1 g. When the rock is then
placed in a graduated cylinder that originally
contains 11.3 mL of water, the new volume is
roughly 17 mL. How should the density of the
rock be reported?
 PROBLEM 3

Given:

Required:

Solution:

Answer:
 SPECIFIC GRAVITY

• The ratio of the density of a substance to

the density of a standard
• Standard: water at 4 º C = 1 g/mL
• Unitless term

density of substance (g/mL)

specific gravity =
density of water (g/mL)
 PROBLEM 4:

The specific gravity of ethyl

alcohol is 0.79. What is the
volume in liter, of 1.50 kg of
alcohol?
𝑚 𝑉=
𝑚

𝜌= 𝜌

𝑉
1500𝑔 1𝐿
𝑉= = 1898 𝑚𝐿 𝑥 = 1.9𝐿
0.79𝑔/𝑚𝐿 1000𝑚𝐿
 PROBLEM 4:

Given:

Required:

Solution:

Answer:
 EXACT & INEXACT
NUMBERS

• EXACT NUMBER – a number whose value

has no uncertainty associated with it – that
is known exactly.

• INEXACT NUMBER – a number whose

value has a degree of uncertainty associated
with it
 inches 1 2 3 4

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
centimeters
 ACCURACY AND PRECISION

ACCURACY
• An indication of how close a measurement
is to the true value

• PRECISION
• Repeatability of measurements
• How close measurement value to each
other
 Accuracy and Precision

Precise, but not accurate Accurate, but not precise Both accurate and
precise
 UNCERTAINTY IN
MEASUREMENT AND
SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
 SIGNIFICANT FIGURES

• Digits in a measurement that are known

with certainty plus one digit that is
estimated.
GUIDELINES FOR DETERMINING
SIGNIFICANT FIGURES

• All nonzero digits are significant 125,899

• Leading zeros are never significant. 0.0141

• Confined zero are always significant. 3.0603

• Trailing zeros are significant if a decimal 56.00

point is present. 59,000
 SIGNIFICANT FIGURES AND
MATHEMATICAL OPERATIONS

• ROUNDING OFF NUMBERS

1. If the first digit to be deleted is 4 or less,

simply drop it and all the following digits

3.724567 round off to 3 sig figs. = 3.72

2. If the first digit to be deleted is 5 or

greater that digit and all that follow are
dropped, and the last retained is increased
by one.
5.00673 round off to 3 sig figs. = 5.01
 OPERATIONAL RULES

• MULTIPLICATION & DIVISION

The number of significant figures in the
answer is the same as the number of
significant figures in the measurements that
contains the fewest significant figures.

6.038 x 2.57 = 15.51766 (calculator answer)

= 15.5 (correct answer)

 OPERATIONAL RULES

• ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION

Keep the smallest number of decimal places
in answer

9.333
+ 1.4

10.733 (calculator answer)

10.7 (correct answer)
 SCIENTIFIC NOTATION

• A numerical system in which numbers are

expressed in the form A x 10n where A is a
number with a single nonzero digit to the left of
the decimal place and n is the whole number.

29,979,000,000 cm/s = 2.9979 x 1010 cm/s

0.0000000075 cm = 7.5 x 10-9 cm

 MULTIPLICATION/DIVISION &
ADDDITION/SUBTRACTION IN
SCIENTIFIC NOTATION

• To multiply exponential terms, add the

exponents
• To divide exponential terms, subtract the
exponent.
• Addition and subtraction, numbers must be
all expressed in the same power of 10. Add
or subtract the decimal parts.
 OPERATONS IN SCIENTIFIC
NOTATION

2.33 𝑥 103 𝑥 1.55 𝑥 104 =

8.42 𝑥 106
=
3.02 𝑥 104

2.33 𝑥 103 + 1.55 𝑥 104

 CONVERSION FACTORS

• You must be able to convert between units

- within the metric system
- between the English system and metric
system
• Conversion factor is a ratio that specifies
how one unit of measurement is related to
another unit of measurement.
 CONVERSION FACTORS

Conversion factors are derived from

equations (equalities) that relate units.
1 minute = 60 seconds
This fixed relationship is the basis for the
construction of a pair of conversion factors
that relate second and minutes

1 𝑚𝑖𝑛 60 𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑎𝑛𝑑
60 𝑠𝑒𝑐 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛
 PROBLEM 5

A person measures 173 cm in height. What

is this height in meters? feet and inches?
 PROBLEM 5

Given:

Required:

Solution:

Answer:
 PROBLEM 6

If a vehicle is traveling 92 m/s, what is its

velocity in miles per hour?

3.07 x (17.6 – 13.73)

3.07 x (3.9) = 11.973 = 12
 PROBLEM 6

Given:

Required:

Solution:

Answer:
 REFERENCES

Stoker, H. Stephen (2016). General Chemistry.

Andover: Cengage Learning Asia Pte Ltd.

Zumdahl, Steven S. (2015). Introductory Chemistry: A

Foundation. USA: Cengage Learning Asia Ptd Ltd.,
USA

Brown, L. and T. Home. Chemistry for Engineering

Students. USA: Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning