MEASUREMENT

HOUSE RULE

 Setting while the conference is ongoing:

-Microphone should be turned off
-Camera should be turned on
( if technically possible)
 You can post your questions and clarifications
about the topic in the chat box.
INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES
The students should be able to:
 Use dimensional analysis in conversion of units

 Solve problems related to temperature, mass,

volume and density
MEASUREMENT
 Measurement is a collection of quantitative or
numerical data that describes a property of an
object or event.
 It is made by comparing a quantity with a
standard unit.
 Measurements inherently include error, which is
how much a measured value deviates from the
true value.
NUMBERS AND MEASUREMENTS IN
CHEMISTRY
 quantify data, expressing collected data with
units and significant figures.

Units - designate the type of quantity

measured.

Prefixes - provide scale to a base unit.

Significant Figures - indicate the amount of

information that is reliable when discussing a
measurement.
UNITS
 Thebase unit designates the type of quantity
being measured.

 SIunits (from French Système International)

are the base units of science.

 Some units comprise combinations of these

base units and are termed derived units
 1 J = 1 kg m2 s-2
PREFIXES
 Prefixes are used with base units to report and
understand quantities of any size.
 Prefixes are based on multiples of 10.
SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
 All digits reported are considered significant except for
certain types of zeros.
 When a zero establishes the decimal place, it is not
significant.
 51,300 m (3 significant figures)

 0.043 g (2 significant figures)

 A zero is significant when it follows a decimal point or

when it occurs between other significant figures.
 4.30 mL (3 significant figures)

 304.2 kg (4 significant figures)

 All numbers are significant when written in correct

scientific notation.
SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
 For calculated values, the number of significant figures should be
consistent with the data used in the calculation.

 For multiplication and division, the number of significant figures

in a result must be the same as the number of significant figures
in the factor with the fewest significant figures.

 For addition and subtraction, the number of significant figures

are determined from the position of the first uncertain digit.
SIGNIFICANT FIGURES

0.24 kg  4621 m = 1100 kg m or 1.1  10 3 kg m

4.882 m
+ 0.3 m
5.2 m
SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
 When counting discrete objects, the result has no
ambiguity. Such measurements use exact numbers.
They have infinite significant figures.

 two pennies would be 2.000000…

 Exactly defined terms, such as metric prefixes, are also

considered exact numbers.
SCIENTIFIC NOTATION

Scientific notation is used to easily write very

small and very large numbers.

Factor out powers of ten

54,000 = 5.4  10 4

5
0.000042 = 4.2  10
PROBLEM SOLVING IN CHEMISTRY AND
ENGINEERING
 There are several categories of problems:

Calculations involving ratios

Conceptual understanding of particulate level

Visualization of phenomena on different

levels
DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS
 also known as factor label method
 uses a Conversion Factor- a fraction whose numerator and
denominator are the same quantity expressed in different
units

Given quantity x conversion factor = desired quantity

given unit x desired unit = desired unit

given unit
EXAMPLE PROBLEMS
Convert the following:
1.57.8 m to cm

57.8 m x 100 cm = 5,780 cm

1. 1m

2.0.250
kg to g
0.250 kg x 1000 g = 250 g
1 kg
3. 500 mL to L
500 mL x 1L_____ = 0.5 L
1000 mL
4. 2.5 ft to cm
2.5 ft x 12 in x 2.54 cm = 76.2 cm
1 ft 1 in

5. 350.0 lb to g_
in3 cm3
350. lb x 453.59g x (1 in)3____ =
in3 1 lb (2.54 cm)3
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES COMMOLY
MEASURED IN CHEMISTRY
 MASS
 VOLUME
 TEMPERATURE
 DENSITY
MASS
 Mass is the measure of quantity of matter contained
in an object
 Mass of an object can be measured readily with a
balance, is the process called weighing
 Mass is different from weight

Weight is the force that gravity exerts on an object

1kg = 1000g
VOLUME
 Volume is length (m) cubed
 Units for volume

solid samples m3
1cm3 = 1 x 10-6 m3
1dm3 = 1 x 10-3 m3

Liquid samples 1L = 1000 mL

= 1000 cm3
= 1 dm3
Gas samples L or mL
DENSITY
 ratio of an object’s mass to its volume

ρ(rho) used to symbolize density

ρ=m/v
 Temperature-and compound-specific
 Allows conversion between mass and volume.

 Units:
Solid: g/cm3
Liquid: g/mL
Gas: g/L
EXAMPLE PROBLEMS
 A pieceof gold with a mass of 301g has a
volume of 15.6 cm3. Calculate the density of
gold.
ρ = 301 g/ 15.6 cm3
ρ = 19.3 g/ cm3
A piece of platinum metal with a density of
21.5 g/ cm3 has a volume of 4.49 cm3.
What is its mass?
m = ρ x v = (21.5g/ cm3 ) (4.49 cm3)
m = 96.5 g
 Calculatethe volume of liquid which has a
density of 0.94 g/mL and a mass of 26.4g.
v = m/ ρ = 26.4 g / 0.94 g/mL
v = 28 mL
EXAMPLE PROBLEM
 Inthe determination of the density of a
rectangular metal bar, a student made the
following measurements: length 8.53 cm; width
2.4 cm; height 1.0 cm, mass 52.7064g.
Calculate the density of the metal bar.
SOLUTION

 v = length x width x height

ρ = _____52.7064g_________
(8.53 cm)(2.4 cm)(1.0cm)

ρ = 2.6 g/cm3
 A silver object with a mass of 194.3g is placed in a graduated
cylinder containing 242.0 mL water. The volume of water
with the object now reads 260.5 mL. Determine the density
of the silver object.
water with object 260.5 mL
water only - 242.0 mL
volume of object 18.5 mL

ρ = 194.3 g
18.5 mL
ρ = 10.5 g/mL
PROBLEMS RELATED TO DENSITY
 The density of water at 25ºC is 0.997 g per mL. A child’s
swimming pool holds 346 L of water at this temperature.
What mass of water is in the pool?
TEMPERATURE
 Property of the body which determines the flow
of heat
 It is the measure of intensity or how energetic
each particles of the sample is
TEMPERATURE SCALES
 Systems for measuring temperature, defined by choosing
two reference points and setting a fixed number of
degrees between them
 Common temperature scales include:

Fahrenheit
Celsius
Kelvin
TEMPERATURE

 Temperature is measured using the Fahrenheit, Celsius, and

Kelvin (absolute) temperature scales.
KELVIN SCALE
 The absolute temperature scale
 Based on the idea of absolute zero, the theoretical
temperature at which all molecular motion stops and no
discernable energy can be tested
 Absolute zero is defined as 0 K on Kelvin scale, which is
a thermodynamic (absolute) temperature scale and the
coldest temperature theoretically possible
 No negative numbers on the Kelvin scale, thus it is
convenient to use when measuring extremely low
temperatures in scientific research
TEMPERATURE SCALE CONVERSION

oF = [(9/5) oC] + 32

oC = 5/9 x (oF-32)

TEMPERATURE SCALE CONVERSION

o
F = (1.8  o
C) + 32

o
C = ( o F -32)/1.8

o
K = C + 273.15

o
C = K - 273.15
PROBLEMS RELATED TO TEMPERATURE

 Helium has the lowest boiling point of all the elements at

-452 oF. Convert this temperature to oC and K

o
C= 5/9(-452 oF - 32)
= -268.9 oC

K = -268.9 oC + 273.15
K = 4.26K
 Mercury, the only metal that exists as
liquid at room temperature, melts at -38.9
o
C. Convert the melting point to oF to K.
 oF = 9/5(-38.9 oC) + 32
= -38.02 oF

K = -38.9 oC + 273.15
= 234.25 K
Solder is an alloy made of tin and lead that is used in
electronic circuit. It has a melting point of 224 oC.
What is the melting point in oF and K.
ACCURACY AND PRECISION
Accuracy - how close the observed
value is to the “true” value.

Precision - the spread in values obtained

from measurements; the reproducibility
of values.
ACCURACY AND PRECISION
ACCURACY
correctness
Check by using different
method
Poor accuracy results from
procedural or equipment
flaws
Poor accuracy is associated
with systematic error
PRECISION
reproducibility
Check by repeating
measurements
Poor precision results from
poor techniques
Poor precision is associated
with
MEASUREMENTS
 Measurements can
have poor precision
and poor accuracy.

 Darts are
scattered evenly
across the board.
MEASUREMENTS
 Measurements can have
good precision and poor
accuracy.

 Darts are clustered together.

 But darts are clustered far

from the bulls-eye.
MEASUREMENTS
 Measurements can have
good precision and good
accuracy.

 Darts are clustered

together, and

 darts are clustered close

to or on the bulls-eye.
RESULTS OF MEASUREMENTS

Trial Group A Group B Group C

1 99.99g 95.50g 97.50g

2 99.98g 95.60g 95.50g
3 99.99g 95.55g 96.50g
Average 99.99g 95.55g 96.50g
ERROR IN MEASUREMENTS
 Measurements contain one of two types of errors:

Random Error - may make a measurement

randomly too high or too low. (e.g., variation
associated with equipment limitations)

Systematic Error - may make a measurement

consistently too high or too low. (e.g., the
presence of an impurity)
REFERENCES
 Brown,B.S, Holme,T.A,(2012) Chemistry for
Engineering Students, 2ed: Cengage Learning Asia Pte
Ltd
 Chang, R. (2010). Chemistry. Boston: McGraw-Hill
Higher Education.
 Masterton,W.L, et al (2018) Principles and Reactions:
Chemistry for Engineering Students, Cengage Learning
Thank you for listening!
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