GENERAL PHYSICS 1

WEEK 1 :
PHYSICAL
QUANTITIES
 Learning Objectives
Solves measurement problems involving conversion
of units, expression of measurements in scientific
notation and significant figures
Differentiates accuracy from precision
Differentiates random errors from systematic errors
Estimates errors from multiple measurements of a
physical quantity using variance and standard
deviation
 What is Physics?
It is a fundamental science of the world of
nature.
It deals with the study of matter and
energy and their interactions
It describes the physical happenings in the
universe
 What is Physics?
 It is classified into Classical and Modern.
 Classical Physics refers to the concept which were
developed and recognized before the beginning of the 20th
century (Mechanics, Optics, Acoustics, Thermodynamics,
Electromagnetism)
 Modern Physics refers to the concept which were
developed and recognized since the beginning of 20th
century (Atomic, Nuclear, Quantum, Solid State, Plasma,
Cryogenics, Relativistic).
 Who are the fathers of Physics?

Three laws of motion,

universal gravitation,
optics, calculus

Isaac Newton Albert Einstein

Theory of relativity,
Law of falling development of
bodies, astronomy quantum theory
Galileo Galilei
 PHYSICAL QUANTITIES
Physics is an experimental science. Physicist
perform experiments to test hypothesis.
Conclusions an experiment are derived from
measurement . And physicist use number to
describes measurements. Such a number is
called physical quantity.
 SCIENTIFIC NOTATION
Physicist use very large or very small numbers. These are often
hard to write and even harder to read. To simplify calculations ,
mathematical laws of exponents in writing such numbers are
applied. The use of powers of ten in writing of a number is
called “exponential or scientific notation”.

𝑵× 𝟏𝟎 𝒏 Exponent
(positive or
Base number (Mantissa) negative number)
 SCIENTIFIC NOTATION
Express the following in scientific notation:
1. 4,000,000,000,000
𝟏𝟐
𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎
2. 396, 000,000
𝟑. 𝟗𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎 𝟖

3. 0. 0000000000000025
−𝟏𝟓
𝟐. 𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎
 SCIENTIFIC NOTATION
Express the following in scientific notation:
1. 230,000,000
𝟖
𝟐. 𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎
2. 0.34
𝟑. 𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎 −𝟏

3. 0. 00000000000000105
−𝟏𝟓
1.0𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎
 SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
- is a digit that contributes to how accurately
something can be measured
RULE # 1
All non-zero digits are significant, regardless
of the location of a decimal point
RULE # 2
Zeros between non-zero digits are significant.
 SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
RULE # 3
Leading zeros are not significant, they simply
locate the decimal point

RULE # 4
Trailing zeros are usually significant, but can
be ambiguous.
 SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
Determine the number of significant figures for
the following:
1. 1.345 ans: 4 4. 1.000 ans: 4

2. 107. 05 ans: 5 5. 234000 ans: ambigous

3. 0.000143 ans: 3
 Let’s make it the other way
ADDITIONAL

If you are familiar with the game “PACMAN” try to apply this in
determining the number of significant figure
(Note that “PACMAN” can only eat zero, then the remaining digits will be
all significant)

With decimal point (eating starts from the left)

Without decimal point (eating starts from the right)
 SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
Using the “Pacman technique” determine the
number of significant figures:
1. 243698 ans: 6 4. 2765.006900 ans: 10

2. 30700. 05 ans: 7 5. 0.0006789004 ans:7

3. 1340000.00 ans: 9
 MEASUREMENT
 Is a quantitative description of
fundamental property of physical
phenomenon.
 Used to describe such quantities as length,
weight, area, volume and time.
 MEASUREMENT
QUANTITIY SYMBOL UNIT
Length l m (meter)
Mass m kg (kilogram)
Time t s (second)
Electric Current I A (ampere)
Temperature T K (Kelvin)
Amount of Substance mol (mole)
Luminous Intensity I cd (candela)
 MEASUREMENT
Convert the following :
1. mass: 50 kg = _______ g
conversion factor : 1kg = 1000 g
1000𝑔
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 = 50𝑘𝑔 × = 𝟓𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒈
1𝑘𝑔
2. speed: 10 km/h = _________ m/s
conversion factor: 1 km = 1000 m
1 hr = 3600 s
direct conversion factor : 1 km/h = 0.28m/s
0.28 𝑚/𝑠
speed = 10 𝑘𝑚/ℎ × = 2.8 m/s
1𝑘𝑚/ℎ
 MEASUREMENT
3. distance: 3.5 km = _______miles
conversion factor : 1 mile = 1.61 km
1 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑒
distance = 3.5 𝑘𝑚 × = 2.2 miles
1.61 𝑘𝑚

4. 95°𝐶 = _____ K
Solution:
𝐾 = °𝐶 + 273
𝐾 = 95 + 273
𝑲 = 𝟑𝟔𝟖
 MEASUREMENT
5. 45℃ = ______ ℉

9
Soln. ℉ = 45 + 32
5
℉ = 9 9 + 32
℉ = 81 + 32
= 𝟏𝟏𝟑℉
 COULOMB’S LAW

Coulomb’s Law
Coulomb’s law calculates the magnitude of the force 𝐹𝑒 between two points 𝑞1 and 𝑞2
separated by a distance r. In SI units the constant k is equal to
𝟐 𝟐
𝑵 ∙ 𝒎 𝑵 ∙ 𝒎
𝒌 = 𝟗. 𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎𝟗 ≈ 𝟖. 𝟗𝟗 × 𝟏𝟎 𝟗
𝑪𝟐 𝑪𝟐
 ACCURACY VS PRECISION

A. B.

1. What have you noticed about the

two image?
QUESTIONS 2. Which of the two shows
accuracy? Precision?
 ACCURACY VS PRECISION

ACCURACY- Describes how well the results agree

with an accepted value of the quantity

PRECISION – refers to the degree of exactness to

which a measurement can be reproduced.
MEASUREMENT
TYPES OF ERROR

There is no such thing as a

perfect measurement. Every
measurement, whether
made by a student or a
professional scientist,
contains a certain degree of
uncertainty
 ACCURACY VS PRECISION
TYPES OF ERROR
SYSTEMATIC
Are due to the limitations of the measuring instruments and the skill or
carefulness of the experimenter.

RANDOM
Are caused by external factors beyond the control of the experimenter
such as vibrations, noise, changes in atmospheric pressure and friction
 VARIANCE AND STANDARD
DEVIATION
APPROXIMATING UNCERTAINTY USING VARIANCE AND
STANDARD DEVIATION

It is a mathematical way
STANDARD DEVIATION to characterize the spread
of data
 VARIANCE AND STANDARD
DEVIATION
Divide the result of by
4
(N-1), get the square root

Square each deviation and add

3
them all

Subtract the average for each

2
measurement

Get the arithmetic mean

1
or average
 VARIANCE AND STANDARD
DEVIATION
EXAMPLE: Consider the table below
Table: Width of a piece of paper using meter stick in cm
1 31.33
2 31.15
3 31.26
4 31.02
5 31.20
 VARIANCE AND STANDARD
DEVIATION
Solution:
If we get the mean of all the measurements obtained, we will
have;
31.33+31.15+31.26+31.02+31.20
𝑥= = 𝟑𝟏. 𝟏𝟗
5

By subtracting average for each measurement, we can obtained 5

deviation:
 VARIANCE AND STANDARD
DEVIATION
MEASUREMENTS WIDTH OF DEVIATION SQUARE
PAPER IN CM

1 31.33 = 31.33 – 31.19 0.14 0.0196

2 31.15 = 31.15 – 31.19 -0.04 0.0016
3 31.26 = 31.26 – 31.19 0.07 0.0049
4 31.02 = 31.02 – 31.19 -0.17 0.0289
5 31.20 = 31.20 – 31.19 0.01 0.0001

0.0196 + 0.0016 + 0.0049 + 0.0289 + 0.0001

𝑆= = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟐 𝒄𝒎
5−1
 VARIANCE AND STANDARD
DEVIATION
The importance of standard deviation is if
one can have more measurements using the
same meter stick, one can expect that the
new measurement is within the range of 0.12
cm, with an average of 31.19 (the best
approximation of the width of the piece of
paper.
GENERAL PHYSICS 1

WEEK 2 :
SCALAR AND VECTOR
 RECALL !
Let us recall a concept from your PRE-
CALCULUS!

CAN YOU FIND THE MEASUREMENT OF

THE MISSING SIDE/S OR ANGLE OF THE
FOLLOWING?
 RECALL !
𝟐 𝟑𝟒 𝒄𝒎 ≈ 𝟏𝟏. 𝟔𝟔 𝒄𝒎
6 cm 𝟓𝟕 𝒄𝒎 ≈ 𝟕. 𝟓𝟓 𝒄𝒎

10 cm 8 cm
11 cm
 RECALL !
10 m
𝟐 𝟏𝟏 𝒊𝒏
𝟓𝟏 m
𝟒𝟓. 𝟓𝟕° 𝟓𝟔. 𝟒𝟒°
7m 12 in
10 in
 RECALL !
10 m

15 m

28 in
17 m 𝟔𝟎°
23 in
 Learning Objectives
Differentiates vector and scalar
quantities
Performs vectors addition
Rewrites a vector in component form
 SCALAR VS VECTOR
Which one is a vector ? A scalar quantity?
1. 180 km/h, east Vector
2. 40 kg Scalar
3. 37 Degrees Celsius Scalar
4. 3500 calories Scalar
5. 70 m/sec, west Vector
Identifying Scalar and Vectors
SCALAR VECTOR

Are those quantities Are quantities

represented by expressed by
magnitude only magnitude and
direction
Identifying Scalar and Vectors
SCALAR
Some Examples of Scalar
Quantities
 55 kg, which describes a mass
 45 min, which tells time
 10 km, which shows distance
 27°C, which gives the
temperature
VECTOR
Some Examples of Scalar Quantities
 75 km/h E, which tells the velocity
of a vehicle (the magnitude is 75
km/h and the direction
 20 N upward, which describes a
force of 20 N (magnitude) directed
upward.
 VECTOR REPRESENTATION
15 km to the east
 A vector quantity is represented
by an arrow. The length of the
arrow is proportional to the Scale: 1 cm : 3km
magnitude of the vector.
 It can also be represented in
boldface type
 Another way is by placing an
A
arrow over the symbol. Without
the arrow and not in boldface, it 𝑨 𝑨
is a scalar
VECTOR SCALAR
 VECTOR ADDITION
Resultant Vector – sum of two or more vectors that is
represented by a single vector

TAIL-HEAD METHOD
Where in the second vector is drawn such that its tail is connected to
the arrowhead of the first vector

Example: 1
Chacha walks 300 m East, stops to rest, and then continues 400 m East.
What is Chacha’s resultant displacement.
 VECTOR ADDITION
SOLUTION The term “vector addition” doesn’t
Let d1 = 300 m East REMEMBER only imply “to get the sum. The term
addition means “to combine” or to
d2 = 400 m East get expressed as a single vector

d1 dR d2

Adding two vectors right away;

300 m East + 400 m East
= 700 m East
 VECTOR ADDITION
Example 2:
Mimi walks home from school 300 m East and remembers that she has to bring home
her Science book which a classmate borrowed. She walks back 500 m West to her
classmates house. Find her resultant displacement.

Let d1 = 300 m East d1

d2 = 500 m West
Subtracting right away;
500 m West – 300 m East
d2
= 200 m West dR
 VECTOR ADDITION
Level up!
The next example takes into consideration vector addition in two
dimension

PYTHAGOREAN THEOREM METHOD

The Pythagorean Theorem method is applicable in finding the resultant
for any two given vectors which form a right angle with each other.

Example 3:
Kate walks 500 m East and then turns North and walks 300 m. Find her
resultant displacement
 VECTOR ADDITION
Let d1 = 500 m East
d2 = 300 m North dR
N
d2
Ɵ E
W
d1 Using Pythagorean theorem;
𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 = 𝑐 2
5002 + 3002 = 𝑐 2
340 000 = 𝑐 2
583.1 m 31° N of E
 VECTOR ADDITION
POLYGON METHOD
It is use to find the resultant of three or more vectors

Example 4:
Gino walks 600 m East, then turns 400 m North and
finally walks 300 m west. Find his resultant
displacement
 VECTOR ADDITION
Let d1 = 600 m East
d2 = 400 m North Using Pythagorean
d3 = 300 m West
Theorem
N d3 3002 + 4002 = 𝑐 2
250 000 = 𝑐 2
dR 500 = 𝑐
d2 500 m 53° N of E
W Ɵ E
d1

= 𝐝𝟏 − 𝐝𝟑 = 𝟔𝟎𝟎 − 𝟑𝟎𝟎 = 𝟑𝟎𝟎

 VECTOR ADDITION
Lets try this
1. Justin leaves his house to go to school. He walks 350 m, North and
then walks 400 m East. Determine Justin’s resultant displacement.
2. Bernard was walking 50 meters, West, when suddenly he saw 500-
peso bill, he stopped for a while and decided to walk 80 meters,
East, back from where he was. Determine Bernard’s resultant
displacement.
3. A hiker walks 55 m East, then 100 m South and finally 250 m West.
What is the resultant displacement of the hiker from the starting
point?
 VECTOR ADDITION
Lets try this
4. A bear is searching for food wanders 35 meters east then
20 meters north. Frustratedly, he wanders another 12
meters west and then 6 meters south. Calculate the bear’s
displacement.
5. A car moves 10 km, East, then turns 50 degrees North of
East for another 8 km before coming to stop. Find the
magnitude and direction of the resultant displacement of
the car.
 VECTOR ADDITION
Lets try this
6. Supposed, you are walking 25 m, West and you turned 35 degrees
North of West for another 10 m before reaching your friend’s house.
Find the magnitude and direction of the resultant displacement of
your friend’s house.
7. Jason and Antonio is doing a house tour. Starting at the door of their
house, they walk 5 meters, south. They make a right hand turn and
walk 19 meters, west. They turn right again and walk 27 meters,
north. They then turn left and walk 39 meters, west. What is the
magnitude of their over all displacement?
 VECTOR RESOLUTION
Let’s Explore
If you are given a single vector, can you think of this as a resultant
of two vectors?
TRIGONOMETRIC APPROACH
It is possible to start with a single vector and get two new vectors in
directions that are perpendicular to each other. These two vectors are
called rectangular components of a single vector. The process of finding
the magnitudes of the components in a certain directions is called vector
resolution.
 VECTOR RESOLUTION
It is possible to start with a single vector and get two new vectors in directions that are
perpendicular to each other. These two vectors are called rectangular components of a single
vector. The process of finding the magnitudes of the components in a certain directions is
called vector resolution

Example 5:
A man exerts a force of 60 N along the handle of a lawn mower to push it across the
lawn. If the handle is held at an angle of 30 ° with the lawn, what are the horizontal and
vertical components of the force exerted by the man?

Given: F = 60 N, 30° (resultant force)

Find: 𝑭𝒙 (Horizontal component of the force)
𝑭𝒚 (Vertical component of the force)
 VECTOR RESOLUTION
F = 60 N Review Check
Fy Use
SOH-CAH-TOA
30°

Fx Fy opposite
b. sin 30° =
Fx adjacent F hypotenuse
a. cos 30° = hypotenuse Fy
F
sin 30° =
Fx 60N
cos 30° =
60N Fy = (60N)(sin 30°)
Fx = (60N)(cos 30°) = (60N)(0.5)
= (60N)(0.87) = 𝟑𝟎. 𝟎 𝐍
= 𝟓𝟏. 𝟗𝟔 𝐍
 VECTOR RESOLUTION
Try these!
1. The wind blows toward 55° with a velocity of 75
km/h. What is the vertical component of the winds
velocity?
2. A force of 150 N acts at an angle 35 ° to the positive
x-axis. Resolve this force into components parallel to
the x- and y-axis.
 ASYNCHRONOUS
Open your module and turn it on
pp. 20-22

Do Activity cards 1 and 2 , and Assessments

1 and 2
GENERAL PHYSICS 1

WEEK 3 :
KINEMATICS
 Learning Objectives
 Explains ways in describing motion
 Differentiates distance from displacement ; speed from
velocity
 Solves problems involving speed and velocity
 Gives operational definition of acceleration
 Solves problem involving instantaneous velocity and
acceleration
 Derives kinematic equations and applies them in solving
motion problem
 MOTION

MOTION
 Movement of an object
 Exhibited change in position
 Study of motion has branch called kinematics
 Motion in a straight path is called rectilinear motion
 Motion in curved path is called curvilinear motion
 Motion in a certain angle is called angular motion
DISTANCE AND DISPLACEMENT
DISTANCE
 Total length along a path between to
points
 An scalar quantity which has only
magnitude

DISPLACEMENT
Separation of an object and a reference point
Is a vector whose length is the shortest
distance from the initial to the final position
of a point P undergoing motion
DISTANCE AND DISPLACEMENT
 SPEED AND VELOCITY
SPEED FORMULA
 Measure how fast something is 𝐀𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐒𝐩𝐞𝐞𝐝
moving 𝐭𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐝𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐜𝐨𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐝
 Rate at which distance is covered at a =
𝐭𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐭𝐢𝐦𝐞 𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐯𝐚𝐥
given time
 An scalar quantity
VELOCITY
FORMULA  Speed associate with direction
𝐀𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐕𝐞𝐥𝐨𝐜𝐢𝐭𝐲  Total displacement covered in a given
time interval
=
𝐭𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐝𝐢𝐬𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐜𝐞𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭  A vector quantity
𝐭𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐭𝐢𝐦𝐞 𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐯𝐚𝐥
 SPEED AND VELOCITY
EXAMPLE 1 SOLUTION
Ellen went driving one weekend. She Total distance = 150 km
covered a total distance of 150 km in 5 Total time = 5 hr
hours. At the end of her drive, she
returned back to where she started. 150 km
What was average speed and velocity? v= = 𝟑𝟎 𝐤𝐦/𝐡
5 hr

SOLUTION
How about the average velocity?
Total displacement = 0 km (since, Ellen returned back to where
she started)
0 km
Total time = 5hr average velocity = =𝟎
5h
 SPEED AND VELOCITY
EXAMPLE 2 SOLUTION
While on vacation, Raphael traveled a Total distance = 440 miles
Total time = 8 hours
total distance of 440 miles. His trip 440 mi
took 8 hours. What was his average v= = 𝟓𝟓 𝐦𝐢/𝐡
8 hr
speed?
EXAMPLE 3 SOLUTION
After 10 hours of road trip around the Total distance =150km
city, Camille drove a total distance of Total time = 10 hrs
150 km
150 km. Calculate for the average v= = 𝟏𝟓𝐤𝐦/𝐡
10 hr
speed of Camille
 SPEED AND VELOCITY
EXAMPLE 4 SOLUTION
A car’s average speed between two cities is 15 Ave. speed = 15 km/hr
km/hr. If the trip takes 10 hours, how far does Total time = 10 hrs
the car goes?
d = (15 km/hr)(10 hrs)
SOLUTION = 150 km

Given: vi = 0 EXAMPLE 5
vf = 50 m/s
t = 15 s A car starts from rest and attains a
Find: d Solution : d = v ● t speed of 50 m/s in 15 seconds. How
vi +vf 0+50 s
m
far has the car traveled in 15 seconds?
= t= (15 s)
2 2
= (25 m/s) 15 s = 𝟑𝟕𝟓 𝐦
 SPEED AND VELOCITY
Rachel watches a thunderstorm from her
windows. She sees the flash of lightning bolt and
begins counting the seconds until she hears the
clap of thunder 5.0 seconds later. Assume that
the speed of sound in air is 340.0 m/s and the
light was seen instantaneously. How far away
was the lightning bolt?
 ACCELERATION

What’s going on here?

When an object speeds up or slows down, it

undergoes a change in its velocity. As a result, it
accelerates
 ACCELERATION
ACCELERATION
 is the measure of how velocity changes with time,
 Any change in state of motion of an object (a change in speed or direction), implies that
the object accelerates
 Increase in velocity implies acceleration
 Decrease in velocity implies deceleration

FORMULA
𝐜𝐡𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐞 𝐢𝐧 𝐯𝐞𝐥𝐨𝐜𝐢𝐭𝐲 ∆𝐯 𝐯𝟐 − 𝐯𝟏
𝐀𝐜𝐜𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 = = =
𝐜𝐡𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐞 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐢𝐦𝐞 ∆𝐭 ∆𝐭
where :
a is the resulting acceleration 𝒗𝟐 is the ending velocity
𝒗𝟏 is the starting velocity ∆𝒕 is the change in time
 ACCELERATION
EXAMPLE 1
A sports car accelerates with a constant rate from 40 km/h to 90 km/h
East [E] in 5.0 seconds. Determine the acceleration.

SOLUTION
Given :v1 = 40 km/h (take note that we need to
v2 = 90 km/h convert seconds into hour)
t = 5.0 s

90 𝑘𝑚/ℎ − 40 𝑘𝑚/ℎ 50 𝑘𝑚/ℎ

= = = 𝟑𝟓 𝟕𝟏𝟒. 𝟐𝟗 𝒌𝒎/𝒉𝟐 East [E]
5.0 𝑠 (1 ℎ/3600𝑠) 0.0014 ℎ
 ACCELERATION
EXAMPLE 2
A horse rider starting from rest has a final
velocity of 9.6 meters per seconds in 2.0
seconds. What is the horse rider’s
average acceleration?
EXAMPLE 3
A softball player sprinting at 8.0 m/s West [W]
slides into the third base and coming to rest in
1.6 seconds. What is the player’s average
acceleration

SOLUTION SOLUTION
Given: Given:
v1 = 0 (starts from rest) v1 = 8 m/s t = 1.6 s
v2 = 0 m/s (at rest)
v2 = 96 m/s t = 2.0 s 0 − 8 𝑚/𝑠
9.6 𝑚/𝑠 − 0 =
1.6 𝑠
= = 𝟒. 𝟖 𝒎/𝒔𝟐
2.0 𝑠
in the positive direction = −𝟓. 𝟎 𝒎/𝒔𝟐 West [W]
INSTANTANEOUS VELOCITY
DEFINITION

or simply “velocity”

The velocity of an object at that
instant time
Velocity of an object under
motion at a specific point of time
first derivative of position
function with respect to time
 INSTANTANEOUS VELOCITY
FORMULA
let x(t) be a continuous function of position x, where t is time

The average velocity between two points can be express as;

𝑥 𝑡2 −𝑥(𝑡1 )
𝑣=
𝑡2 −𝑡1

to get the instantaneous velocity;

𝒙 𝒕 + ∆𝒕 − 𝒙(𝒕) 𝒅𝒙
𝒗 𝒕 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 =
∆𝒕→𝟎 ∆𝒕 𝒅𝒕
 INSTANTANEOUS VELOCITY
EXAMPLE 1 SOLUTION

The position function of an By getting the first derivative of the

object is given 𝑥 𝑡 = 𝑡 3 − position function
3𝑡 2 + 5𝑡 − 4 m. Find the
instantaneous velocity at: 𝑥 𝑡 = 𝑡 3 − 3𝑡 2 + 5𝑡 − 4
a. t=2s 𝑥 ′ (𝑡) = 3𝑡 2 − 6𝑡 + 5
b. t=5s Instantaneous
c. t=7s Velocity Equation
 INSTANTANEOUS VELOCITY
SOLUTION
a. t = 2 s
using the instantaneous velocity equation:
= 3𝑡 2 − 6𝑡 + 5 = 3 2 2 − 6 2 + 5 = 𝟓 𝒎/𝒔

b. t = 5 s
using the instantaneous velocity equation:
= 3𝑡 2 − 6𝑡 + 5 = 3 5 2 − 6 5 + 5 = 𝟓𝟎 𝒎/𝒔

c. t = 7 s
using the instantaneous velocity equation:
= 3𝑡 2 − 6𝑡 + 5 = 3 7 2 − 6 7 + 5 = 𝟏𝟏𝟎 𝒎/𝒔
 INSTANTANEOUS VELOCITY
EXAMPLE 2 SOLUTION
From a 500 – foot tower, a
By getting the first derivative of
soccer ball is dropped. The
position function of the soccer the position function
ball is 𝑥 𝑡 = −10𝑡 2 + 500.
Find: 𝑥 𝑡 = −10𝑡 2 + 500
a. The instantaneous velocity 𝑥 ′ (𝑡) = −20𝑡
of the ball at t = 2 s Instantaneous
b. The average velocity for Velocity Equation
the first 4 s.
 INSTANTANEOUS VELOCITY
SOLUTION
a. The instantaneous velocity at t = 2 s
using the instantaneous velocity equation:
= −20𝑡 = −20 2 = −𝟒𝟎 𝒇𝒕/𝒔

b. The average velocity for the first 4 s.

𝑥 𝑡2 −𝑥(𝑡1 )
By the formula : 𝑣 =
𝑡2 −𝑡1
𝑥 4 −𝑥(0)
=
4−0
−10 4 2 +500 −[−10 0 2 +500] −160
= =
4 4
= −𝟒𝟎 𝒇𝒕/𝒔
 INSTANTANEOUS
ACCELERATION
DEFINITION
𝑎 𝑡0 = 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒
= 𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒
Or simply “acceleration”
The acceleration of an object at that
y
t

instant time
i
o c

The derivative of instantaneous velocity

l

function with respect to time

v e

Or the second derivative of position

𝑡1 𝑡2 𝑡3 𝑡0 𝑡4 𝑡5 𝑡6
Time
function with respect to time
 INSTANTANEOUS
ACCELERATION
FORMULA
let v(t) is the instantaneous velocity function, where t is time

The average acceleration can be express as;

𝑣 𝑡2 −𝑣(𝑡1 )
𝑎= to get the instantaneous velocity;
𝑡2 −𝑡1

𝐯 𝐭+∆𝐭 −𝐯(𝐭) 𝐝𝐯
𝐚 𝐭 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 =
∆𝐭→𝟎 ∆𝐭 𝐝𝐭
 INSTANTANEOUS
ACCELERATION
EXAMPLE 1
A particle is in motion and is accelerating. Given its velocity function
of 𝑣 𝑡 = 20𝑡 − 5𝑡 2 𝑚/𝑠. Find
a. Instantaneous acceleration function
b. Instantaneous velocity at t =1, 2, 3, 4and 5 s
c. Instantaneous acceleration at t =1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 s

SOLUTION
a. To get the instantaneous acceleration function, get the derivative of the velocity
function v(t)
a t = v ′ t = 𝟐𝟎 − 𝟏𝟎𝐭 𝐦/𝐬 𝟐
 INSTANTANEOUS
SOLUTION
ACCELERATION
b. Instantaneous Velocity
v 1 = 20 1 − 5 1 2 = 20 − 5 = 𝟏𝟓 𝐦/𝐬
v 2 = 20 2 − 5 2 2 = 40 − 20 = 𝟐𝟎 𝐦/𝐬
v 3 = 20 3 − 5 3 2 = 60 − 45 = 𝟏𝟓 𝐦/𝐬
v 4 = 20 4 − 5 4 2 = 80 − 80 = 𝟎 𝐦/𝐬
v 5 = 20 5 − 5 5 2 = 100 − 125 = −𝟐𝟓𝐦/𝐬
c. Instantaneous Acceleration
𝑎 1 = 20 − 10 1 = 𝟏𝟎 𝒎/𝒔𝟐
𝑎 2 = 20 − 10 2 = 𝟎 𝒎/𝒔𝟐
𝑎 3 = 20 − 10 3 = −𝟏𝟎 𝒎/𝒔𝟐
𝑎 4 = 20 − 10 4 = −𝟐𝟎 𝒎/𝒔𝟐
𝑎 5 = 20 − 10 5 = −𝟑𝟎 𝒎/𝒔𝟐
INSTANTANEOUS VELOCITY
Graph A. Velocity

25 t=2s
20
t=1s t=3s
15
10
5
v(t) = m/s

t=4s
0
-5
-10
-15
-20
-25

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5

Time (s)
 INSTANTANEOUS
ACCELERATION
Graph B. Acceleration

25
20
15
t=1s
a(t) = m/𝒔𝟐 10
5
t=2s
0
-5
t=3s
-10
-15
t=4s
-20
-25

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5

Time (s)
 KINEMATIC EQUATIONS
Derivation
dv Acceleration is equal to the derivative of velocity
a= with respect to time
dt
adt = dv Manipulating the equation
t vf
adt = dv Integrating both sides
0 vi

at = vf − vi By fundamental theorem of
Calculus
𝒗𝒇 = 𝒗𝒊 + 𝒂𝒕 EQUATION # 1
 KINEMATIC EQUATIONS
Derivation
dx Velocity is equal to the derivative of position
v= with respect to time
dt
vdt = dx Manipulating the equation

vi + at dt = dx Substitute the value form eqn. 1

t xf
vi + at dt = dx Integrating both sides
0 xi
Integration rules and FTC
𝐚𝐭 𝟐
𝐯𝐢 𝐭 + = ∆𝐱 EQUATION #2
𝟐
 KINEMATIC EQUATIONS
Derivation
Acceleration is equal to the derivative of velocity with respect to
dv time
a=
dt
d𝑥 Velocity is equal to the derivative of position with respect to
v= time
dt
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑥 Manipulating the equation/By Transitive property of
= 𝑑𝑡 =
𝑎 𝑣 equality
𝑣𝑑𝑣 = 𝑎𝑑𝑥 Cross multiplication
𝑣𝑓 𝑥𝑓
𝑣𝑑𝑣 = 𝑎𝑑𝑥 Integrating both sides
𝑣𝑖 𝑥𝑖
𝒗𝒇 𝟐 −𝒗𝒊 𝟐 Integration rules and FTC
= 𝒂∆𝒙
𝟐 𝒗𝒇 𝟐 =𝒗𝒊 𝟐 + 𝟐𝒂∆𝒙 EQUATION #3
 KINEMATIC EQUATIONS
EXAMPLE
A car starts from rest and uniformly speeds up. It reaches a
speed of 5.0 m/s in 10 seconds. What is the acceleration? How
far is it from the origin after the given time interval?

Given : Equation :
vf −vi
vi = 0 starts from rest a=
t
at2
vf = 5.0 m/s d= vi t +
2
t = 10 s (note that d is also the ∆ x)
 KINEMATIC EQUATIONS
SOLUTION
Solution:
5.0m/s−0
a= = 𝟎. 𝟓 𝐦/𝐬 𝟐
10 s

(0.5 m/s2 ) 10 s 2
d = 0 10 s + = 𝟐𝟓 𝐦
2
 KINEMATIC EQUATIONS
EXAMPLE
Albert is riding his scooter at a velocity of 80 km/h, when he sees an old
woman crossing the road 45 m away. He immediately steps hard on the
brakes to get the maximum deceleration of 7.5 m/s 2 . How far will he go
before stopping? Will he hit the old woman?

Given : Equation :
vf 2 −vi 2
vi = 80 km/h or 22.22 m/s d=
2a
vf = 0 a = −7.5 m/s 2
(note that d is also the ∆ x)
 KINEMATIC EQUATIONS
SOLUTION

Solution:
02 − 22.22 m/s 2 −493.73 m2 /s2
d= = = 𝟑𝟐. 𝟗𝟐 𝐦
2(−7.5 m/s2 ) −15 m/s 2

Since the old woman is 45 m away, albert. Albert will not hit the old
woman
 KINEMATIC EQUATIONS
Try these
1. An airplane accelerates down a runway at 3.20 𝑚/𝑠 2 for
32.8 seconds until is finally lifts off the ground. Determine
the distance travelled before the take off.
2. A car starts from rest and accelerates uniformly over a time
of 5.21 seconds for a distance of 110 m. Determine the
acceleration of the car.
 KINEMATIC EQUATIONS
Try these
3. A race car accelerates uniformly from 18.5 m/s to 46.1 m/s
in 2.47 seconds. Determine the acceleration of the car and
the distance travelled.
4. An engineer is designing the runway for an airport of the
planes that will use the airport, the lowest acceleration rate
is likely to be 3 𝑚/𝑠 2 . The take off speed for this plane will
be 65 m/s. Assuming this maximum acceleration, what is
the maximum allowed length for the runway?
 KINEMATIC EQUATIONS
Try these
5. Nicole is jogging with a velocity of 4 m/s when she
accelerates at 2 𝑚/𝑠 2 for 3 seconds. How fast is Nicole
running now?
GENERAL PHYSICS 1

WEEK 4:
FREE FALL AND
PROJECTILE MOTION
 Learning Objectives
Describes the motion of falling objects
Solves problems involving free fall
motion
Explains the motion of a projectile
Solves problems involving projectile
motion
 FREE-FALL
Velocity of falling object

t = 0 s, 0 m/s
t = 1 s, 9.8 m/s
t = 2 s, 19.6 m/s
t = 3 s, 29.4 m/s
t = 4 s, 39.2 m/s
t = 5 s, 49.0 m/s
 What is Free-fall motion?
Any motion that undergoes a constant acceleration
equivalent to g is called free fall motion
The motion of any falling objects is found to be under a
constant acceleration called acceleration due to gravity (g),
which has a value of
𝟗. 𝟖 𝒎/𝒔𝟐 .
Recall that free fall motion is a vertical motion under a
constant acceleration equivalent to g, to derive the free fall
equations, we replace a with g.
 FREE-FALL MOTION EQUATION
𝑣𝑓 = 𝑣𝑖 + 𝑔𝑡
1 2
𝑑 = 𝑣𝑖 𝑡 + 𝑔𝑡
2
2 2
𝑣𝑓 = 𝑣𝑖 + 2𝑔𝑑
EXAMPLE 1
The time a male bungee jumper is freely falling is 1.5 seconds.
a. What is the velocity of the jumper at the end of 1.5 seconds?
b. How far does he fall?
 FREE-FALL MOTION EQUATION
Given: vi = 0 jumper starts from rest
SOLUTION
t = 1.5 s
g = 9.8 m/s 2 a. vf b. d
Solution:
1 2
a. vf = vi + gt b. d = vi t + gt
2
(9.8 m/s2 ) 1.5 s 2
= 0 + (9.8m/s 2 )(1.5 s) =0 +
2
= 𝟏𝟒. 𝟕 𝐦/𝐬 𝐨𝐫 𝟏𝟓𝐦/𝐬 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟎𝟐𝟓 𝐦 𝐨𝐫 𝟏𝟏. 𝟎𝟑 𝐦

EXAMPLE 2
A juggler tosses three balls alternately vertically upward. Each ball has an initial velocity
of 5 m/s. How high does each ball rise? How long does each ball remain in the air?
 FREE-FALL MOTION EQUATION
Given: 𝑣𝑖 = 5 𝑚/𝑠 SOLUTION
𝑔 = −9.8 𝑚/𝑠 2 (upward)
Find: a. d b. 𝑡𝑇
Solution :
a. At the highest point of the b. total time is twice
ball 𝑣𝑓 = 0. Thus, the time to rise
𝑣𝑓 2 = 𝑣𝑖 2 + 2𝑔𝑑 𝑡𝑇 = 2𝑡 (𝑢𝑝)
2 𝑣𝑓 −𝑣𝑖
0 = 𝑣𝑖 + 2𝑔𝑑 =2
𝑔
−𝑣𝑖 2 0−5 𝑚/𝑠
𝑑= =2
2𝑔 −9.8 𝑚/𝑠 2
− 5 𝑚/𝑠 2
= = 2 (0.51 𝑠)
2(−9.8 𝑚/𝑠 2 )
= 𝟏. 𝟐𝟖 𝒎 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟐 𝒔
 FREE-FALL MOTION EQUATION
TRY THESE!
1. An object falls from the high building. Ignoring the air resistance, what will
be its velocity after 6 seconds of falling?
2. An object falls from the high building and hits the ground in 9.0 seconds.
Ignoring air resistance, what is the distance that it fell?
3. During the tornado a certain establishment suffered damage. Suppose a
piece of glass dropped near the top of the building falling 215 m.
A. Ignoring air resistance, how long would it take the piece of glass
to hit the ground.
B. Ignoring the air resistance, what will be the velocity of the piece
of the glass when it strikes the ground?
 FREE-FALL MOTION EQUATION
TRY THESE!
4. Calculate how long it took King kong to fall straight down from
the top of the Empire State Building (380 m high). What was
his velocity just before landing?
5. A foul ball is hit straight up into the air with a speed of 25 m/s.
A. How high does it go?
B. How long does it take before hitting the ground?
6. A stone is dropped from the cliff. If it seen to hit the ground
below after 3.50 s. How high is the cliff?
Projectile Motion
Projectile Motion
An object that is thrown in a curve
path with the effect of gravitational
field involves motion in two
dimensions. This motion is called
projectile motion

Trajectory – a curved path

where a projectile travels.
Projectile Motion
 Horizontal Projection
EXAMPLE
Anton claims that he can throw a dart at a dart board from a distance of
2.0 m and hit the 5.0 – cm wide bull’s eye if he throws the dart horizontally
with a speed of 20 m/s . He starts the throw at the same height as the top
of the bull’s eye. Will Anton hits the bull’s eye?
Given: dx = 2.0m Solution:
vx = 20 m/s dx = (vx ) t
2.0 m = (20 m/s) t
2.0 m
Find dy t=
20 m/s
t = 𝟎. 𝟏 𝐬
 Horizontal Projection
EXAMPLE
Now that we have determined t (which is the same time it will cover dy , we can now
solve for dy .
gt2
dy =
2
(9.8 m/ss ) 0.1 s 2
=
2
(9.8 m/s )(0.01 s 2 )
s
=
2
𝐝𝐲 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟗 𝐨𝐫 𝟒. 𝟗 𝐜𝐦
Anton will hit the bull’s eye
Projections at arbitrary angles
Projections at arbitrary angles
Projections at arbitrary angles
Projections at arbitrary angles
Projections at arbitrary angles
Projections at arbitrary angles
 Projections at arbitrary angles
Try these:
1. A ball kicked horizontally at 8.0 m/s from a cliff 80 m high. How
far from the base of the cliff will the stone strike the ground?
2. An object is launched at a velocity of 20 m/s in a direction
making an angle of 25° upward with the horizontal.
A. What is the maximum height reached by the object?
B. What is the total flight time (between launch and
touching the ground)?
 Projections at arbitrary angles
Try these:
C. What is the horizontal range of the object?
3. Jaymar throws a pebble on his enemy who is 8 meters apart
from him. If the pebble travels in a parabolic path with an initial
velocity of 5 m/s and with an angle of 35° . Will the pebble hits
Jaymar’s enemy?
4. If a certain object is launched at an initial velocity of 9 m/s and
hits the ground at 0.85 seconds, at what angle does it
launched?
GENERAL PHYSICS 1
WEEK 5
Newton’s Laws of Motion
 Learning Objectives
Explains Newton’s three laws of
motion
Applies Newton’s second law of
motion to practical situation
 First Law of Motion
 Also known as the “law of Inertia”
 Inertia is the resistance an object has to a
change in its state of motion.
 A property of matter by which it remains at
rest or in uniform motion in the same straight
line unless acted upon by some external force.
 First Law of Motion
 A body at rest remains at rest, and a body
in motion remains in motion with a
constant velocity (constant speed and
direction), in the absence of an unbalanced
applied force .
First Law of Motion
 First Law of Motion
EXAMPLE:
You can impress your friends
by pulling a table cloth from
under the dishes. To be more
successful, you can use a
smooth helmless cloth. When
you pull the cloth quickly in a
downward direction, the
dishes will not be disturbed;
the dishes will remain at rest.
EXAMPLE:
Imagine you are standing still on a
stationary train-then suddenly it moves
forward. Your body has inertia, and so a
force is needed to change its velocity.
The train floor accelerates your feet but
your body falls backward. As you hold
on to the handle, the force exerted by
the train through the handle gives your
body forward velocity
 Second Law of Motion
 The acceleration of an object is directly
proportional to the net force acting on the
object and inversely proportional to the mass
of the object
𝑭𝒏𝒆𝒕 = 𝒎𝒂
Second Law of Motion
 Second Law of Motion
EXAMPLE: SOLUTION:
A 3.5-kg papaya is
Given: m = 3.5 kg
pushed across a table. If a = 2.2 m/s2 to the left
the acceleration of the Find: Fnet
papaya is 2.2 𝑚/𝑠 2 to
the left, what is the net Solution:
external force exerted on Fnet = ma
the papaya? = (3.5kg)(2.2 m/s2 )
Fnet = 7.7 kg m/s2
= 𝟕. 𝟕 𝐍, 𝐭𝐨 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐥𝐞𝐟𝐭
 Second Law of Motion
Given: vf = −25 m/s
EXAMPLE: vi = 25 m/s
t = 0.005 s
A 0.050- kg tennis ball m = 0.050 kg

approaches a racket at 25 Find: Fnet

m/s. If it is in contact with Solution: First , find the acceleration ,then,

the racket’s strings for a=

vf −vi
t
Fnet = ma

0.005 s, then rebounds at =

−25 m/s −25 m/s
0.005
2
a = −10 000 m/s
25 m/s, what is the
Fnet = ma
average contact force
= (0.050 kg)(−10 000 m/s2 )
between ball and racket?
= −𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝐤𝐠 𝐦/𝐬𝟐 𝐨𝐫 − 𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝐍
 Second Law of Motion
Try this!!!!
1. A 68-kg runner exerts a force of 59 N. What is The
acceleration of the runner?
2. A tennis ball, 0.314 kg, is accelerated at a rate of
2
164 𝑚/𝑠 when hit by a professional tennis player.
What force does the player’s tennis racket exert on
the ball?
 Second Law of Motion
Try this!!!!
3. Three women push a stalled car. Each woman pushes
with a 425 N force. What is the mass of the car if the car
2
accelerates at 0.85 𝑚/𝑠 ?
4. Engineers at the Johnson Space Center must determine
the net force needed for a rocket to achieve an
acceleration of 70 m/s2 . If the mass of the rocket is
45,000 kg, how much net force must the rocket
develop?
 Second Law of Motion
Try this!!!!
5. What is the mass of a falling rock if it produces a force of
147 N?
2
6. Sally has a car that accelerates at 5𝑚/𝑠 . If the car has a
mass of 1000 kg, how much force does the car produce?
7. Sally wants to accelerate even faster than in problem #6,
so she removes 500 kg of mass from her car. How fast
will her 500 kg car accelerate if it produces 5000 N of
force?
 Third Law of Motion
When an object exerts a force on another
object, the second objects exerts on the first, a
force of the same magnitude but in the
opposite direction.
“For every action there is an equal and
opposite reaction”
Third Law of Motion
 Third Law of Motion
A man is propelled upward and It hurts when you slap a person
then down into the swimming – the amount of force you exert
pool as he jumps on the diving in slapping a face is the same
board. He exerts a downward amount of force the face exerts
force on the diving board on the hand, so you feel pain in
simultaneously exerts an equal your hand, too.
force on the man but in upward
direction.