DR.

BABASAHEB AMBEDKAR
TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, LONERE

P. S. G. V. P. MANDAL’S
D. N. PATEL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
SHAHADA, DIST- NANDURBAR

A
Project Stage I
On
IOT BASE AUTOMATIC VEHICLE ACCDIENT DETECTION
AND RESCUE SYSTEM

SUBMITTED BY

NEHUL RAJENDRA PATIL

VAISHNAVI LAXAM KANHAIYA
MANISHA NARESHA GAWALE
KUNAL SANJAY PATIL

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

PROF. PRASHANT R. PATIL
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
YEAR 2022-23
 P. S. G. V. P. MANDAL’S
D. N. PATEL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,
SHAHADA, DIST. NANDURBAR

This is to certify that

NEHUL RAJENDRA PATIL

VAISHNAVI LAXAM KANHAIYA
MANISHA NARESHA GAWALE
KUNAL SANJAY PATIL

Have been satisfactorily completed

Project entitled on
IOT BASE AUTOMATIC VEHICLE ACCDIENT DETECTION
AND RESCUE SYSTEM
As a part of syllabus of

DR. BABASAHEB AMBEDKAR TECHNOLOGICAL

UNIVERSITY, LONERE

For the partial fulfillment of Bachelor of Technology in

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
In the Academic Year
2022-23
PROJECT GUIDE H.O.D.
PROF. PRASHANT R. PATIL PROF. Smt. K.A. PATEL

PRINCIPAL
EXTERNAL PROF. Dr. N. J. PATIL
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is a privilege for us to have been associated with Prof. PRASHANT R. PATIL sir,
our guide, during this project work. We are thankful to him, for his constant inspiration and
valuable guidance, carefully reading and editing our work and always boosting our
confidence to complete work.

We express our gratitude to Prof. Dr. N. J. Patil, Principal and Prof. Smt. K. A. Patel,
Head Department of Electrical Engineering, for their constant encouragement, co-operation,
valuable guidance, and support. We express our sincere thanks to our academic and class
coordinators Prof. Pankaj R. Patil and all the faculty members of the Electrical Department
for their unfailing inspiration.

We take this opportunity to thank all our classmates for their company during the
course work and for the useful discussions, we had with them.

We would be failing in our duties if we do not make a mention of our family members
including our parents and our siblings for providing moral support, without which this work
would not have been completed.

This kind of work cannot be finished without any others help, even some of them have
not aware of their contribution and importance in producing this report. It is a great pleasure
for us to take this opportunity to express our gratefulness to all.

NEHUL RAJENDRA PATIL

VAISHNAVI LAXAM KANHAIYA

MANISHA NARESHA GAWALE

KUNAL SANJAY PATIL

ii
 INDEX

CHAPTER NAME OF TOPIC PAGE NO

Certificate i
Acknowledgement ii
Index of Figures v
Index of Table vi
Abstract vii

Chapter-1 IOT Base Automatic Vehicle Accident

Detection and Rescue System 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Motivation and Background 1
1.3 Objective 2
1.4 Thesis Overview 3
1.5 Summary 3

Chapter-2 Literature Survey 4

Chapter-3 Related Theory 6

3.1 Arduino Uno 6
3.1.1 Power 7
3.1.2 Physical Characteristics 7
3.1.3 Features 7
3.1.4 General Pin Function 9
iii
 3.1.5 Special Pin Function 9
3.1.6 Communication 10

Chapter-4 Methods of Implementation 11

4.1 Hardware Components 11
4.1.1 GPS module 11
4.1.2 GSM module 15
4.1.3 Microcontroller 18
4.1.4 Ultrasonic Sensor 19
4.1.5 Vibration sensor 21
4.1.6 Buzzer 23
4.1.7 LCD Display 24
4.1.8 Piezoelectric sensor 26
4.1.9 Relay 28
4.1.10 Variable Resistor 30

Chapter-5 Working of The System 32

Chapter-6 Flow chart 35

Chapter-7 Conclusion 36

Result 37

References 38

iv
 INDEX OF FIGURE

NO NAME OF FIGURE PAGE NO

3.1 Arduino 6
3.2 Pin Diagram of The Arduino 8
4.1 Block Diagram 13
4.2 GPS Receiver Module 14
4.3 GSM Module 18
4.4 Microcontroller 19
4.5 Block Diagram 20
4.6 Ultrasonic Sensor 21
4.7 Schematic Diagram 22
4.8 Vibration Sensor 23
4.9 Buzzer 24
4.10 Timing Diagram of LCD 25
4.11 LCD Display 25
4.12 Piezo-electric Sensor 27
4.13 Relay 28
4.14 Potentiometer 31
5.1 Components of The Notification System 34
5.2 Example of Text Message to Family 34
6.1 Flow chart 35

v
 INDEX OF TABLE

NO NAME OF TABLE PAGE NO

4.1 Specification 13
4.2 Operating Condition 17
4.3 Pin Description of LCD 25

vi
 ABSTRACT

This paper deals with the concept which can detect accidents without any human
assistance and also can monitor vital information of a patient in an ambulance. Detection of
accidents is done automatically by using a simple setup that will be embedded in the vehicle.
Once the vehicle met with an accident the accident detection setup will sense the accident and
immediately sends the location of the accident to an ambulance. After receiving the
coordinates to the accident spot the ambulance will be rushed to the same. Once the victim is
collected into the ambulance the patient will then be attached to another setup which will
continuously monitor his vital information such as location.

GPS (Global Positioning System) has become an integral part of a vehicle system which
provides speed, time, direction etc besides the navigation data. Speed is one of the primary
attributes of vehicle accident. Many lives could have been saved if emergency service could
receive accident information timely. This paper proposes to detect an accident from the map
matched position of a vehicle by utilizing the GPS speed data and map matching algorithm
and send accident location to an Alert Service Centre. The GPS provides speed and position
in every 0.1 second. The position data will be used in the map matching algorithm to locate
the vehicle on the road. The present speed will be compared with the previous speed in every
0.1 second through a Microcontroller Unit. Whenever the speed will be falling below the safe
calculated threshold speed, the system will generate an accident situation. It will check the
vehicle location from map matching module and generate an accident situation if the vehicle
is found outside the road network. This will reduce the false accident detection drastically.
The map matched accident location is then sent by utilizing the GSM network. The proposed
system will save many accident victims with timely rescue.

vii
 Chapter-1

IOT BASE AUTOMATIC VEHICLE ACCDIENT DETECTION AND

RESCUE SYSTEM

1.1 Introduction

The GPS-GPRS based tracking system is a system that makes use of the Global
Positioning System GPS to determine the precise location of a vehicle to which the device is
attached. When a large number of objects or vehicles were spread all over the ground, the
owner of corporation needs to keep track for fuel saving, security purposes…etc. A tracking
system is required to determine the location of any object at any given time and the distance
travelled. Also, the need for a tracking system in user vehicle is used to prevent any kind of
theft since police can use tracking reports to locate a stolen vehicle location.

GPS based tracking system will provide effective, real time vehicle location report.
AGPS-GPRS based tracking system gives all the specifications about the location of a
vehicle. The system utilizes geographic position and time information from the Global
Positioning Satellites. The system uses an On-Vehicle Module consists of GPS receiver and
GSM modem the device resides in the vehicle to be tracked. In order to track the movement
of the vehicle. Google Maps used for mapping the location. The GPS modem fetches the
location and sends it to the server. The integration of GPS and GSM was first established
using SMS as a method of transmitting GPS coordinates.

1.2 MOTIVATION AND BACKGROUND

The development of a transportation system has been the generative power for human
beings to have the highest civilization above creatures in the earth. Automobile has a great
importance in our daily life. We utilize it to go to our work place, keep in touch with our
friends and family, and deliver our goods. But it can also bring disaster to us and even can
kill us through accidents. In 2019, 1,54,732 people died in vehicle accident only in INDIA.

1
However,

2
many lives could have been saved if the emergency service could get the crash information in
time. A study by Virtanen et al. shows that 4.6% of the fatalities in accidents could have been
prevented only in Finland if the emergency services could be provided at the place of
accident at the proper time. As such, efficient automatic accident detection with an automatic
notification to the emergency service with the accident location is a prime need to save the
precious human life.

The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a popular technology which was developed by
American Department of Defense (DoD) for military use. Later on, it was available for
civilian use. It is utilized for wide range of applications such as location, direction, speed,
timing, surveying, logistics, traffic management, security etc. Nowadays, it has become an
integral part of a vehicle system for tracking and navigation system. It can provide accurate
time, location coordinate and speed. On the other hand, Global System for Mobile
communications (GSM) is a digital mobile telephony system that is widely used. More than
690 mobile networks provide GSM services across 213 countries and GSM represents 82.4%
of all global mobile connections. Besides the voice communication it also offers Short
Message Service (SMS) and General packet radio service (GPRS) to transfer data. This
project proposes to utilize the capability of a GPS receiver to send the location of the accident
and send it to emergency services with the help of GSM.

1.3 OBJECTIVE

Starts with the power supply. The supply is provided through a 12v.The objective of
this project is to design and develop a Vehicle Tracking System using GPS and GSM
Technology. In order to fully understand both GPS and GSM technology, the research and
study on how both technology works is essential to complete the whole project. The
objectives of this project are:

I. To study and investigate the basic operation of the GPS module

II. To design and develop the GPS/GSM tracking system
III. To come with own designed hardware of GPS/GSM tracking system.

3
1.4 Thesis Overview

With the improvement in transportation infrastructure and in-vehicle technology in

addition to a meteoric increase in the total number of commercial and noncommercial
vehicles on the road, traffic accidents may occur, which usually cause a high death toll. More
than half of these deaths occur due to a delayed response by medical care providers and
rescue authorities. The chances of survival of an accident victim could increase drastically if
immediate medical assistance is provided at an accident location. This work proposes a low-
cost accident detection and notification system, which utilizes a multi-tier ARDUINO based
accident detection and alert system.

To provides the safe ride to the passengers for that we have designed the system in
which until the driver buckle up the seat belt the car won't get turned on as well as provides
solution for accident detection and alert system. This is achieved by sensing the vibration as
the accident occurs the system will automatically notify the emergency number which is fed
into the system or nearest control room which is located by GPS via gam module. To
decrease the numbers of accidents occurring on road and to provide immediate medical
assistance to the injured our system will be majorly effective.

1.5 Summary

This project is merely focused on developing a system which focuses on the safety of
the passenger’s life. However, many lives could have been saved if the emergency service
could get the crash information in time. Fatalities in accidents could have been prevented
only if the emergency services could be provided at the place of accident at the proper time.
As such, efficient automatic accident detection with an automatic notification to the
emergency service with the accident location is a prime need to save the precious human life.
The system comprises of two sections smart seat belt and accident detection alert system.

4
 Chapter-2

LITERATURE
SURVEY

Real-time tracking and management of vehicles has been a field of interest for many
researchers and a lot of research work has been done for tracking system. Recently the
various anti-theft modules like steering wheel locked equipment, network tracking system
and traditional electronic alarm are developed along with client identification and real time
performance monitoring. The paper presented by El-Melany, W.; Al-Omary et al describes a
real time tracking system that provides accurate localizations of the tracked vehicle with low
cost. GM862 cellular quad band module is used for implementation. A monitoring server and
a graphical user interface on a website is also developed using Microsoft SQL Server 2003
and ASP.net to view the proper location of a vehicle on a specific map. The paper also
provides information regarding the vehicle status such as speed, mileage.

Hu Jian-Ming; Li Jie; Li Guang-Hui describes an automobile anti-theft system using GSM

and GPS module. The system is developed using high speed mixed type single-chip
C8051F120 and stolen automobile is detected by the use of vibration sensor. The system
remains in contact with automobile owner through the GSM module, for the safety and
reliability of automobile [1].

Fleischer, P.B.; Nelson et al describes development and deployment of GPS (Global

Positioning System)/GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) based Vehicle
Tracking and Alert System. This system allows inter-city transport companies to track their
vehicles in real-time and provides security from armed robbery and accident occurrences [2].

Le-Tien, T.; Vu Phung describes a system based on the Global Positioning System (GPS) and
Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM). It describes the practical model for
5
routing

6
and tracking with mobile vehicle in a large area outdoor environment The system includes the
Compass sensor-YAS529 of Yamaha Company and Accelerator sensor-KXSC72050 of Koi
nix Company to acquire moving direction of a vehicle. The system will acquire positions of
the vehicle via GPS receiver and then sends the data to supervised centre by the SMS (Short
Message Services) or GPRS (General Package Radio Service) service. The supervised centre
comprises of a development kit that supports GSM techniques-WMP100 of the Waveform
Company. Finally, the position of the mobile vehicle will be displayed on Google Map [3].

7
 Chapter-3

RELATED
THEORY

3.1 ARDUINO UNO

Figure No 3.1: ARDUINO

The Arduino-Uno is an open-source microcontroller board based on the Microchip

ATmega328P microcontroller and developed by Arduino.cc. The board is equipped with sets
of digital and analogy input/output (I/O) pins that may be interfaced to various expansion
boards (shields) and other circuits. The board has 14 digital I/O pins (six capable of PWM
output), 6 analogy I/O pins, and is programmable with the Arduino IDE (Integrated
Development Environment), via a type B USB cable. It can be powered by the USB cable or
by an external 9-volt battery, though it accepts voltages between 7 and 20 volts. It is similar
to the Arduino Nano and Leonardo. The hardware reference design is distributed under
Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike 2.5 license and is available on the Arduino
website. Layout and production files for some versions of the hardware are also available.
The word "uno" means "one" in Italian and was chosen to mark the initial release of Arduino

8
Software. The Uno board is the first in a series of USB-based Arduino boards; it and
version 1.0 of the

9
Arduino IDE were the reference versions of Arduino, which have now evolved to newer
releases. The ATmega328 on the board comes pre-programmed with a bootloader that allows
uploading new code to it without the use of an external hardware programmer. While the Uno
communicates using the original STK500 protocol, it differs from all preceding boards in that
it does not use the FTDI USB-to-serial driver chip. Instead, it uses the Atmega16U2
(Atmega8U2 up to version R2) programmed as a USB-to-serial converter.

3.1.1 POWER
The Arduino Uno can be powered via the USB connection or with an external power
supply. The power source is selected automatically. External (non-USB) power can come
either from an AC-to-DC adapter (wall-wart) battery. The adapter can be connected by
plugging a 2.1mm centre-positive plug into the board's power jack. Leads from a battery can
be inserted in the God and Vin pin headers of the POWER connector. The board can operate
on an external supply of 6 to 20 volts. If supplied with less than 7V, however, the 5V pin may
supply less than five volts and the board may be unstable. If using more than 12V, the voltage
regulator may overheat and damage the board. The recommended range is 7 to 12 volts.

3.1.2 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS

The maximum length and width of the Uno PCB are 2.7 and 2.1 inches respectively, with
the USB connector and power jack extending beyond the former dimension. Four screw
holes allow the board to be attached to a surface or case. Note that the distance between
digital pins 7 and 8 is 160 mil (0.16"), not an even multiple of the 100mil spacing of the other
pins.

3.1.3 FEATURES

Microcontroller: Microchip ATmega328P

Operating Voltage: 5 Volts

Input Voltage: 7 to 20 Volts

Digital I/O Pins: 14 (of which 6 can provide PWM output)

10
UART: 1

11
I2C: 1

SPPI: 1

Analog Input Pins: 6

DC Current per I/O Pin: 20 mA

DC Current for 3.3V Pin: 50 mA

Flash Memory: 32 KB of which 0.5 KB used by bootloader

SRAM: 2 KB

EEPROM: 1 KB

Clock Speed: 16 MHz

Length: 68.6 mm

Width: 53.4 mm

Weight: 25 g

Figure No 3.2: PIN DIAGRAM OF THE ARDUINO

12
3.1.4 GENERAL PIN FUNCTION

LED: There is a built-in LED driven by digital pin 13. When the pin is high value, the
LED is on, when the pin is low, it is off. VIN. The input voltage to the Arduino/Genuine
board when it is using an external power source (as opposed to 5 volts from the USB
connection or other regulated power source). You can supply voltage through this pin, or, if
supplying voltage via the power jack, access it through this pin. 5V: This pin outputs a
regulated 5V from the regulator on the board. The board can be supplied with power either
from the DC power jack (7 - 20V), the USB connector (5V), or the VIN pin of the board (7-
20V). Supplying voltage via the 5V or 3.3V pins bypasses the regulator, and can damage the
board.3V3: A 33volt supply generated by the on-board regulator. Maximum current draw is
50 mA. GND: Ground pin. IOREF: This pin on the Arduino/Genuine board provides the
voltage reference with which the microcontroller operates. A properly configured shield can
read the IOREF pin voltage and select the appropriate power source, or enable voltage
translators on the outputs to work with the 5V or 3.3V.

Reset:- Typically used to add a reset button to shields that block the one on the board.

3.1.5 SPECIAL PIN FUNCTIONS

Such of the 14 digital pins and 6 analogy pins on the Uno can be used as an input or
output, under software control (using pin Mode (), digital Write (), and digital Read ()
functions). They operate at 5 volts. Each pin can provide or receive 20 mA as the
recommended operating condition and has an internal pull-up resistor (disconnected by
default) of 20-50K ohm. A maximum of 40mA must not be exceeded on any I/O pin to avoid
permanent damage to the microcontroller. The Uno has 6 analogy inputs, labelled A0 through
A5; each provides 10 bits of resolution (i.e1024 different values). By default, they measure
from ground to 5 volts, though it is possible to change the upper end of the range using the
AREF pin and the analogy Reference () function. In addition, some pins have specialized
functions:

Serial / UART: pins 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). Used to receive (RX) and transmit (TX) TTL serial
data. These pins are connected to the corresponding pins of the ATmega8U2 USB-to-TTL
serial chip. External interrupts: pins 2 and 3. These pins can be configured to trigger an
13
interrupt on a low value, a rising or falling edge, or a change in value. PWM (pulse-width
modulation):

14
pins 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11. Can provide 8-bit PWM output with the analogy Write () function.
SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface): pins 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO), and 13 (SCK). These
pins support SPI communication using the SPI library. TWI (two-wire interface) / I²C: pin
SDA (A4) and pin SCL (A5). Support TWI communication using the Wire library. AREF
(analogy reference): Reference voltage for the analogy inputs

3.1.6 COMMUNICATION

The Arduino/Genuine Uno has a number of facilities for communicating with a

computer, another Arduino/Genuine board, or other microcontrollers. The ATmega328
provides UART TTL (5V) serial communication, which is available on digital pins 0 (RX)
and 1 (TX). An ATmega16U2 on the board channels this serial communication over USB
and appears as a virtual com port to software on the computer. The 16U2 firmware uses the
standard USB COM drivers, and no external driver is needed. However, on Windows, a .inf
file is required. Arduino Software (IDE) includes a serial monitor which allows simple
textual data to be sent to and from the board. The RX and TX LEDs on the board will flash
when data is being transmitted via the USB-to-serial chip and USB connection to the
computer (but not for serial communication on pins 0 and 1). A Software Serial library
allows serial communication on any of the Uno's digital pins.

15
 Chapter-4

METHODS OF IMPLEMENTATION

4.1 HARDWARE COMPONENTS

GPS MODULE

GSM MODULE

MICROCONTROLLER

ULTRASONIC SENSOR

VIBRETION SENSOR

BUZZER

LCD DISPLAY

PIEZOELECTRIC SENSOR

RELAY

VARIABLE RESISTOR

4.1.1 GPS MODULE

The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a space-based navigation system that provides
location and time information in all weather conditions, anywhere on or near the Earth where
there is an unobstructed line of sight to four or more GPS satellites. The system provides
critical capabilities to military, civil, and commercial users around the world. The United
States government created the system, maintains it, and makes it freely accessible to
anyone with a GPS receiver

A GPS tracking unit is a device, normally carried by a moving vehicle or person, that
uses the Global Positioning System to determine and track its precise location, and hence that
16
of its carrier, at intervals. The recorded location data can be stored within the tracking unit, or
it may be transmitted to a central location data base, or Internet-connected computer, using
a cellular (GPRS or SMS), radio, or satellite modem embedded in the unit. This allows the
asset's location to be displayed against a map backdrop either in real time or when analysing
the track later, using GPS tracking software. Data tracking software is available
for smartphones with GPS capability.

GPS Receiver with Active Antenna – RS232

Global Positioning System (GPS) satellites broadcast signals from space that GPS
receivers, use to provide three-dimensional location (latitude, longitude, and altitude) plus
precise time. GPS receivers provides reliable positioning, navigation, and timing services to
worldwide users on a continuous basis in all weather, day and night, anywhere on or near the
Earth.

Ultra-sensitive GPS receiver can acquire GPS signals from 65 channels of satellites and
output position data with high accuracy in extremely challenging environments and under
poor signal conditions due to its active antenna and high sensitivity. The GPS receiver’s -
160dBm tracking sensitivity allows continuous position coverage in nearly all application
environments. The output is serial data of 9600 baud rate which is standard NMEA 0183 v3.0
protocol offering industry standard data messages and a command set for easy interface to
mapping software and embedded devices.

The Global Positioning System (GPS) is global navigation satellite system which uses
constellation of between 24 and 32 Medium Earth Orbit satellites that transmit precise
microwave signals that enable GPS receivers to determine their location, speed, direction,
and time.

GPS has become a widely used aid to navigation worldwide, and a useful tool for map-
making, land surveying, commerce, scientific uses, tracking and surveillance, and hobbies
such as geo-caching and way marking. Also, the precise time reference is used in many
applications including the scientific study of earthquakes and as a time synchronization
source for cellular network protocols. GPS has become a mainstay of transportation systems
worldwide, providing navigation for aviation, ground, and maritime operations. Disaster
17
relief and

18
emergency services depend upon GPS for location and timing capabilities in their life-saving
missions. The accurate timing that GPS provides facilitates everyday activities such as
banking, mobile phone operations, and even the control of power grids. Farmers, surveyors,
geologists and countless others perform their work more efficiently, safely, economically,
and accurately using the free and open GPS signals.

Figure No 4.1: Block Diagram

The GPS Receiver consist of two units, first is active antenna which receives RF signals
and amplifies it. The antenna is active in the sense it takes power from the module and
amplifies the signal for high sensitivity. The RF signal is filtered and processed to generate
NMEA format serial data output.

Table No 4.1: Specification

19
Features

 High sensitivity -160dBm

 Searching up to 65 Channel of satellites
 LED indicating data output
 Low power consumption
 GPS L1 C/A Code
 Supports NMEA0183 V 3.01 data protocol
 Real time navigation for location-based services
 Works from +12V DC signal and outputs 9600 bps serial data
 Magnetic base active antenna with 3-meter wire length for vehicle rooftop installation

Applications

 Car Navigation and Marine Navigation, Fleet Management

 Automotive Navigator Tracking, Vehicle Tracking
 AVL and Location-Based Services
 Auto Pilot, Personal Navigation or touring devices
 Tracking devices/systems and Mapping devices application Emergency Locator
 Geographic Surveying
 Personal Positioning
 Sporting and Recreation
 Embedded applications which need to be aware of its location on earth

Figure No 4.2: GPS Receiver module

20
4.1.2 GSM MODULE

A modem (modulator-demodulator) is a network hardware device that modulates one or

more carrier wave signals to encode digital information for transmission
and demodulates signals to decode the transmitted information. The goal is to produce
a signal that can be transmitted easily and decoded to reproduce the original digital data.
Modems can be used with any means of transmitting analogy signals, from light emitting
diodes to radio. A common type of modem is one that turns the digital data of a computer
into modulated electrical signal for transmission over telephone lines and demodulated by
another modem at the receiver side to recover the digital data.

The core of data communication about this system lies in wireless communication
control terminals that uses GSM Modules to transfer long-distance data extensively and
reliably. It Supports instructions of AT commands. SIM300 can be integrated with a wide
range of applications. SIM300 is a Tri-band GSM/GPRS engine that works on frequencies
EGSM 900 MHz, DCS 1800 MHz and PCS1900 MHz SIM300 provides GPRS multi-slot
class 10 capabilities and support the GPRS coding schemes CS-1, CS-2, CS-3 and CS- 4.
With a tiny configuration of 40mm x 33mm x 2.85 mm, SIM300 can fit almost all the space
requirement in our application. Therefore, the MCU can connect with GSM modules very
expediently through serial interfaces.

GSM RS232 Modem built with SIMCOM Make SIM900 Quad-band GSM engine,
works on frequencies 850 MHz, 900 MHz, 1800 MHz and 1900 MHz It is very compact in
size and easy to use as plug in GSM Modem. The Modem is designed with RS232 Level
converter circuitry, which allows you to directly interface PC Serial port. The baud rate can
be configurable from 9600-115200 through AT command. Initially Modem is in Autobaud
mode. This GSM RS232 Modem is having internal TCP/IP stack to enable you to connect
with internet via GPRS. It is suitable for SMS as well as DATA transfer application in M2M
interface. The modem needed only 3 wires (Tx, Rx, GND) except Power supply to interface
with microcontroller/Host PC. The built in Low Dropout Linear voltage regulator allows you
to connect wide range of unregulated power supply (4.2V -13V). Yes, 5V is in between!!
Using this modem, you will be able to send & Read SMS through simple AT commands.

21
Features of GSM modem

 Support wide range of frequencies (from 850 MHZ to 1900 MHZ for different
classification of GSM networks).
 Supports integration with RS232 cable.
 Can be interfaced to system using USB cables.
 Input voltage varies from 5v to 30v.
 Very less weight in few grams.
 Provided with SIM holder and SMA antenna connector.
 Programmable with AT commands.
 High Quality Product (Not hobby grade)
 Quad-Band GSM/GPRS 850/ 900/ 1800/ 1900 MHz
 Built in RS232 Level Converter (MAX3232)
 Configurable baud rate.
 SMA connector with GSM L Type Antenna.
 Built in SIM Card holder.
 Built in Network Status LED
 Inbuilt Powerful TCP/IP protocol stack for internet data transfer over GPRS.
 Audio interface Connector
 Most Status & Controlling Pins are available at Connector
 Normal operation temperature: -20 °C to +55 °C
 Input Voltage: 5V-12V DC

Specifications for Data

 GPRS class 10: max. 85.6 kbps (downlink)

 PBCCH support
 Coding schemes CS 1, 2, 3, 4
 CSD up to 14.4 kbps
 USSD
 Non transparent mode.
 PPP-stack

22
Specifications for SMS via GSM

 Point to point MO and MT

 SMS cell broadcast
 Text and PDU mode

Software features

 0710 MUX protocol

 Embedded TCP/UDP protocol
 FTP/HTTP

Special firmware

 MMS
 Java (cooperate with Isolation)
 Embedded AT

Interfaces

 Analog audio interface pins at 2mm Pitch RMC

 RS232 Serial interface
 SMA Antenna Connector
 DC Power pins at 2mm Pitch RMC

Table No 4.2: OPERATING CONDITIONS

Parameter IN/OUT Minimum Maximum Unit

Supply voltage-
Input 4.2 13 V
VIN
Current
---- 40 590 mA
consumption

23
 Figure No 4.3: GSM Module

4.1.3 Microcontroller

Definition

A motor driver a little current amplifier; the function of motor drivers is to take a low-
current control signal and then turn it into a higher-current signal that can drive a motor. An
H bridge is an electronic circuit that enables a voltage to be applied across a load in opposite
direction. These circuits are often used in robotics and other applications to allow DC motors
to run forwards or backwards (l293d).

The L293DNE is a quadruple high current half-H driver. The L293DNE is designed to
provide bidirectional drive currents of up to 600mA at voltages from 4.5V to 36V.

WORKING

The L293D has 4-half H-bridge drivers, which can be used to drive 2-DC motors
bidirectional. Here we are demonstrating how to drive a single DC motor using half bridges 1
& 2. The DC motor is connected between OUT1 and OUT2 pins, and the pin IN1 is
connected to the Microcontroller PWM output and pin IN2 is connected to a Microcontroller
I/O port.

Clockwise rotation: To rotate the motor in clockwise direction the IN2 pin is made LOW
and a PWM signal is generated on IN1 pin.
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Anti-Clockwise rotation: To rotate the motor in clockwise direction the IN2 pin is made
HIGH and a PWM signal is generated on IN1 pin.

Note: The pulse durations for Clockwise and anticlockwise rotations are opposite. i.e., if T is
the period of the PWM. FOR 100 RPM in clockwise direction, Ton = 0.3T, & Toff =
0.7T & IN2 = LOW FOR 100 RPM in
anticlockwise direction, Ton = 0.7T, & Toff =
0.3T & IN2 = HIGH

Figure No 4.4: Microcontroller

4.1.4 ULTRASONIC SENSOR

Ultrasonic Distance Sensor

Ultrasonic Distance Sensor provides range from very short (2 Centimetres) to long-
range (5Meters) for applications in detection and ranging. The sensor provides precise and
stable non- contact distance measurements from about 2 cm to 5 meters with very high
accuracy. The ultrasonic sensor can easily be interfaced to microcontrollers where the
triggering and measurement can be done using two I/O pin. The sensor transmits an
ultrasonic wave and produces an output pulse that corresponds to the time required for the
burst echo to return to the sensor. By measuring the echo pulse width, the distance to target
25
can easily be calculated.

26
 This Ultrasonic Distance Sensor is perfect for any number of applications that require
you to perform measurements between moving or stationary objects.

Figure No 4.5: Block Diagram

How it works

You only need to supply a short 10uS pulse to the trigger input to start the ranging. The
sensor will send out an 8-cycle burst of ultrasound at 40khz and raise its echo line high. It
then listens for an echo, and as soon as it detects one it lowers the echo line again. The echo
line is therefore a pulse whose width is proportional to the distance to the object. By timing
the pulse it is possible to calculate the range in inches/centimetres or anything else. If nothing
is detected then the sensor will lower its echo line anyway after about 200mS.

Specifications

Power supply :5V DC Quiescent current <2mA Effectual angle: <15°

Ranging distance 2cm – 500 cm

Resolution 0.3 cm

Features

Accurate and Stable range data Data loss in Error zone eliminated Modulation at 40
KHz Triggered externally by supplying a pulse to the TRIG pin 5V DC Supply voltage and
Current
- <20mA Can communicate with 5 V TTL or 3.3V CMOS microcontrollers. Echo pulse:
positive TTL pulse, 87 µs minimum to 30 m s maximum (PWM)
27
 Figure No 4.6: Ultrasonic Sensor

4.1.5 VIBRATION SENSOR

Description

The LM193, LM293, and LM393 devices consist of two independent low voltage
comparators designed specifically to operate from a single supply over a wide range of
voltages. Operation from split power supplies is also possible. These comparators also have a
unique characteristic in that the input common-mode voltage range includes ground even
though operated from a single power supply voltage.

Pin connections

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Features

 Wide single-supply voltage range or dual supplies: +2 V to +36 V or ±1 V to ±18 V

 Very low supply current (0.45 mA) independent of supply voltage (1mW/comparator
at +5 V)
 Low input bias current: 20 n A typ.
 Low input offset current: ±3 n A typ.
 Low input offset voltage: ±1 mV typ.
 Input common-mode voltage range includes ground
 Low output saturation voltage: 80 mV typ. (Sink = 4 mA)
 Differential input voltage range equal to the supply voltage
 TTL, DTL, ECL, MOS, CMOS compatible outputs
 Available in DIP8, SO-8, TSSOP8, MiniSO-8, and DFN8 2 x 2 mm packages

Figure No 4.7: Schematic Diagram

29
 Figure No 4.8: Vibration Sensor

4.1.6 BUZZER

A buzzer or beeper is an audio signalling device, which may be mechanical,

electromechanical, or piezoelectric (piezo for short). Typical uses of buzzers and beepers
include alarm devices, timers, and confirmation of user input such as a mouse click or key
stroke. The electric buzzer was invented in 1831 by Joseph Henry. They were mainly used in
early doorbells until they were phased out in the early 1930s in favour of musical him, which
had a softer tone.

Features

 Compact design
 Flying leads include
 Easy mounting
 Loud sound output

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 Figure No 4.9: Buzzer

4.1.7 LCD DISPLAY

LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) screen is an electronic display module and find a wide
range of applications. A 16x2 LCD display is very basic module and is very commonly used
in various devices and circuits. These modules are preferred over seven segments and other
multi segment LEDs. The reasons being: LCDs are economical; easily programmable; have
no limitation of displaying special even custom characters (unlike in seven segments),
animations and so on.

A 16x2 LCD means it can display 16 characters per line and there are 2 such lines. In
this LCD each character is displayed in5x7 pixel matrix. This LCD has two registers, namely,
Command and Data.16 Characters x 2 Lines Built-in HD44780 Equivalent

LCD Controller Works directly with ATMEGA, ARDUINO, PIC and many other
microcontroller/kits.

Features

 Drive method: 1/16 duty cycle

 Display size: 16 character * 2 lines
 Character structure: 5*8 dots.
 Display data RAM: 80 characters (80*8 bits)
 Character generates ROM: 192 characters
 Character generates RAM: 8 characters (64*8 bits)

31
 Both display data and character generator RAMs can be read from MPU.
 Internal automatic reset circuit at power ON.
 Built in oscillator circuit.

Table No 4.3: Pin description of LCD

Figure No 4.10: Timing diagram of LCD

Figure No 4.11: LCD Display

32
4.1.8 PIEZOELECTRIC SENSOR

A piezoelectric sensor is a device that uses the piezoelectric effect to measure changes
in pressure, acceleration, temperature, ((strain, or force by converting them to an electrical
charge. The prefix Piezo- is Greek for 'press' or 'squeeze'. A piezoelectric sensor is a device
that uses the piezoelectric effect to measure changes in pressure, acceleration, temperature,
((strain, or force by converting them to an electrical charge. The prefix Piezo- is Greek for
'press' or 'squeeze'. Piezoelectric sensors are versatile tools for the measurement of various
processes. They are used for quality assurance, process control, and for research and
development in many industries. Pierre Curie discovered the piezoelectric effect in 1880, but
only in the 1950s did manufacturers begin to use the piezoelectric effect in industrial sensing
applications. Since then, this measuring principle has been increasingly used, and has become
a mature technology with excellent inherent reliability.

Principle of operation

Transverse

Longitudinal

Shear

Transverse effect

A force applied along a neutral axis (y) displaces charges along the (x) direction,
perpendicular to the line of force. The amount of charge (Q x) depends on the geometrical
dimensions of the respective piezoelectric element. When dimensions a, b, d apply,

Q x = d x y f y b /a,

Where a is the dimension in the line with the neutral axis, bis in line with the charge
generating axis and d is the corresponding piezoelectric coefficient.

33
 Figure No 4.12: Piezo-electric Sensor

Longitudinal effect

The amount of charge displaced is strictly proportional to the applied force and
independent of the piezoelectric element size and shape. Putting several elements
mechanically in series and electrically in parallel is the only way to increase the charge
output. The resulting charge is

Q x = d x x F x n,

Where dxx is the piezoelectric coefficient for a charge in x-direction. F x is the applied force
in x-direction [N] and n corresponds to the number of stacked elements.

Shear effect

The charge produced is exactly proportional to the applied force and is generated at
aright angel to the force. The charge is independent of the element size and shape. For n
elements mechanically in a series and electrically in parallel the charge is

Q x = 2dxxfxn

In contrast to the longitudinal and shear effect, the transverse effect makes it possible to
fine-tune sensitivity on the applied force and element dimension.

34
Electrical properties

A piezoelectric transducer has very high DC output impedance and can be modelled as
a proportional voltage source and filter network. The voltage V at the source is directly
proportional to the applied force, pressure, or strain. The output signal is then related to this
mechanical force as if it had passed through the equivalent circuit. For use as a sensor, the
flat region of the frequency response plot is typically used, between the high-pass cut off and
the resonant peak. The load and leakage resistance must be large enough that low frequencies
of interest are not lost. A simplified equivalent circuit model can be used in this region, in
which Cs represents the capacitance of the sensor surface itself, determined by the standard
formula for capacitance of parallel plates. It can also be modelled as a charge source in
parallel with the source capacitance, with the charge directly proportional to the applied
force, as above.

4.1.9 RELAY

Figure No 4.13: Relay

A relay is an electrically operated switch. It consists of a set of input terminals for a

single or multiple control signals, and a set of operating contact terminals. The switch may
have any number of contacts in multiple contact forms, such as make contacts, break
contacts, or combinations thereof. Relays are used where it is necessary to control a circuit by
an independent low-power signal, or where several circuits must be controlled by one signal.
Relays were first used in long-distance telegraph circuits as signal repeaters: they refresh the
signal coming in from one circuit by transmitting it on another circuit. Relays were used
extensively in telephone exchanges and early computers to perform logical operations. The

35
traditional form of a relay uses an electromagnet to close or open the contacts, but other

36
operating principles have been invented, such as in solid-state relays which use
semiconductor properties for control without relying on moving parts. Relays with calibrated
operating characteristics and sometimes multiple operating coils are used to protect electrical
circuits from overload or faults; in modern electric power systems these functions are
performed by digital instruments still called protective relay. Latching relays require only a
single pulse of control power to operate the switch persistently. Another pulse applied to a
second set of control terminals, or a pulse with opposite polarity, resets the switch, while
repeated pulses of the same kind have no effects. Magnetic latching relays are useful in
applications when interrupted power should not affect the circuits that the relay is controlling.

Types of Relays

 Coaxial relay
 Force contact relay
 Latching relay
 Machine tool relay
 Mercury relay
 Mercury wetted relay
 Multi voltage relay
 Overload protection relay
 Polarized relay
 Reed relay
 Safety relay
 Static relay
 Time delay relay
 Vacuum relay

37
4.1.10 VARIABLE RESISTOR

Adjustable resistor

A resistor may have one or more fixed tapping points so that the resistance can be
changed by moving the connecting wires to different terminals. Some wire wound power
resistors have a tapping point that can slide along the resistance element, allowing a larger or
smaller part of the resistance to be used where continuous adjustment of the resistance value
during operation of equipment is required, the sliding resistance tap can be connected to a
knob accessible to an operator. Such a device is called a rheostat and has two terminals.

Potentiometer

A potentiometer is a manually adjustable resistor. The way this device works is

relatively simple. One terminal of the potentiometer is connected to a power source. Another
is hooked up to ground (a point with no voltage or resistance and which serves as a neutral
reference point), while the third terminal runs across a strip of resistive material. This
resistive strip generally has a low resistance at one end; its resistance gradually increases to a
maximum resistance at the other end. The third terminal serves as the connection between the
power source and ground, and is usually interfaced to the user by means of a knob or lever.
The user can adjust the position of the third terminal along the resistive strip in order to
manually increase or decrease resistance. By controlling resistance, a potentiometer can
determine how much current flow through a circuit. When used to regulate current, the
potentiometer is limited by the maximum resistivity of the strip.

The power of this simple device is not to be underestimated. In most analogy devices, a
potentiometer is what establishes the levels of output. In a loud speaker, for example, a
potentiometer directly adjusts volume; in a television monitor, it controls brightness.

38
 Figure No 4.14: Potentiometer

A potentiometer can also be used to control the potential difference, or voltage, across a
circuit. The setup involved in utilizing a potentiometer for this purpose is a little bit more
complicated. It involves two circuits: the first circuit consists of a cell and a resistor. At one
end, the cell is connected in series to the second circuit, and at the other end it is connected to
a potentiometer in parallel with the second circuit. The potentiometer in this arrangement
drops the voltage by an amount equal to the ratio between the resistance allowed by the
position of the third terminal and the highest possible resistivity of the strip. In other words, if
the knob controlling the resistance is positioned at the exact halfway point on the resistive
strip, then the output voltage will drop by exactly fifty percent, no matter how high the
potentiometer's input voltage. Unlike with current regulation, voltage regulation is not limited
by the maximum resistivity of the strip

39
 Chapter-5

WORKING OF THE SYSTEM

The system can be mounted or fitted in the vehicle in a hidden or suitable

compartment. After this installation, user can easily track the vehicle as well as get the status
of the vehicle using mobile phone by dialling the mobile number of the SIM attached to the
GSM modem. User will automatically get the location of the vehicle in the form of an SMS
(short message) on mobile phone.

The system consists of a vibration sensor used to detect the collision with another
vehicle or any object during travelling on the road. This sensor senses excessive vibration due
to collision and sends signal to the Arduino board. The Vibration module based on the
vibration sensor SW-420 and Comparator LM393 to detect if there is any vibration that
beyond the threshold. The threshold can be adjusted by the on-board potentiometer. When
this no vibration, this module output logic LOW the signal indicates LED light, And vice
versa. The microcontroller then sends the alert message to the family members of the user
through GSM modem interfaced in the system as well as enables the Buzzer for audio
indication to inform the surrounding peoples about the accident.

In this system the location of vehicle is sent to remote place and it is done by GSM
modem. Global Positioning System (GPS) modem requires minimum 3 satellites to calculate
the exact location. This modem communicates only in single way with the microcontroller.
This means that it can only transmit data to microcontroller. GPS Modem does not receive
any data from microcontroller. At the same time GPS modem does not send data to Satellite,
it only receives signal from satellites.

This project gives Minute-by-minute updates about vehicle location by sending SMS
through GSM modem. This SMS contains longitude and latitude of the location of the
vehicle. Microcontroller is the central processing unit CPU of our project. Microcontroller
gets the coordinates from GPS modem and then it sends this information to the user in Text
SMS. GSM modem is used to send this information via SMS. SMS will be sent to the user
40
when user

41
demands for the same. The SMS will be sent to the user only when the user calls the system
by from an authorized mobile number to get the information about the vehicle. The SMS sent
to the user contains the geographical location i.e longitude and latitude values of the vehicle.

The system is designed in such a way that the vehicle can also detect the object present in
front of the vehicle. For this purpose, we have used an ultrasonic sensor to detect the object.
The ultrasonic sensor is interfaced with the microcontroller. In this system when the object or
any obstacle present in the range of 1 foot from the vehicle can be detected by this sensor. As
the sensor detects the obstacle it provides the signal to the microcontroller. The
microcontroller receives the signal and enables the Buzzer for audio indication.

The hardware of the system consists of a 16*2 LCD display which is used to display the
location of the vehicle provided by the GPS modem. This LCD display will display the
location in its longitude and latitude values as well as position in X and Y co-ordinates and
status as well. This display is interfaced with the microcontroller in 4-bit mode for display
purpose as shown in the figure.

IOT based accident identification system is required in many situations, like in case of
car theft detection. Car tracking using GPS project will be useful when our car is stolen. One
more situation is when some company wants to track the location of the cab or transport bus
of employee then in this case this vehicle tracking system will be very useful.

42
Figure No 5.1: Components of The Notification System

Figure No 5.2: Example of Text Message To Family

43
 Chapter-6

FLOWCHART

Figure No 6.1: Flow chart

44
 Chapter-7

CONCLUSIO
N

In this Project, we have proposed a novel method of vehicle accident identification

systems used to detect accident and track the theft vehicle by using GPS and GSM
technology. This paper discusses the critical safety techniques for high-speed train operation
environment based on the train control system. In order to ensure safe operation of trains, we
propose a wireless network access framework according to the monitoring network of
surrounding environment and the deployment of transition network to avoid collision of
trains and obstacle detection. System has ability to pin point the location and other attributes
of an operational train in an economical accurate manner. The goal of this work is to design
and implement a cost effective

and intelligent full-fledged and wireless based Train Anti Collision and detection System to
avoid accident.

45
RESULT

46
 REFERENCES

[1] Chen, H., Chiang, Y. Chang, F., H. Wang, H. (2010). Toward Real-Time Precise Point
Positioning: Differential GPS Based on IGS Ultra Rapid Product, SICE Annual Conference,
The Grand Hotel, Taipei, Taiwan August 18-21.

[2] Asaad M. J. Al-Hinda Wi, Ibraheem Talib, “Experimentally Evaluation of GPS/GSM

Based System Design”, Journal of Electronic Systems Volume 2 Number 2 June 2012

[3] Kunal Maurya Mandeep Singh, Neelum Jain, “Real Time Vehicle Tracking System using
GSM and GPS Technology- An Anti-theft Tracking System,” International Journal of
Electronics and Computer Science Engineering. ISSN 2277-1956/V1N3-1103-1107

[4] Vikram Kulkarni & Viswa Prakash Babu, “embedded smart car security system on face
detection’, special issue of IJCCT, ISSN(Online):2231-0371, ISSN(Print):0975-7449
volume- 3, issue-1

[5] V. Ramya, B. Palaniappan, K. Karthick, “Embedded Controller for Vehicle In-Front

Obstacle Detection and Cabin Safety Alert System”, International Journal of Computer
Science & Information Technology (IJCSIT) Vol 4, No 2, April 2012.

[6] Kai-Tai Song, Chih-Chieh Yang, of National Chiao Tung University, Taiwan, “Front
Vehicle Tracking Using Scene Analysis”, Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference
on Mechatronics & Automation 2005.

[7] Chen Peiping, Jiang Xuhui, “Design and Implementation of Remote monitoring system
based on GSM,” vol.42, pp.167-175. 2008.

[8] Albert Alexe, R. Ezhilarasi, “Cloud Computing Based Vehicle Tracking Information
Systems”, ISSN: 2229 - 4333 (Print) | ISSN: 0976 - 8491 (Online) IJCST Vol. 2, Issue 1,
March 2011

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