TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC THƯƠNG MẠI

FACULTY OF ENGLISH

TOPIC: GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS IN THE US

CLASS: 2297ENTI0511
SUPERVISOR: Phan Tú Lan
GROUP: 03

Hanoi_2022

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INDIVIDUAL TASK ASSIGNMENT TABLE

Student ID Full name Duty

19D170160 Phạm Thanh Hương WORD + POWERPOINT

19D170086 Nguyễn Thị Kim Hồng WORD + POWPERPOINT

(Leader)

19D170225 Ngô Thị Huệ WORD + POWPERPOINT

19D170298 Quản Thanh Hưng WORD + POWPERPOINT

19D170018 Vũ Thị Huệ WORD + POWPERPOINT

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TABLES OF CONTENT

Contents
I. Introduction......................................................................................................................................2
II. Government and politics in the US................................................................................................2
Overview about Government...........................................................................................................2
1. A Suspicion of Strong Government.............................................................................................3
2. The Organization of the American Government.......................................................................3
2.1 Three branches of the US Government.................................................................................3
2.2. State and Local Government................................................................................................5
3. Elections of the President and the Congress  in the US.............................................................6
The Presidents of the USA...........................................................................................................6
4. The relationship between the President and Congress..............................................................7
5. The idea of Free Individual..........................................................................................................7
6. The Development of Big Government: The Welfare State........................................................9
7. The role of special interest groups: New form of American Individualism...........................10
8.  The individualism in the United States: the new individualism and the old individualism. 12
8.1 The old individualism:..........................................................................................................12
8.2 The new individualism: Interest-Group Government.......................................................13
III. Comparison between American and Viet Nam.........................................................................14
1. Politics and Government............................................................................................................14
2. Elections......................................................................................................................................18
2.1 The similarities......................................................................................................................18
2.2 The differences......................................................................................................................19
4. Individualism..............................................................................................................................22
4.1 The similarity........................................................................................................................22
4.2 The differences......................................................................................................................23
IV. Conclusion....................................................................................................................................26

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I. Introduction       
To become a global citizen in today's world of extensive international
integration, we must learn more foreign languages and cultures, particularly
those of the United States, which is one of the world's leading economies.
Understanding the American culture can help avoid misunderstandings, cultural
shock, and other problems. Because the American political and government
system is very complex and sensitive, especially for people from socialist
countries, it is necessary to study it in order to avoid conflicting political views
when working or communicating with foreigners. It's not like Vietnam's or other
socialist countries' political systems. Vietnamese politics, for example, is based
on the socialist state model and the official ideology of the Communist Party of
Vietnam. Therefore, without understanding the political system of the United
States, it will be easy for people to have misleading views and conflicting views
with others. It is important to learn American culture, especially the American
government and political system. Even its complexity, if we take the time to find
out, it will be very interesting and have many things to learn. With a regard of
topic “Government and politics in the United States”, we will show you a close
and detailed view of it.

II. Government and politics in the US   

Overview about Government
Federal Republic:
A federal republic is a federation of states with a republican form of
government. At its core, the literal meaning of the word republic when used to
reference a form of government means: "a country that is governed by elected
representatives and by an elected leader (such as a president) rather than by a
king or queen".
In a federal republic, a division of powers exists between the federal
government and the government of the individual subdivisions. While each
federal republic manages this division of powers differently, common matters
relating to security and defense, and monetary policy are usually handled at the
federal level, while matters such as infrastructure maintenance and education
policy are usually handled at the regional or local level. However, views differ
on what issues should be a federal competence, and subdivisions usually have
sovereignty in some matters where the federal government does not have
jurisdiction. A federal republic is thus best defined in contrast to a unitary
republic, whereby the central government has complete sovereignty over all
aspects of political life. This more decentralized structure helps to explain the
tendency for more populous countries to operate as federal republics. Most
federal republics codify the division of powers between orders of government in
a written constitutional document.

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 The political differences between a federal republic and other federal states,
especially federal monarchies under a parliamentary system of government, are
largely a matter of legal form rather than political substance, as most federal
states are democratic in structure if not practice with checks and balances.
However, some federal monarchies, such as the United Arab Emirates are based
upon principles other than democracy.
The United States of America is a federal republic consisting of 50 states, a
federal district (Washington, D.C., the capital city of the United States), the
United States has sovereignty over 14 territories and five major territories, and
various minor islands.. The 48 contiguous states and Washington, D.C., are in
North America between Canada and Mexico. Alaska is an exclave in the far
northwestern part of North America, connected only to Canada, and Hawaii is
an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. Territories of the United States are scattered
throughout the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea.
1. A Suspicion of Strong Government   
 The ideal of the free individual has had a profound effect on the way
Americans view their government. In the US, there has been a deep suspicion
that government is the natural enemy of freedom, even if it is elected by the
people. The bigger and stronger the government becomes, the more dangerous
many Americans believe it is to their individual freedom. This suspicion of a
strong government goes back to the men who led the American Revolution in
1776. These men believed the government of Great Britain wanted to discourage
the freedom and economic opportunities of the American colonists by excessive
taxes and other measures which would5 ultimately benefit the British aristocracy
and monarchy. Thomas Paine, the famous revolutionary writer, expressed the
view of other American revolutionists when he said, “Government even in its
best state is but a necessary evil; in its worst state, an intolerable one.”
2. The Organization of the American Government 
2.1 Three branches of the US Government  
2.1.1 The legislative branch which includes Congress
This branch is also known as Congress makes laws and government
budgets, creates taxes to pay for the budget. Congress is the only branch of
government that can declare war on other nations. Its job is also to make sure
other branches are doing their jobs right.
The Congress meets in the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C. It is
made up of the House of Representatives and the Senate. Congress has 535
voting members: 435 representatives and 100 senators. 
In the House of Representatives, all states are represented and the number
of representatives is determined by that state’s population. The members served
a term of 2 years and there is no limit to how many times they can get reelected
every two years. There are 3 requirements that a person must fulfill to run for
election in the House of Representatives that are found in the US Constitution:
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“You must be a minimum of twenty-five years old at the time of induction. You
must be a resident of the state in which your district resides. You must have
been a U.S. citizen for seven years prior to induction”. In their communities,
they are required to have at least some political experiences either on the local or
state level. The House of Representatives holds its sessions in the South Wing of
the United States Capitol. 
In the Senate, all states are represented equally by two senators regardless
of the population. Each of its members serves a term of six years. The
requirements in the US Constitution for a person to run for election into the
Senate are “You must be a US citizen for at least 9 years when elected to the
Senate. You must be at least 30 years of age. You must be a resident of the state
that the senator represents”. Besides, they also need to have previous political
experience before being elected. The Chamber of the United States Senate is
located in the North Wing of the Capitol in Washington DC.
The Constitution is the highest law in the US which provides the
framework for the U.S. Government. The Constitution was written in 1787. It
was ratified in 1788. In 1789, the Constitution went into effect.
For a law to be passed, it has to be voted for by a majority in each of two
chambers which ensures states with very few representatives in the House can
still affect the outcome in the Senate. 
2.2.2 The executive branch which includes the President 
This is the branch that executes and carries out the law cover all federal
laws such as social security, gun control, immigration, etc. and signs treaties.
The branch is also responsible for diplomacy which is relationships and
negotiation with other nations.
The leader of the executive branch is the President. The President is elected
every four years by the citizens of the United States for a maximum of two
terms in a nationwide election. The President’s job is to enforce and veto the
laws made by Congress. The President is also the head of the US military which
is called Commander in Chief. The president’s official residence and office is
the White House, located at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue N.W. in Washington,
D.C.
Under the President is the Vice President. The Vice President is chosen by
the President. The Vice President’s main job is to be prepared to take over as
President if anything bad happens. In addition, the Vice President also advises
the President and can break a tie vote in the Senate. 
There is also the Cabinet under the President. The Cabinet is chosen by the
President and confirmed by a majority vote in the Senate. It is a group of
advisors to the President and the heads of 15 departments in the government.
Each department led by a secretary has a specific responsibility, for example, the
Department of Agriculture provides leadership on food, agriculture, natural
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resources, and related issues; the Department of Education is in charge of
schools, the US’s educational system; the Department of Health and Human
Services protects the health of all Americans and provides essential human
services while the Department of Defense deals with the military and protects
the security of the United States.
2.3.3 The judicial branch which includes the Supreme Court 
The branch is responsible for interpreting laws. The judicial branch can
decide whether a law is constitutional or not and make decisions about laws in
cases where someone can show they have been harmed. There are different
levels of judges in courts with the judicial branch. It is made up of the Supreme
Court and other Federal Courts. The members of the Judicial Branch are
appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate.
The U.S. Supreme Court is the highest court in this country. It is made up
of 9 justices which consist of 1 chief justice and 8 associate justices. They can
decide if laws violate the rights of the U.S. citizens or not. The Supreme Court
has the final say on any cases and has the power to overturn laws that are against
the Constitution. The Supreme Court Building serves as the official workplace
of 9 justices.
The main job of other Federal Courts is to deal with cases before they go to
the Supreme Court or those which don’t need to go to the Supreme Court. 
Judges and Justices serve a life term which means they serve until their
death, retirement, or conviction by the Senate. 
Each branch performs separate functions to avoid any conflict of power.
No one branch would be more powerful than the other because they have a
system of checks and balances. That means the two branches can limit the
power of one. 
2.2. State and Local Government 
2.2.1. State Government 
         Each state has its own government that sets laws, different states
can have different laws. Every state has a governor who runs the state executive
branch and is directly elected by the people. The governor is in charge of
leading the state, creating a budget, and approving or vetoing state laws. 
The executive branch is in charge of several departments that run services
in the state such as protecting the state’s environment, building roads, or running
state universities and hospitals. Each state has its own Supreme Court and lower
courts, judges in the state court system can be elected or appointed. Most legal
disputes are handled within the state court system.
2.2.2. Local Government
         The local government can do a ton of stuff for a community
belonging to a certain area in a state such as a county, town, or city. It can run
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elections; run schools, libraries; organize public transportation; provide services
to keep people safe; administer Health Services, etc.
         The lead of a local government called mayor is voted by the citizens
in their town or city. There is also a council which is a group of leaders that
makes laws and helps the mayor run the community smoothly. 
3. Elections of the President and the Congress  in the US
In the US, The President and the Congress have almost complete political
independence from each other because they are all chosen in separate elections.
The election of the Congress does not determine who will be elected president,
and the presidential election does not determine who will be elected to either
house of Congress. In the American system, the President can belong to one
political party while most of the seats in Congress belong to the other one.
During the 1970s and 1980s, four of the five presidents were Republicans, while
the Democrats typically controlled one or both of the houses of Congress. In the
Congressional elections of 1994, however, the reverse situation occurred. While
Bill Clinton, a Democrat, was president, the Republicans won control of both
the House of Representatives and the Senate. Besides, the elections of the
members of the two houses of Congress are also separate from each other. Thus,
each party may control one house. Both of the House of Representatives and the
Senate must agree on all legislation, however, before it becomes laws.
Presidential election is a rather complicated process. Firstly, candidates of
the same party compete within the party to be selected as the only candidate to
run for president with another party. Then they need to go through expensive
election campaigns to get people to vote for them. But usually the Republican or
Democratic candidate will become the US president.
The Presidents of the USA
The president is elected indirectly through the Electoral College to a four-
year term, along with the vice president. In all, 45 individuals have served 46
presidencies spanning 58 full four-year terms. Grover Cleveland, served two
non-consecutive terms and is therefore counted as the 22nd and 24th president
of the United States, giving rise to the discrepancy between the number of
presidencies and the number of persons who have served as president. The
presidency of William Henry Harrison, who died 31 days after taking office in
1841, was the shortest in American history. Franklin D. Roosevelt served the
longest, over twelve years, before dying early in his fourth term in 1945. He is
the only U.S. president to have served more than two terms. Since the
ratification of the Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution
in 1951, no person may be elected president more than twice, and no one who
has served more than two years of a term to which someone else was elected
may be elected more than once.
Four presidents died in office of natural causes (William Henry Harrison,
Zachary Taylor, Warren G. Harding, and Franklin D. Roosevelt), four were
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assassinated (Abraham Lincoln, James A. Garfield, William McKinley and John
F. Kennedy), and one resigned (Richard Nixon, facing impeachment). John
Tyler was the first vice president to assume the presidency during a presidential
term, and set the precedent that a vice president who does so becomes the fully
functioning president with his presidency.
One of the most influential presidents in the USA is Abraham Lincoln
(March 4, 1861 to April 15, 1865). If not for Abraham Lincoln who presided
during the American Civil War, the U.S. might look completely different today.
Lincoln guided the Union through four bloody years of conflict, abolished
enslavement with the Emancipation Proclamation, and at the war's end laid the
foundation for reconciliation with the defeated South. Lincoln did not live to see
a fully reunited nation. He was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth in
Washington, D.C., weeks before the Civil War officially concluded.
4. The relationship between the President and Congress
The President and both houses of Congress have almost complete political
independence from each other because they are all chosen in separate elections.
Both the President and Congress have some exclusive foreign policy
powers, while others are shared or not explicitly assigned by the Constitution.
In order to get anything done, the President and Congress must cooperate.
The president and Congress seem to have conflicting voices. They often
clash over foreign policymaking, particularly when it comes to military
operations, foreign aid, and immigration.
Checks and balances are built into their system of separation of powers
and if the President and Congress have different political timetables, conflicts
may occur. 
5. The idea of Free Individual
Freedom is the power or right to act, speak, or think as one wants without
hindrance or restraint, and the absence of a despotic government. Moreover,
freedom is the capability and ability to remain true to yourself and those around
you without fear.
The idea of Free individual or individual freedom was established early and
it became one of the most important traditional American beliefs and values. In
the late 1700s, most Americans expected the new national government created
by the Constitution to leave them alone to pursue their individual goals. They
believed that the central purpose of government was to create the conditions
most favorable to the development of the free individual. The earliest settlers
came to the North American continent to establish colonies that were free from
the controls that existed in European societies. They wanted to escape the
controls placed on their lives by kings and governments, priests and churches,
noblemen and aristocrats. To a great extent, they succeeded. In 1776, the British
colonial settlers declared their independence from England and established a
new nation, the United States of America. In so doing, they overthrew the king

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of England and declared that the power to govern would lie in the hands of the
people. They were now free from the power of the kings. In 1789, when they
wrote the Constitution for their new nation, they separated church and state so
that there would never be a government-supported church. This greatly limited
the power of the church. Also, in writing the Constitution, they expressed
forbade titles of nobility to ensure that an aristocratic society would not develop.
There would be no ruling class of nobility in the new nation.
The historic decisions made by those first settlers have had a profound
effect on the shaping of the American character. By limiting the power of the
government and the churches and eliminating a formal aristocracy, they created
a climate of freedom where the emphasis was on the individual. The United
States came to be associated in their minds with the concept of individual
freedom. This is probably the most basic of all American values. Scholars and
outside observers often call this value individualism, but many Americans use
the word freedom. Perhaps the word freedom is one of the most respected
popular words in the United States today.
Before the Civil War of the 1860s, the American ideal of the free
individual was the frontier settler and the small farmer. President Thomas
Jefferson expressed this idea when he said: "Those who labor in the earth are the
chosen people of God, if ever he had a chosen people..." Jefferson glorified
farmers for being free individuals who relied on no one but themselves for their
daily needs. He believed that farmers, being dependent on none but themselves,
were the most honest of citizens. Throughout his life, Jefferson favored a small,
weak form of Government, which he believed would encourage the
development of a nation of free, self-reliant farmer citizens.
From the end of the Civil War until the Great Depression of the 1930s, the
successful businessperson replaced the farmer and the frontier settler as the ideal
expression of the free individual. The prevailing view of Americans during this
time was that government should not interfere in the activities of the business. If
it were to do so, it would threaten the development of free individuals whose
competitive spirit, self-reliance, and hard work were developing the United
States into a land of greater and greater material prosperity.
The Government, therefore, remained small and inactive in relation to the
great size of the nation and the amount of power of business corporations. There
were some government regulations over the business during this period, but
these had only a small impact on business practices. From the 1870s until the
1930s, business organizations and ideas dominated American government and
politics. The Republican party, one of the nation's two major political parties,
provided the means for maintaining this dominance. The Republicans were more
successful than their rivals, the Democrats, in electing presidents and
congressmen during this period, and the Republicans strongly supported
government policies favorable to business.

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6. The Development of Big Government: The Welfare State 
Traditionally, Republicans have favored letting businesses compete with
little or no government regulation: Let the free enterprise system regulate itself
in the marketplace. On the other hand, Democrats have traditionally favored
using the government to regulate businesses and protect consumers, and also to
solve social problems. Not surprisingly, it was a Democratic president who
presided over the creation of "big government".
The Great Depression of the 1930s greatly weakened the businessperson's
position as the American ideal of the free individual, and "big business" lost
respect. The Depression also created the need for emergency government action
to help the needy on a scale never before seen in peacetime. As a result, the idea
that government should be small and inactive was largely abandoned. Moreover,
the idea of the free individual underwent some very important changes.
The widespread unemployment and other economic hardships of the
Depression gave rise to the new assumption that individuals could not be
expected to rely solely on themselves in providing for their economic security.
This new assumption, in turn, led to a large and active role of the national
government in helping individuals meet their daily needs. The Democratic party,
led by President Franklin Roosevelt, brought about a number of changes in the
1930s, which he referred to as a New Deal for Americans.
Even with the return to prosperity after the Depression and World War II
(1941-1945), the growth of the government's role in helping to provide
economic security for individuals did not end. It continued in the prosperous
postwar years, and it was greatly expanded during the presidency of another
Democrat, Lyndon Johnson, in the 1960s. Roosevelt's New Deal grew into what
became a permanent "welfare state" that provided payments for retired persons,
government checks for the unemployed, support for families with dependent
children and no father to provide income, health care for the poor and the
elderly, and other benefits for needy persons.
Although the welfare state has continued to grow, it has never been fully
accepted by many Americans. They fear that economic security provided by the
government will weaken self-reliance, an ideal that is closely associated in the
minds of Americans with individual freedom.
Many Americans believe that although the welfare state began with good
intentions, it is now at best a necessary evil. At worst, it presents a danger to
individual freedom by making an increasing number of Americans dependent on
the government instead of on themselves. In this way, the strong traditions of
individualism and self-reliance have made Americans less accepting of welfare
programs than the citizens of other democracies such as those in Western
Europe, which have more extensive welfare programs than those of the United
States.

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 Because welfare programs go against the basic value of self-reliance, many
Americans believe that having to "go on welfare" to meet daily needs is a
personal embarrassment and a mark of failure. Even people who have been
supported by welfare payments for much of their lives complain that the system
is degrading and causes them to lose self-respect. Reforming the welfare system
has become an important political issue for both the Republicans and the
Democrats. In 1996, a welfare reform bill was passed. It placed limits on the
number of years people can receive welfare payments and gave states much
more responsibility for deciding who is eligible for support.
The welfare system in the United States has also been troubled by racial
problems that began with black slavery before the Civil War of the 1860s and
continued with racial segregation in the South until the 1960s. Although
American blacks have made significant gains in the last thirty years, many are
still unable to escape from poverty and unemployment. For this reason, a large
number of people who receive welfare benefits are black Americans. Sadly,
some of the old racial prejudices against black Americans have been transferred
to welfare programs. In reality, there are four or five times as many white people
on welfare as there are African-Americans or members of other minorities.
Fast-forward to the 1980s, former president Ronald Regan slashed welfare
budget programs designed to help families and created "welfare to work"
programs instituted in 40 states during the 1980s. In 1996 welfare reform
legislation focused on shifting responsibility to welfare participants and
advocating work over general assistance.
It is generally argued that the U.S. has a small social welfare system
compared to other rich nations and far more poverty. Contrary to conventional
wisdom, however, noted liberal scholars Irwin Garfinkel, Lee Rainwater, and
Timothy Smeeding conclude in Wealth and Welfare States: Is America a
Laggard or Leader? that “Welfare state programs are quite large in the United
States.”
Nowadays, in the 21st century, welfare reform and assistance programs
continue to expand and change under President Joe Biden's leadership. There are
six major welfare programs in America, they include Medicaid & Child’s Health
Insurance Program (CHIP), Supplemental Security Income (SSI), Supplemental
Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), Temporary Assistance to Needy
Families (TANF), housing assistance, and the Earned Income Tax Credit
(EITC).
7. The role of special interest groups: New form of American Individualism
The great expansion of government programs since the 1930s is only partly
due to the growth of welfare programs that help the poor and the needy.
Practically all social and economic classes of Americans have seen the need to
take advantage of, or to protect themselves from, the actions of the government,
especially the national government. To accomplish this, Americans with similar

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interests have formed special interest groups to more effectively influence the
actions of the government. These special interest groups are often called
lobbying groups or pressure groups. Although lobbying groups have existed
throughout the nation's history, they have grown significantly in both numbers
and power in recent years.
The National Rifle Association is an example of a powerful and effective
lobby. Its members are mostly people who own guns for hunting, target practice,
and personal protection. Yet the NRA receives a great deal of money from
business corporations that manufacture guns. Because of the attitudes and
interests of its members, the NRA strongly opposes almost all government
restrictions on the sale of both handguns and rifles. Even though most of the
general public favors gun control, until recently, the NRA has been able to block
the passage of most gun control legislation.
Although few interest groups have been as successful as the NRA, most
well-organized interest groups have achieved a large measure of success. By
organizing into groups that put pressure on government officials, people can
gain more rewards and avoid more government restrictions than if they tried to
do it as individuals.
With this principle in mind, business interest groups have multiplied in
recent decades so that almost every major trade or business has its lobbyists in
Washington. Labor unions, which were made strong during the New Deal years,
have their influential lobbyists. So do farm groups. Interest groups representing
ethnic groups such as African-Americans, Native Americans, Mexican-
Americans, and Jewish Americans have also expanded. There are interest groups
representing a variety of ideals or causes which want government support. These
include equal rights for women, a clean environment, and greater protection for
consumers. Even the people who receive welfare payments have a lobbying
group called the Welfare Rights Organization. As one Congressman exclaimed,
"everybody in America has a lobby!" Elected officials frequently complain
about the influence of "special interests" on American politics. The fact is,
however, that interest groups work closely with members of Congress and the
administration to draft legislation and policy initiatives, provide information
both to the government and the public on a broad range of topical issues, and
contribute significantly to political campaigns. The number of interest groups
has grown dramatically in recent years, and it is difficult to think of a segment of
American society that is not represented by one.
Interest groups can be classified as to the groups that they represent.
Examples of economic interest groups include Big business (National
Association of Manufacturers), Big unions (AFL-CIO), Trade associations
concerned with a particular industry or segment of the economy (American
Petroleum Institute), Organizations of professionals (American Medical
Association), etc. The goal of these groups is to protect the economic well-being
of their clients or members. The AMA, for instance, long opposed Medicare and
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the development of health maintenance organizations (HMOs) as "socialized
medicine" in favor of traditional fee-for-service.
The political tendency of recent decades is for the size of the government to
bring about an increase in the number and size of interest groups, and for the
greater demands made on the government by interest groups to increase the size
of the government. Groups such as the AARP (American Association of Retired
Persons) do not only demand new government programs, regulations, and
benefits for their members, but they also strongly resist any attempts to reduce
existing programs that they believe protect their interests. The result of this
continuing cycle can be referred to as "interest group government". No single
interest dominates government and politics as business groups did before the
Great Depression. Instead, government and politics are based on reaching
compromises with a large number of groups and pleasing as many as possible.
There are many opinions surrounding interest groups. James Madison
predicted that America would be a country divided by different interests was
accurate. There are thousands of interest groups operating on the federal, state,
and local levels today, representing various interests from broad issues and
ideologies to specific professions and industries. Nowadays, there is widespread
belief that interest groups such as gun rights associations, unions, and
environmental lobby groups have significant influence on US politics. However,
writes Sarah F. Anzia of the University of California, Berkeley, because of a
close research focus on the federal level, there is actually little evidence that this
is the case. She writes that studying groups’ influence in relation to local and
state governments would give a much better picture of just how much influence
interest groups actually have. She writes that there are good reasons to think
interest groups are more influential in state and local politics. Most research
finds little evidence that interest groups influence US politics but that is because
it is focused on the federal government. In predicting the future of the role of the
interest group, through the example that Greta Thunberg famously used social
media channels in 2019 to mobilize millions of people around the world to voice
their concern for climate change, I think that the influence of the interest groups
may be larger in America. The reason is, in the digital era as nowadays, with the
development of the Internet and social media, artificial intelligence, information
can be spread at a mind-boggling pace, interest groups have a louder voice than
ever in communities. Moreover, the United States is known globally for interest
groups that try to influence the government's policy decisions through
negotiation, discussion, and demonstrations.    
8.  The individualism in the United States: the new individualism and the
old individualism 
8.1 The old individualism:
Individualism rests at the foundation of American political and social life.
Since the American Revolution, Americans have believed in and generally lived
up to the ideal of individualism. Having bundled together a foundational
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political freedom with social autonomy, economic mobility, and cultural self-
sufficiency, Americans of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries embraced the
idea that their attitudes about the relationship between the individual and the
greater whole were unique and special. At root, the ideal of individualism
regards each individual as a moral, political, and economic primary, meaning
that each person in a civil society is by right an independent and sovereign being
and that he or she should be free to choose his or her associations voluntarily
and not have obligations or duties imposed by society without consent.
Individualism was central in the emerging American culture and played a vital
role in the American Founding. Despite their embrace of individualism,
Americans held this social and political ideal without articulating a full
theoretical defense for it. In an era of institutional adaptation and innovation, the
legacies of older social orders remained, and individualism still did not have a
full voice.
As Americans struggled throughout the nineteenth century to throw off the
old traditions of Europe and to frame their social and cultural institutions in a
way consistent with their political individualism, the wider implications of
individualism often ran aground of visions of social cohesion and the collective
good. Throughout the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, both defenders and
critics of individualism have contested its meaning and place in American life.
On the surface, the term individualism appears to have been adapted to widely
different contexts and meanings. Yet despite the seeming protean character of
the term, the history of individualism in American thought betrays a deeper
battle that has been pitched between, on the one side, those who embrace the
ideal and, on the other, those who resist or resent its implications or even openly
disagree with its vision of free individuals directing their own lives according to
their own judgment. The result of this battle over individualism in American
thought is a widespread misunderstanding of the term. In many ways, although it
is still deployed as a descriptive term for American attitudes, the ideal of
individualism and the arguments about it have largely disappeared from the
contemporary scene. The misinterpretation of the idea of individualism and its
misapplication grows out of the fact that many today have lost touch with the
central issues in the debate about individualism in American life.
8.2 The new individualism: Interest-Group Government
Interest-group government is considered to be a new form of American
individualism. The continuing cycle of demand-mading increase in the size of
government has resulted in the release of interest group government.
Elected officials frequently complain about the influence of "special
interests" on American politics. The fact is, however, that interest groups work
closely with members of Congress and the administration to draft legislation and
policy initiatives, provide information both to government and the public on a
broad range of topical issues, and contribute significantly to political campaigns.
The number of interest groups has grown dramatically in recent years, and it is
13
difficult to think of a segment of American society that is not represented by
one.
Besides its advantages, there also exist disadvantages affecting the United
States. It would be common for members of this type of government to appraise
the people’s capability of influencing the Government rather than their concern
on enriching the country with qualified goods and services. Elected officials as
well as the public are often critical of the roles of "special interests" in the
political process. The activities of lobbyists can smack of vote-buying and
influence-peddling.
Its formation also led to changes of two parties in America

III. Comparison between American and Viet Nam   

1. Politics and Government  
Political Parties:
The United States is a federal constitutional democratic republic, there are
two major political parties, The Democratic Party and the Republican Party, that
have dominant influence over US politics.  Polls showing American ignorance
of politics are fairly common. Many Americans do not know much about their
government and are unable to name their representatives in Congress or even
key figures in their local governments. For some people, government does not
seem to play a major role in their lives, so they do not pay much attention to
politics. As a result, they make bad political decisions, which, in turn, leads to
political apathy. Others complain about the difficulty involved in learning about
the issues and their representatives, particularly state and local representatives.
A growing number of people also see the news as biased and thus do not trust
what they see on television or read in the newspapers.
The politics of Vietnam are defined by a single-party socialist republic
framework, where the General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam is
the Party Leader and head of the Politburo, holding the highest position in the
one-party system. In Vietnam, most Vietnamese strongly support the
Government’s policies and actions. Needless to say, the government is a
necessary feature in complex modern societies, and government plays a
continuing role in ensuring stability, safety, security, and order. Trust in
government is also necessary for the fair and effective functioning of public
institutions. Especially, in the fight against Covid-19 in the last 2 years, it is
possible to see the beliefs of the people in the Government of Vietnam. The
survey, in collaboration with the Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and
Trade, shows that more than 96% rated the response by the National Steering
Committee on COVID-19 Prevention and Control as good or very good. 99%
said they wore masks when going out and 93% said they washed their hands
daily during the peak of the pandemic. Vietnamese people also responded
positively to the Government’s 2.6 billion USD support package to help
residents and businesses overcome the impact of coronavirus. The
14
 Government’s swift and effective actions combined with the people’s trust and
compliance were the keys to success. In addition, the lesson about transparency,
accountability, and social connection will help the Government handle future
crises and challenges that have been the people’s top concerns over the past 4
years.
Moreover, for political knowledge, knowing how the government works
helps citizens get their voices heard. Having knowledge of politics and how the
machinery of government works makes Vietnamese people become informed
voters and helps them diagnose the problem when the results are not what they
want. Besides, more extensive knowledge about polity, politics, and policy is
presumed to enable and encourage Vietnamese people to participate in politics.
Their political knowledge contributes to more stable and consistent
political attitudes, helps citizens achieve their own interests and make decisions
that conform with their attitudes and preferences, promotes support for
democratic values, facilitates trust in the political system, and motivates political
participation.

Number of 2 1
main parties Democratic Party Communist
Republican Party Party

Ideology DP RP Communism

Marxism-
Modern Conservatism
Leninism
liberalism (majority)
Ho Chi Minh
(majority) Centrism Thought
Centrism Neoconservatism. Socialist-
Conservatism Libertarianism oriented market
Left-wing economy.
Right-wing
Populism Socialist
Populism
patriotism.
Progressivism
Vietnamese
nationalism

Political DP RP
position

15
 Center-left Center-right and Far- left
and liberal conservative

*The Congress

United States Congress National Assembly

of Viet Nam

Definition The Bicameral Legislature of The national

the federal government of the US legislature of the Socialist
Republic of Viet Nam

Established March 4, 1789 March 2, 1930

Type Bicameral Unicameral

Members Senators ( Senate’s Deputies

members); representatives,
Congressmen or Congresswomen
( House of Representatives
member).

Age of Representatives must be at The deputies must be

members least 25 year old least 21 years old
Senators must be 30 years of
age

Seats 535 members ( 100 senators, 499 deputies

435 representatives).

Meeting The Congress meets in the Dien Hong room,

palace United States Capitol in National Assembly
Washington, D.C Building, Hanoi

Power Congress has an important The National

role in national defense, including Assembly has the power
the exclusive power to declare to draw up, adopt, and
16
 war, to raise and maintain the
armed forces, and to make rules
for the military. - Each chamber
has some unique powers.
amend the constitution
and to make and amend
laws. It also has the
responsibility to legislate
and implement state plans
and budgets

Government Organization
Basically, the governments of the two countries are divided into three
branches and share same powers:
• The Legislative branch – make laws. 
• The Executive branch – carry out laws. 
• The Judicial branch (Supreme Court) – evaluates laws.
 However, there is a big difference between the governments of both
countries.
 The United States is a democratic constitutional federal republic, in which
the president, Congress, and judiciary share powers reserved to the national
government. The US adopt’s sparation of powers’ mechanism in their
organization.
Each branch of the government can change acts of the other branches:
• The president can veto legislation created by Congress and nominates
heads of federal agencies. Congress confirms or rejects the president's nominees
and can remove the president from office in exceptional circumstances. The
Justices of the Supreme Court, who can overturn unconstitutional laws, are
nominated by the president and confirmed by the Senate.
This ability of each branch to respond to the actions of the other branches is
called the system of checks and balances.
 In Vietnam, executive power is exercised by the government and the
President. The President of Vietnam is the head of state, and the Prime Minister
of Vietnam is the head of government. Legislative power is vested in the
National Assembly of Vietnam. The judicial branch includes the People’s Court
system and other specialized courts, and system of People’s Procuracy and
Military Procuracy.
 The 2013 Vietnam Constitution regulates: “the state power is unified, with
the assignment and coordination, control among state agencies in the exercise of
legislative, executive and judiciary powers”. The General Secretary of the
Communist Party Of VietNam affirmed: “Vietnam has no separation of powers”
and highlighted that the NA is the highest organ of the state, the other agencies
elected by the NA have to report to the NA and are monitored by the NA.

17
2. Elections      
2.1 The similarities

Firstly, elections hold an extremely important position of great

political significance in Vietnam and America. Election is the method for
legitimizing the power of the state. The legitimacy here is based on the consent
of the people to the rulers. According to some researchers, a state that does not
receive the consent of its citizens is a sign of illegality and usually the state will
have to manage society by violent means. If citizens feel that their rights are
represented and that their votes matter in choosing leaders, compliance with the
rules will also be more voluntary. Hence, elections can be regarded as a meter of
democracy and “the heart of democracy”. 
Secondly, Vietnam and the US apply the same election principles.
Election principles mean the fundamental and base guidelines orientating
the election regime, which are provided in law and must be strictly adhered to in
reality. The election regime in Vietnam and America at present complies with
the following three principles: universal suffrage, equal election, and secret
ballot.
 The first principle, universal suffrage guarantees the people’s widespread
participation in the election. 
Accordingly, all Vietnamese citizens satisfying the law-specified
conditions are entitled to exercise the rights to vote and to stand for election; the
Vietnamese State has the obligation to legally guarantee and create favorable
conditions for citizens to exercise their rights. The current election law makes it
clearer by stipulating that elections will be held on Sundays so that voters may
arrange their schedules to go to the polls while polling places must be located at
areas convenient for voters and those who cannot go to polling booths may cast
their votes with mobile ballot boxes. The law also requires that election
propaganda and campaigning activities will be prominently highlighted for the
people to realize and actively participate in the election. 
In the United States, after the principle of "One person, one vote" was
established in the early 1960s by U.S. Supreme Court under Earl Warren, the
U.S. Congress together with the Warren Court continued to protect and expand
the voting rights of all Americans, especially African Americans, through the
Civil Rights Act of 1964, Voting Rights Act of 1965 and several Supreme Court
rulings. In addition, the term "suffrage" is also associated specifically with
women's suffrage in the United States; a movement to extend the franchise to
women began in the mid-19th century and culminated in 1920, when the United
States ratified the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution,
guaranteeing the right of women to vote.

18
 Equality in election means that all individuals are valued equally, have

equal opportunities, and may not be discriminated against because of their race,
religion, ethnic group, gender sexual orientation, age, social class, political
tendency, position, or occupation, etc.
The last principle, secret ballot, constitutes a measure to ensure that voters

are free to express their will when selecting their representatives without any
influence. Accordingly, the election, especially the stages of filling out and
casting ballots, must be organized in a way that ensures that no one could know
about voters’ choices. 
Thirdly, the minimum voting age in Việt Nam and America is 18 years
old.
 Article 27 of the 2013 Constitution  of Việt Nam stipulates: "Every citizen
who reaches the age of eighteen has the right to vote".  In the US, citizenship
conditions are eligible to vote: be a citizen of the United States at least 18 years
of age, have not voted or claim to have voted in any other state, are not
incarcerated, and have the mental capacity to vote.
Lastly, citizens don’t directly elect the President.
In the US, the President and Vice President are elected by the Electors of
the states, not directly by the citizens. In Vietnam, the President is one of the
members of the National Assembly of Viet Nam elected by the entire National
Assembly. Citizens only take part in elections to the People's Councils from the
commune (precinct), district, and provincial (city) levels.
2.2 The differences
The first difference is the participation of political parties.
It can be said that, in the US, the election is essentially a power struggle
between political parties. America is a multi-party system. The diverse
conditions of historical eras, and differing ideologies of America's people, gave
rise to various political parties, founded to advance specific ideals and the
candidates who represented them. The goal of political parties is to gain state
power through elections. Therefore, elections are the arena for competition
between political trends. Political parties send their people to run for election,
and party candidates who want to have a chance to win the election must present
platforms, policies, and action plans to persuade voters to vote for them. This is
also one of the reasons why elections in the US become more and more exciting
and drastic. The Democratic Party and the Republican Party which are the most
powerful take turns to dominate. 
Meanwhile, Vietnam is under the leadership of one party, which is the
Communist Party. Therefore, it does not have the same fierce competition as in
multi-party countries. In elections, 90% of the candidates should belong to the
CPV, while 10% are reserved for candidates who are not members of the party
and are selected through the candidate recommendation mechanism, election
19
negotiations and so on. In essence, this is a competition between party members
within the Communist Party. Therefore, in any situation, the Communist Party
retains the leadership role of the state and society.
Secondly, the difference is the election process. 
 The United State
a. Congress election
Elections to select 435 members of the United States House of
Representatives were held every two years. 
The founders of the American Republic wanted members of the House of
Representatives to be close to the people, to reflect the wishes and needs of the
people. Thus, the founders designed the House of Representatives to be quite
large enough to accommodate many members from small legislative units and to
hold regular (biennial) elections.
U.S. Senators serve staggered six-year terms so that every two years one-
third (or one-third plus 1) of the 100 seats in the Senate are re-elected. The
Senate is designed so that its members represent large constituencies – an entire
state – and provide equal representation for each state regardless of its
population. Thus, in the Senate, the small states have as much influence as the
large states (two senators). Beginning in 1913, U.S. senators were directly
elected by the people.
Each of the 50 states is required to have one seat in the House of
Representatives, and the additional seats will be distributed according to the
population of each state.
For example, the state of Alaska has a very small population and therefore
has only one representative. California, the most populous state, has 55
representatives. Census of the population The United States is exercised every
10 years, and seats in the House of Representatives are reallocated between the
states based on new population figures.
Candidates for the House of Representatives will campaign in their specific
constituency, while candidates for the Senate must campaign throughout the
state.
=> The two houses of the United States Congress, the House of
Representatives and the Senate have almost equal powers, but the way they are
elected is quite different. 
b. Presidential election
Presidential elections are held every four years and take place on a Tuesday
after the first Monday in November.
The President and Vice President are elected by the Electors of the states,
not directly by the people. Each state will elect a number of electors equal to the
total number of Senators and Representatives of the state, but there will be no
20
Senator, Representative, or other officer holding a position with profit elected as
an elector.
The electors shall meet in each state and elect the President and Vice
President by their own votes. The President and Vice President cannot be
residents of the same state.
The President of the Senate, in the presence of the Senate and the House of
Representatives, shall open all certified records and count the votes. The person
with the highest number of votes in the Presidential election and exceeding 50%
of the electoral votes will be elected President.
 Vietnam
Election in Viet Nam is the process to make decisions in the ways
prescribed by law in order to choose representatives to represent them to hold
positions in the elected body of central and local governments within the
territory of VietNam. Elections in Viet Nam include elections to the National
Assembly (at the central level) and elections to the People's Councils at all
levels (locally).
The National Assembly Standing Committee submits the list of nominees
to the National Assembly to elect the President. The President is one of the
members of the National Assembly of Viet Nam elected by the entire National
Assembly. The president has no limit on the number of re-elections. The
President and Vice President are not elected directly by the people. We only take
part in elections to the People's Councils from the commune (precinct), district,
and provincial (city) levels.
The next difference is in the method of voting. In the US, there are forms
to vote such as: online voting, in-person voting, voting by mail. In Vietnam, the
election principle is direct election, which means that voters directly express
their will through their ballots, directly selecting their representatives without
any intermediary. Voters will cast their votes in person whereas vote by mail
and proxy voting are not allowed. Sick, elderly and disabled voters who are
unable to go to polling places will receive ballot papers hand-delivered by
election officers and cast their votes at their home using mobile ballot boxes.
Unlike in most other countries, voters do not mark the candidate they want to
vote for, but cross out the candidates they do not want to vote for.
Funding for propaganda and campaigning
In the US, presidential candidates have to conduct campaigns to campaign
for state-by-state primaries, and then, if nominated, campaign around the
country. US presidential campaigns are very expensive. Running for the
presidential election in 2020, Trump’s total fundraiser amounted to USD255
million and Biden’s USD 187 million, the money is used for advertising and
advocacy campaigns in the states. The amount of money that candidates, or
parties use to campaign for elections comes from major sources such as: state
21
subsidies; the candidate's own money; money from donors; money from interest
groups and political action committees, etc. US election law clearly stipulates
the sources of funding that are allowed to cover the campaign, the methods of
using the finance and the maximum amount of support of organizations and
individuals for candidates and political parties. Meanwhile, in Vietnam, funds to
cover the operation of the department in charge as well as to cover the entire
election are taken from the state budget. Individuals and organizations are not
allowed to raise money for campaign purposes. This can provide equal
opportunities for candidates and eliminate the risk of forming nefarious alliances
between elected politicians and donors.
About the president
a. In the US
- The current president of the United States is Joe Biden
- Term: US law stipulates that the presidential election will take place
every four years.
- Conditions to become president: To be president, a person must be a US
citizen at least 35 years old and have resided in the United States for at least 14
years.
b. Viet Nam
- The current president of Vietnam is Nguyen Xuan Phuc
- Term: According to the 2013 Constitution - Article 87: "The term of
office of the President is according to the term of the National Assembly. When
the National Assembly's term expires, the President continues to perform his
duties until the new National Assembly elects the President. The term of a
National Assembly session is 5 years, so the term of the President is also 5
years.
- Conditions to become president: Be a Vietnamese citizen born in the
Vietnamese territory; be a Member of the National Assembly; nominated by the
National Assembly of Deputies to run for election at the National Assembly; as
a member of the Politburo. 
4. Individualism       
4.1 The similarity
Vietnam and America are all countries that respect and uphold individual
freedom of citizens. The US's modern democratic is based in part on
individualism. It always upholds individual freedom and embraces liberal values
usually including basic rights, such as: freedom of speech, freedom of the press,
freedom of religion, freedom of association and the right to vote.  All of these
rights center on the freedom of the individual person and the limitation of power
or authority for a centralized government.  In Vietnam, since its establishment
until now, the State has always respected the basic freedoms of citizens and
22
considered it as one of the principles of law-making of the State. Our State has
recognized the basic freedoms of citizens in the Constitution and laws. Each
citizen has the right to freely choose and exercise his or her fundamental
freedoms within the framework of the law, without any restriction. The human
rights and freedoms of Vietnamese citizens as prescribed by law include:
Equality before the law, the right to a lawful place of residence, the right to
reside, to do business and to travel. freedom of belief, freedom of speech and
press, access to information, assembly, association, demonstration, freedom to
research, create, freedom to choose a career, a livelihood, freedom to marry and
so on.
4.2 The differences
America Vietnam

Individualism - Americans always - Vietnam belongs to

in Culture and uphold individual freedom the most collectivist
Politics and equality among people. cultures in the world.
Everyone is supposed to While American culture
take care of him or herself primarily orientate on the
and his or her immediate “I”, Vietnam culture
family only. They don't rely gravitate towards
on families because if they “common goals”. Society
rely too much on any is not considered as the
support from their families aggregation of people but
or any organization, they as a complete organism.
may lose some of their The individual does not
freedom to do what they care about its needs but
want and also lose the adapts to the demands of
respect of their peers. They society. Vietnamese live
like the competition to closely to the community
produce the best results and and have a group-oriented
they take pride in it. Of spirit, which leads to the
course, they also honor and fact that they live in
reward outstanding tightly tied relationships
individuals.  with family, neighbors
- Individualism has and society.
had a tremendous impact, - Vietnamese
not only on culture, but on politics follows the
social theory as well, and archetype of a socialist,
political philosophy in one-party state. Ho Chi
particular. The first ten Minh always reminds and
amendments to the admonishes us: "A
Constitution (collectively nation, a party and a
known as the Bill of person, yesterday was
23
Rights), for example, are all
about protecting individual
rights from government
power. The most famous
codification of the
principles of liberalism is
found in the Declaration of
Independence. “We hold
these truths to be self-
evident, that all men are
created equal, that they are
endowed by their Creator
with certain unalienable
Rights, that among these
are Life, Liberty, and the
pursuit of Happiness.” "The
state of nature has a law of
nature to govern it, which
obliges every one: and
reason, which is that law,
teaches all mankind, who
will but consult it, that
being all equal and
independent, no one ought
to harm another in his life,
health, liberty, or
possessions.”
The builders of the
Constitution, while
empowering the federal
government, were careful to
protect everyone's rights by
limiting the powers of both
the federal and state
governments.
24
great, has great attraction,
not sure today and
tomorrow will still be
loved by everyone and
praise if your heart is not
pure, if you fall into
individualism.” A fully
developed person in the
socialist regime is a
person who knows how
to fully and harmoniously
combine the interests of
the individual - the
collective - the society.
President Ho Chi Minh
commented:
“Individualism is doing
everything for your own
interests, not caring about
the collective interests of
the community. "As long
as I'm fat, the world is
thin". It is the mother of
all vices such as laziness,
depression, arrogance,
pride, timidity,
wastefulness,
embezzlement, etc. It is
the cruel enemy of
revolutionary morality, of
socialism. But the biggest
harm of individualism
when it prevails in
society is that it will form
a class of people with a
selfish lifestyle, only
caring for themselves, not
caring about others, the
collective, social
community. Fighting
individualism in Party
building work and in
human development in
Viet Nam. The entire
 Party, people, and army
strive for the goal of "rich
people, strong country,
democracy, justice, and
civilization".

Freedom of In the US Declaration In Vietnam, people

speech of Human Rights, Congress have a certain degree of
announced that there are no freedom of speech and
regulations that limit expression. Mainstream
freedom of speech. media continued to
For example, in the operate under
field of cinema, images of government control. The
American rulers and stories government uses penal
surrounding the internal charges against people
politics of the country are who exercise their right
also allowed to be made of freedom of speech in
into movies and sometimes Vietnam when it feels
even shown around the that such speech
world. negatively affects the
interests of the
Vietnamese Communist
Party. The authorities
always regarded the
Party’s interests as the
people’s; when the
Party’s interests are
compromised, so are the
people’s.

Interest - The United States is - National interests

groups known globally for interest are more important than
groups that try to influence group interests. The
the government's policy Vietnamese government
decisions through has issued a resolution
negotiation, discussion, and urging economic
demonstrations.    corporations and state-
- The effect on owned enterprises (SOEs)
politicians is enormous. to prevent interest groups
First, interest groups often from profiteering during
their processes of
25
 focus on one issue that is
more important to their
members than all others.
For example, some people
feel very strongly that
abortion should not be legal
in the United States. They
may choose to vote for
candidates primarily
because of their stand on
the abortion issue.
Generally, because their
members feel so strongly,
lobby groups are able to
promise that their members
will vote for a candidate if
he or she promises to
support their issue once
elected. Second, members
of special interest groups
contribute large sums of
money to election
campaigns. Because
candidates must rely mostly
on private, not public,
funding, they are often
forced to depend on special
interest groups for their
campaign funds. Under the
new individualism, The
democratic party tends to
see government, The
republican party stresses
anti-government and pro-
business ideas. 
IV. Conclusion      
From the above discussions, when we mention the US, we will
immediately remember it as a multi-party country and a place where people
appreciate individual freedom. We also see the difference between the US and
Vietnam in terms of the government and policies and ideas and views on
26
privatization and
divestment of state
capital.
- Deputy Prime
Minister Vuong Dinh
Hue has said the
government does not
allow “interest groups” to
manipulate policies in
national budget collection
and spending. Many
interest groups of senior
Vietnamese officials have
been brought to light. For
example, a serious case
was Vũ Nhôm or Phan
Văn Anh Vũ in Đà Nẵng
City. Vũ Nhôm's case led
to the arrest of quite a
few senior government
officials in Đà Nẵng and
Bùi Văn Thành, Deputy
Minister of the Public
Security, for signing
documents to sell many
pieces of public real
estate in Đà Nẵng to Vũ
Nhôm.
individual freedom. Each country will have its own characteristics, and those
things create diversity and difference from other countries in the world.

REFERENCE
A. English materials
1. Federal republic
2. Politics of the United States
3. Branches of the U.S. Government
4. About the electors
5. United States Electoral College
6. The story of the Republican elephant logo and symbol.
7. Democrat vs. Republican
8. American political party logos: The meaning of US political party
symbols
9. Individual freedom and bill of rights
10. The ideal of freedom in American History
B. Vietnamese materials
1. Bầu cử ở Việt Nam- Tự do, tiến bộ
2. Tự do cá nhân là gì? Lịch sử hình thành và ghi nhận quyền tự do cá
nhân ở Việt Nam
3. Nước Mỹ-Đất nước của tự do, cơ hội
4. Tóm lược bầu cử ở Hoa Kì

27
 INDIVIDUAL TASK ASSIGNMENT TABLE

Full name Scor Judging (teacher)

e

Phạm Thanh Hương

Nguyễn Thị Kim Hồng

Ngô Thị Huệ

Quản Thanh Hưng

Vũ Thị Huệ

28