Tissues

Assess Yourself

Q. 1. When does the tissue formation take place?

Answer: Tissue formation takes place, when a group of cells specialised to do similar
function. Examples are blood, xylem, muscle, etc.
Q. 2. What is the function of meristematic tissues (meristem)?
Answer: The main function of the meristematic tissue or meristem is to divide and
produce new cells. It is responsible for growth in length (primary growth) in plants.
Q. 3. Give any two main functions of stomata.
Answer: Small pores present in the epidermis of the leaf are called stomata. Stomata
are enclosed by two kidney-shaped cells called guard cells.

Function of stomata includes:

(a) Exchange of gases such as O2 and CO2 with the atmosphere.
(b) Transpiration (loss of water in the form of water vapour) occurs through stomata.
Q. 4. Which type of simple tissue is used for making ropes?
Answer: Sclerenchyma is the tissue used for making ropes. It is the tissue which
makes the plant hard and stiff. For example, the husk of a coconut.
Q. 5. Name the cells that are dead and have no intercellular spaces.
Answer: The sclerenchyma tissue is made of dead cells. The cells are without
cytoplasm and nucleus that are devoid of cytoplasm and nucleus. Space between cells
(intercellular space) absent due to deposition of lignin.
Q. 6. Where are the permanent tissues located in plant?
Answer: Simple permanent tissue such as parenchyma, collenchyma and
sclerenchyma are a few layers of cells located beneath the epidermis.
Q. 7. Which of the following has living cells:
Parenchyma, Collenchyma, Sclerenchyma
Answer: Parenchyma and collenchyma are the simple permanent tissue whose cells
are living.
The diagram shows the two tissues present.

The tissues in plants are divided as:

Q. 8. Name the tissue present in the brain.
Answer: Nervous tissue is present in the brain. Nervous tissue is consists of nerve cells
or neurons.

Q. 9. Which tissue protects the entire body of human?

Answer: The covering or protective tissues in our body are epithelial tissues which
protects our entire body.
Q. 10. Give one example each of:
(i) Squamous epithelium
(ii) Columnar epithelium
Answer: (i) Skin, oesophagus and lining of mouth is made of squamous epithelium.
(ii) Columnar epithelium is present in the respiratory tract.
The diagram is given below:

Q. 11. Give one example of connective tissue in which matrix is solid.

Answer: Bone is an example of connective tissue whose matrix is solid. Bone cells or
osteocytes are present in a hard matrix that is composed of calcium and phosphorus
compounds.
Q. 12. Which tissue is commonly known as ‘packaging’ tissue?
Answer: Areolar tissue is connective tissue which hold organs in place and attaches
epithelial tissue to other underlying tissues.
Q. 13. Name any one structure in our body which bears ciliated epithelium.
Answer: Cilia are hair-like projections on the outer surfaces of epithelial cells called
ciliated epithelium. Ciliated epithelium is found in the upper respiratory tract, the
Fallopian tubes, the uterus, and the central part of the spinal cord.
Q. 14. Name the following:
(i) Multinucleate muscle fiber.
(ii) Spindle-shaped muscle fiber.
Answer: (i) Multinucleate muscle fiber:
Skeletal or striated muscles have many nuclei.
Skeletal muscles are attached to bones by tendons, and they produce all the
movements of body parts in relation to each other.
(ii) Spindle-shaped muscle fiber:
Smooth or unstriated muscles are spindle shaped with single nucleus. Spindle cell
sarcoma is a type of connective tissue cancer in which the cells are spindle-shaped
when examined under a microscope.
Q. 15. Where are smooth muscle tissues located in the body?
Answer: Smooth muscle tissues are located in the iris of the eye, in ureters and in the
bronchi of the lungs.
The smooth muscle tissue forms organs which shape to perform various bodily
functions.
Q. 16. What are the characteristic features of permanent tissues?
Answer: Permanent tissues possess the following characteristics:
(i) Cells of this tissue can be living or dead.
(ii) Cell walls may be thin or thick.
(iii) Intercellular spaces may be present or absent.
(iv) Metabolic activities are relatively slow.
(v) Vacuoles in the cells are prominent.
Examples of permanent tissues are parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma
(simple tissues) and xylem and phloem (complex tissues).
Q. 17. What are simple tissues? Name the simple tissues in plants.
Answer: A simple tissue is made up of one type of cells forming a uniform mass. The
simple tissues are of the following three types: parenchyma, collenchyma, and
sclerenchyma.
Q. 18. What are collenchyma and write their function?
Answer: The collenchyma is a simple permanent tissue. The cells of this tissue are
living, elongated and irregularly thickened at the corners and have very little intercellular
space. It provides mechanical support to the plant parts. It gives flexibility and allows
bending of various parts of a plant like tendrils and stems of climbers without breaking.

Q. 19. What is the main function of vascular tissues in plants?

Answer: Vascular tissues are complex permanent tissues. Examples are xylem and
phloem. They are conducting tissues, xylem conducts water and dissolved mineral from
roots to the leaves and phloem conducts food from leaves to the roots.
Q. 20. What are Nissl’s granules? Give their functions.
Answer: A Nissl’s granules are rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) with free ribosomes
attached to their walls. The main function of these ribosomes is protein synthesis. Thus,
Nissl’s granules help in protein synthesis and provides proteins to the cyton.

Q. 21. What are mast cells? Give their functions.

Answer: Mast cells are also known as a mastocytes. It is a type of white blood cell
(WBC). Mast cells release histamine and other substances during inflammatory
(redness and swelling) and allergic reactions.
Q. 22. In what ways do Squamous epithelium differ from Columnar epithelium?
Answer:
Q. 23. Compare the three types of meristems.
Answer:

The diagram is given below:

Q. 24. Give one function of each of the following:
(a) Stomata
(b) Root nodules
(c) Cardiac muscle fibre
Answer:

Q. 25. Differentiate between tracheids and vessels.

Answer:

Q. 26. Differentiate between fibers and sclereids.

Answer: Fibres and sclereids are the type of sclerenchyma based on shape and size of
the cells.

Q. 27. Name the following:

(a) Tissue that forms the inner lining of our mouth.
(b) Tissue that stores fat in our body.
(c) Tissue that transports food in plants.
Answer: (a) Tissue that forms the inner lining of our mouth is epithelial tissue. It forms
a barrier to keep different body systems separate.
(b) Tissue that stores fat in our body. Adipose tissue, it stores excess fat in the body
found abundant in the abdomen and in the hip.
(c) Tissue that transports food in plants. Xylem is a complex permanent tissue. It
conducts water from roots to the different parts of a plant.
Q. 28. Give the functions of skeletal connective tissues.
Answer: Bone a skeletal connective tissue. It forms the framework that supports the
body. Bone is a strong and nonflexible tissue made of cells called osteocytes. Bone
cells are embedded in a hard matrix that is composed of calcium and phosphorus
compounds. Two bones can be connected to each other by another type of connective
tissue called the ligament. Another type of connective tissue associated with bone is
cartilage. Cartilage smoothens bone surfaces at joints. Our nose, ear, trachea and
larynx are made of cartilage.
Q. 29. Mention various functions of epithelial tissues.
Answer: Lining all the external surfaces such as skin and internal cavities of an
animal's body are covered with a continuous sheet called epithelium.
Following are the functions of epithelial tissues:
(a) It protects underlying tissues of the body.
(b) Columnar epithelial cells present in the intestine absorb the digested food.
(c) It secretes enzymes.
(d) It receives sensory stimuli.
Q. 30. Differentiate between blood and lymph.
Answer:

Q. 31. Differentiate between axon and dendron.

Answer:
Q. 32. Describe blood as a connective tissue.
Answer: Blood is considered a fluid (liquid) connective tissue because it has a matrix
and living cells. The matrix is called the plasma which liquid part. The plasma contains
proteins, salts, and hormones. Blood flows and transports gases, digested food,
hormones and waste materials to different parts of the body. The living cell types are
red blood cells (RBC) are also called erythrocytes, white blood cells (WBC) are also
called leukocytes and platelets are suspended in the plasma.
Q. 33. What are the various types of cells of connective tissue?
Answer:

Q. 34. Give the functions of plasma of blood.

Answer: Blood plasma is a light yellow liquid, similar to the color of straw. It is the
largest component of your blood, making up about 55% of blood content. Blood plasma
also contains glucose and other dissolved nutrients.
Functions of plasma:
(a) The primary function of plasma is to transport nutrients, hormones, and proteins to
the parts of the body that need it.
(b) Cells also deposit their waste products into the plasma and it helps remove this
waste from the body.
(c) Plasma contains proteins that help blood in clotting.
(d) Plasma also contains antibodies. The proteins and antibodies in plasma are used to
treat rare disorders such as haemophilia.
Q. 35. On the basis of shape and functions of cells how epithelial tissues are
classified? Explain with diagram the various types of epithelial tissues.
Answer: Epithelial cells of following types:
(a) Simple squamous epithelium:
It located in the lining of Air sacs of lungs and the lining of the heart and blood vessels.
It allows materials to pass through by diffusion and filtration and secretion.

(b) Simple cuboidal epithelium:

It is present in ducts and secretory portions of small glands and in kidney. It function is
to secretes and absorbs.

(c) Simple columnar epithelium:

It is present in respiratory tract such as bronchi, lining of uterus and in the digestive
tract. It absorbs and secretes mucous and enzymes.

(d) Stratified cuboidal epithelium:

It is present in different glands such as sweat, salivary and mammary glands. It helps in
protection.
(e) Stratified columnar epithelium:
It is present in the male urethra and in the ducts of some glands. It helps in secretion
and protection.

Q. 36. What are the various types of animal tissues? Mention briefly the location
and one main function of each class of tissue.
Answer: There are four types of tissues found in animals. These are epithelial tissue,
connective tissue, muscular tissue, and nervous tissue.
(a) Epithelial tissue: The cells of the tissue are of various shape and closely connected
to each other via cellular junctions. This tissue lines body surfaces, cavities and forms
glands. The function of epithelial tissue in protection, absorption and secretin.

(b) Connective tissues: The cells of connective tissue are embedded in extracellular
material. This material is called matrix is secreted by the cells. The extracellular matrix
is non-living material composed of protein fibres and ground substance. It helps in
transportation, protection and body defence and storage.
(c) Muscular tissue: The cells are elongated and contain the contractile proteins actin
and myosin. It brings about contraction and movement of organs.

(d) Nervous tissue: The tissue consists of two major cell types: neurons and glial cells.
Neurons are specialized for the conduction of nerve impulses. This tissue composes the
brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves.