C.

ORIGINS OF THE NATION AS AN IMAGINED COMMUNITY (2)

1.) The nation as an imagined political community and imagined as both inherently limited
and sovereign.Explanation:The nation is imagined as limited because even the largest of them,
encompassing perhaps a billion living human beings, has finite, if elastic boundaries, beyond
which lies other nations.

2.) The conception of the nation as a deep, horizontal comradeship means membership of
unequal terms.FalseExplanation:The “fraternity” makes it possible for “so many millions of
people, not so much to kill, as willingly to die for such limited imaginings.”

3.) The nation is imagined because the members of even the smallest nation will never know
most of their fellow members, meet them, or even hear them.TrueExplanation:… in the minds
of each life the image of their communion ..

4.) The eighteenth century in Western Europe marks not only the dawn of the age of nationalism
but the dusk of religious modes of thought.Explanation:The Enlightenment brought with it its
own modern darknessHuman suffering and uncertainty did not disappear…“What then was
required was a secular transformation of fatality into continuity,contingency into meaning.”

5.) The classical communities’ ideas about conversion and admission into their ranks wasan
attitude largely confined to antiquity.FalseExplanation:19th century Colombian Liberal Pedro
Fermin de Vargas proposes that “it would be very desirable that the Indians be extinguished, by
miscegenation with whites, declaring them free of tribute and other charges, and giving them
private property in land.”Contrast Fermin’s cosmic optimism with (though laced with
condescending cruelty) withlater European imperialist’s preference for genuine native peoples
over half-breeds.

6.) The idea of simultaneity in homogenous, empty time is marked by prefiguring and fulfillment
and not by temporal coincidence.FalseExplanation:Homogenous, empty time is NOT marked
by prefiguring and fulfillment but by temporal coincidence.It's time devoid of religious
significance and meaning.

7.) The two literary forms which first flowered in Europe in the 18th century and provided
thetechnical means for re-presenting the imagined community were the novel and the
newspaper.Explanation:The novel’s characters are sociological organisms moving calendrically
through homogeneous, empty time, which is a precise analogue of the idea of the nation which
is also conceived as a solid community moving steadily down (or up) history.The nation’s
origins in the past cannot be accurately traced but its future is perceived to be indefinite and it is
progressing through time.
8.) The Wars for Independence in Latin America were not national independence movements as
they were lead by substantial landowners and not by the lower classes.FalseExplanation:They
WERE national movements but conceived from above creole communities.

9.) The very vastness of the Spanish American empire, the enormous variety of its soils and
climates, and above all, the immense difficulty of communications in a pre-industrial age,
tended to give these units a self-contained character.Explanation:There was practically no
means of leaving the administrative units where one was born(because travel was difficult) and
no other world to imagine or perceive, as communications with the world outside the “homeland”
was slow.

10.) The apex of creole functionary’s pilgrimage is a position of official importance inSpain.

11.) Cramped vice-regal pilgrimages had no decisive consequences until their territorial stretch
could be imagined as nations. In other words until the arrival of print-capitalism.

12.) The element of plurality of the early newspapers meant that these were printed infull
awareness of provincials in worlds existing by side or parallel with their own.True

13.) Provide an explanation as to why the development of a nationalist consciousness amongst

the creole pioneers of the Americans which culminated in their Wars ofIndependence came to
be classified as official nationalism

INTRA-CLERGY CONFLICT AND CREOLE NATIONALISM

1.) By papal grant of the Patronato Real in the late 15th and early 16th century, theSpanish
crown received the most complete control over the church in the Indies, including thePhilippines
in exchange for its commitment to financially support the missionary
enterprise.Explanation:In effect the clergy were working for the state/ employees

2.) A major reason for the failure of the bishops to prevail over the resistance of the
Religious orders to episcopal visitation was the lack of a secular clergy to fill the parishes
vacated by the religious when attempts were made to enforce visitation.

3.) The leaders of the Filipino clergy in the struggle for the recognition of their rights were,almost
without exception, men who had obtained their academic degrees from the seminaries,not
students of the university FALSE
Explanation:Frs. Pelaez, Burgos, Gomez, Zamora, Guevara, Sevilla…
4.) The leaders of the wars of independence in Mexico had been native priests.TRUE

5.) For Pelaez, the major question is the rights of the secular clergy being violated by the friars
while Burgos’s argument is that parishes were being denied to Filipinos because of their race
and its alleged inferiority to Europeans.TRUE

6.) General Carlos Maria dela Torre, because of his early sympathetic attitude to Filipino
Aspirations, refused to have numerous Filipinos accused of anti-Spanish sentiments placed
under surveillance.FALSE

7.) The cause of the uprising was not the suppression of the exemption of the arsenal workers
from the tribute and compulsory labor.TRUE

8.) Two Spanish lieutenants, Vicente Morquecho and Manuel Montesinos were found to have
commanded the revolting artillerymen when the fort was retaken by Spanish forces.TRUE

9.) All Spaniards were to be killed, including the friars, except the women, and they would
proclaim the independence of the country.

10.) The 500 men in Bacoor were unable to join the rebels in Fort San Felipe due to the
blocking operation carried out by the gunboat Samar.

11.) Frs. Mariano Gomez and Jose Burgos both believed that to secure their victory in the
secularization controversy meant an alliance with liberals like Manuel Regidor.FALSE

12.) What were the two examples of the interpolations found in Burgos’ Manifesto that clearly
indicate Rizal’s hand?
As can be seen in the notes to the actual text of the original 1864 article, the hand of Rizal is
quite evident in the interpolations, such are those that show a knowledge not only of the old
Spanish chronicles, but also of the anthropological and ethnological conclusions in the Europe
of that day, especially Germany

THE GLOBAL MARKET AND THE ASCENDANCE OF THE CHINESE MESTIZOS

1.) Sangley was the Spanish term for a Chinese immigrant which later on meant a “despised
cultural minority”.
2.) The three major elements comprising Spain’s Chinese policy were taxation…; control,which
involved segregation and restriction of movement and numbers; and conversion, which
eventually led to assimilation.

3.) ‘Spaniards’, ‘Indios’, ‘Chinese’, ‘Mestizos’ were all legal classifications during the early years
of the Spanish colonial period. Such classifications were based on the respective groups'
tribute obligations.Explanation:1. Chinese 2. Mestizos 3. Indios 4. Spaniards (no tax)What
economic and social realities determined the tribute rates?

4.) Social mobility across the three status groups (mestizo, indio, chinese) was flexible.True

5.) The Spaniards feared and distrusted the Chinese and never depended on the latter for the
economic services the Chinese provided.False
Explanation:Hence the elements comprising the Spanish crown’s Chinese policy; taxation,
controland conversion.

6.) The economic activity which primarily distinguished the mestizo from the Chinese
wasLandholding.

7.) The main competitors of the mestizos in the middle-man trade were the Chinesemerchants
and the provincial governor who was given the privilege of indulto para comerciar.

8.) The strong business capacities of the mestizos were not inherited from theChinese/mestizo
father TRUE
Explanation:The father was often awayThe mother was often the decisive “format” of business
skills.

9.) Mestizos had a great attachment to Chinese culture and totally rejected the Philippine
Version of Hispanice culture.False
Explanation:Spoke no chinese but the local languages or a local patios, dressed in traditional
Filipino Attire, subscribed to Philippine Catholicism
Explanation for attachment? Hispanized Catholic mother, prestige of being mestizo notChinese
or Indio

10.) The mestizos benefitted from the expulsion of the Chinese in the wake of the British
Occupation of Manila as they were able to take over traditional Chinese occupations in
agriculture and commerce.False

11.) In the period between 1820-1870, the Spanish crown implemented new economic policies
to make its Philippine colony less productive. These policies included free trade,revocation of
the governors’ license to trade, encouragement of cash-crop agriculture and encouragement of
new Chinese immigration.False
Explanation:Implications for the Mestizos?Squeezed out of middle-man trade (periodic market
system of distribution and purchase was no match for the chinese sari-sari store)Abandonment
of commerce and shifted focus on agriculture

12.) Considering the ambivalent relations between indios and mestizos, how did it happen that
mestizos and indios both came to appropriate the label “Filipinos”?

Abolition of tributes=abolition of status groups and their simplification intoSpaniards, Filipinos

and Indios ( could never be Spaniards even if they wanted to)Philippine urban culture made the
urbanized, hispanized mestizo no different from the urbanized, hispanized indio

AGRARIAN RELATIONS AND THE FRIAR LANDS

1.) In the first half of the nineteenth century the Hacienda de Calamba passed from a3-tiered
structure of management to a two-tiered structure. Formerly there was an intermediary stratum
of tenant-leaseholders who were positioned between the hacienda management and the tillers
of the soil.False

2.) In Calamba a would-be haciendero could acquire land through various means like
usurpacion and embargado. In Negros Island there was only one way to acquire land ina friar
estate and that was by entering into a 3-year leasehold contracts calledinquilinato.False
Explanation:What is an inquilinato?

3.) In Negros, the sugar planters called hacenderos were a multi-ethnic immigrant class
oflandowners most of whom directly hired their own tenants. In Hacienda de Calamba,
theDominican owners relied on a group of wealthy leaseholders called inquilinos to cultivatethe
land with the assistance of sharecroppers/subtenants of their own.
Explanation:Inquilinos relied on subtenants to work the landsEx. the Rizal family leased 382 ha.
(66.2644 quinon)

4.) The sharecropper (the tiller of the soil) known as kasama in Tagalog, agsa in
Negros,casamac in Pampanga and aparcero in Spanish enjoyed considerable autonomy
in thelabour process.Explanation:What were the duties of the sharecropper? The landowners?

5.) The lease holding tenants of the Hacienda de Calamba were either self-financing oracquired
capital from the Chinese mestizos in Manila. Meanwhile the hacenderos ofNegros Island
acquired capital from the foreign merchant houses.False
6.) The Calamba leaseholders were often inclined to make huge investments and loansfrom the
foreign merchant houses unlike the hacenderos of Negros who invested insteam mills that
extracted sugarcane juice more effectively..False
Explanation:Why? What investments could they be?1884 letter of Paciano (la nueva maquina)

7.) Jose Rizal inspired, if not aided, the Calamba leaseholders when they presented
theirgrievances against the Calamba Hacienda administration. The civil authorities in
thePhilippines did not support the claims of the tenants nor forced a response from
theRecollects.False
Explanation:Dominicans not RecollectsMunicipal authorities “sat” on the claimsValeriano Weyler
(harshly?) settled the issue by banishing the recalcitrant whichincluded the RizalsThe spectre of
Simoun

8.) The diezmos prediales was originally a tithe on land paid to directly to the
CatholicChurch in medieval Spain. However under the terms of the Patronato Real, the
crown/Spanish monarch obtained the right to administer his fund to support missionary
activities

9.) Many natives chose to work on the friar estates rather than farm on their own in
othercultivated or uncultivated areas.TrueExplanation:Monastic estates were a reincarnation of
the barangay under date (men of prowess)Protection from colonial state exactionsClerics
(initially) provided loans, cash advances and innovations in agriculture(plow=araro) which led to
increased productivity which in itself was further attraction.

10.) In the pre-hispanic times, “whenever a feast was to be held, members of the settlementall
came together bringing with them a jar of wine, so much rice and to assist in such feasts”. Inthe
early 1660s, “the Native elite celebrated the end of farm work in a special way by
revelingwith a kind of vanity and ostentation in being able to serve food and drink in great
abundance”.Explanation:How does one form of celebration differ from the other?What does it
imply about the native elite/ datu’s power?

11.) Explain how the pre-hispanic datus lost their status as men of prowess to the friars with
theformation of the friar estates.

RIZAL MIDTERM COVERAGE

JOURNALISM & EMERGENT POLITICS
1.) Each change of party, and to a slightly lesser extent each reorganization of cabinet, was
accompanied by a wholesale _________ in government employees down to the lowest
echelons, as politicians newly installed provided for their followers.
ANSWER: turnover
spoils system means nothing gets done due to brevity of tenure
Filipino students were appalled to observe the grave defects of Spanish political, social
and intellectual life
managed elections between Canovas and Sagasta and the resulting spoils system
universities and the intellectual life in general were far behind the rest of Europe
professors and students engaged in politics to the detriment of serious work
but did a backward system of education really matter for Filipino ilustrados?
did Spain’s backwardness initially matter?
site of the secular pilgrimage for students from the Philippines
2.) The universities, and the intellectual life in general, were far behind the rest of Europe.
ANSWER: True
Professors and students were far too involved in politics to the detriment of serious
scholarship
Spain’s impact to the Filipino students?
– goddess with the feet of clay
– other European countries were more progressive
Led to Filipino disillusionment with Spain especially with the latter generally indifferent
to Philippine affairs
But also a recognition of their party and even superiority over the colonizer3.) The students from
the Philippines, upon arriving in Spain, already recognized and labeled
themselves as Filipinos.
ANSWER: False
The Filipino was ‘born’ in Spain
How? They were all “FILIPINOS” regardless of their separate ethnicities
“sacrifices were made…”
Implications? The nation is a common project that every generation must build…
Personal experience of injustice does not translate to nationalism…
4.) Gregorio Sancianco, a creole, argues that the tribute was a symbol of rule imposed by
force, as in the ages of barbarism, and has no place in the modern regime of its citizens.
ANSWER: False
Sancianco was Chinese mestizo
Implies assimilation with his proposal to abolish tribute and assert equality with the
peninsular
5.) The periodical Los Dos Mundos outlined its program in its first issue as follows:
“to demand for Cuba, __________ and the __________, equality of rights, as far as
possible, with other Spanish provinces.”
ANSWER: Puerto Rico ; Philippines
Implications? International perspective of ilustrados (?)
Collaborated with Cubans and Puerto Ricans
6.) For Graciano Lopez Jaena, the ___________ “lives like a true feudal lord; he recognizes
no other authority prior and superior to his, nor does the gobernadorcillo gives orders
there, nor any other municipal authority except himself;”….
ANSWER: friar
Anti-friar sentiment of Lopez Jaena and Rizal…
Implied: the secularizing of the Philippine administration like the British and the Dutch
Rizal’s writing a denial of filibusterismo and including in it an attack on the friars…7.) In the
Brindis, Rizal looked ahead to a time when Spain would only be remembered with
affection, her flag no longer waving over the Philippines.
ANSWER: True
What other parts of the Brindis would make Rizal a filibustero to the conservative
Spaniards?
Throwing down the gauntlet
8.) The erstwhile editor of Espana en Filipinas, __________ was not the universal choice of
the Filipino colony for the position as editor-in-chief for the new periodical which later would
be called La Solidaridad.
ANSWER: Eduardo de Lete
creole edito Lete was mildly reformist in contrast to others more militant…
Lete refused to review the Noli in Espana en Filipinas
Rationale of journalism? To advance one’s cause, which Lete refused to do so…
9.) The periodical La Solidaridad subtitled itself as a Quincenario __________ with its stated
program of “aspiring to make democracy prevail in all the peoples both of the Peninsula
and of the overseas provinces.”
ANSWER: Democratico
10.)
The articles on the first two issues of La Solidaridad were all signed, as those by
Filipinos would continue to be for some time.
ANSWER: False
The fear of backlash
Asociacion Hispano-Filipino; Asociacion La Solidaridad; La Solidaridad the newspaper
2 stage plan of the Propaganda?
(1) propaganda in Spain for the homeland (1-2 years)
La Solidaridad initially conceived as temporary
(2) eventual independence or at least the autonomous government and the eviction
of the friars
12.) _____________ was an Austrian collaborator of La Solidaridad whose constant theme was
on Spain’s neglect of its traditional policy of assimilation as applied to the Philippines.
ANSWER: Ferdinand BluementrittNOLI ME TANGERE 1
1.) Prior to the publication of the Noli Me Tangere, the Filipinos had assailed the colonial
administration and the predominance of the friars in the Philippines in a sporadic,
unorganized and more or less veiled manner.
ANSWER: True
The publication of the Noli was the first clear break from this hesitant stance
It was a scathing, full-scale indictment of the Philippine political and religious regime
2.) The Noli me Tangere is not merely an attack on the Spanish colonial regime; it is a
_________ of nationalism.
ANSWER: charter
“…calls on the Filipino to recover his self-confidence, to appreciate his own worth, to
return to the heritage of his ancestors, to assert himself the equal of the Spaniard…”
A balanced national portrait which Barrantes could not understand…
3.) Rizal had originally planned to write his novel in ___________... but then he had realized
that “it is better to write for my ___________.”
ANSWER: French ; countrymen
Why French? Primary language of world literary culture
Could his countrymen “read”?
4.) The governor-general, Valeriano Weyler, banned the circulation of the Noli me Tangere
following the report of the Comision permanente de censura submitted on December 29,
1887.
ANSWER: False
Emilio Terrero
Strained relations between the archbishop of Manila and the governor-general5.) The ethnic
term mestizo chino occurs four times in the novel of which the Narrator
accounts for three of those mentions with a panic-stricken voice in the crowd discussing
Ibarra’s arrest accounting for the fourth mention.
ANSWER: False
There are no mentions of mestizo chino in the Noli
Who were the mestizo chino and why are they ‘absent’ in the novel?
Ambitious and upwardly mobile Chinese mestizos worked de-emphasized and even
worked to conceal whatever was residually Chinese about themselves
6.) The novel features a limited political vocabulary with the four characters most often using
them to be Ibarra, Elias, Tasio and Padre Damaso.
ANSWER: False
Narrator is the fourth most politically conscious
The novels is not about politics but about the deplorable conditions of the Philippines
7.) Of the 23 Philippine toponyms mentioned in the novel, almost all are in the Tagalog
speaking areas in Southern Luzon with the possible exception of Pampanga, Albay,
_________ and Jolo.
ANSWER: Cebu
Tagalog-centric novel
8.) Elias never uses a single word of __________.
ANSWER: Tagalog
Elias a man beyond coloniality
Mixed speech is a sign of coloniality
The reverse is Damaso…
“Cualquier bata…”
9.) Crisostomo Ibarra is overwhelmingly the biggest user of Tagalog words.
ANSWER: False
Narrator
Authenticity of narrator as native informant to amigos o enemigos10.)
The pagan populations of the tribu infieles are never portrayed in the novel.
ANSWER: False
Mentioned twice (negritos)
They largely absent in the novel
Even more so are the moros
11.)
_______________ appears four times as a noun and once as an adjective
referring to the companion of the Tagalog Guardia civil member.
ANSWER: Visaya
Appears only five times in the entire novel
12.)
Blumentritt’s largely positive evaluation of the Noli me Tangere was not
appreciated by Spaniards like Vicente Barrantes.
ANSWER: True
Spaniards do not like criticism
Bluementritt was German
13.)
Explain whether or not Noli me Tangere perfectly depicts Philippine colonial
society as Rizal intended.
NOLI ME TANGERE 2
1.) Rizal’s Noli calls itself a “Novela Tagala,” or Tagalog Novel, and its critical reception as a
____________ literary work is deeply informed by presuppositions regarding the
privileged status of its author, Jose Rizal.
ANSWER: Filipino
Rizal is invested with the public authority to influence through explication, the
interpretation of his work.
‘an accurate depiction of Tagalog society viewed as a microcosm of Philippine society’
Fictional and political representation from a position2.) The novel would only be read by a small
number of people, mostly Spaniards and
educated Filipinos.
ANSWER: True
Official censorship, exclusivity of the language, vehement condemnation by the
religious orders, amateurish distribution…
Irony?
“Changed the history of the nation”
A novel that was hardly read…
3.) Most people in Rizal’s time had no access to the novel and had perforce to obtain access
secondhand, that is by ____________.
ANSWER: hearsay
A specific form of reading that sidestepped proscription but permitted nevertheless a
relaying of the novel’s content
Even repeated in reputable newspapers (La Epoca)
Lend more credence to the rumours
4.) Rizal’s arrival takes on the drama and excitement of the appearance of the __________.
ANSWER: Modern
Doctor Uliman anecdote (secular, technical and international)
Rizal is living poof that one can be native and modern
Instability of the “Filipino” in Rizal’s time
5.) The novel’s founding act is based on a double consciousness split between one who
knows and one who is, or who submits to being, known.
ANSWER: True
Inside-outside position
Both participant and observer
6.) The novel tends to deny its fictionality and claims to be writing history or rendering life as
it is.
ANSWER: True7.) __________ not only had the capacity to attest to the historicity of the event
it recorded,
but often constituted the only proof that the event happened in the first place.
ANSWER: Print
Typographical reproduction – the extent to which a single passage of text, a picture,
an object or event could be replicated in its exacts dimensions and quantities.
Novel’s 2000 copies upon printing
8.) The concept of literary realism reformulated the problem of mediation by making literature
not history but ____________.
ANSWER: historylike
True to external reality but sufficiently removed from it to be true to itself as well
Both about and not about reality
Engenders the possibility of commentary
9.) _____________ becomes the figure for moral development and the universal progress of
the human condition.
ANSWER: Europe
10.)
The act of describing or representing Philippine society is merely a matter of
aesthetic preference not an ethical imperative.
ANSWER: False
An ethical imperative
The inside-outsider has a stake in the place they represent
11.)
When Pia Alba realized she was pregnant, she was said to be weeping before the
statue of ____________, the saint of lost persons.
ANSWER: St. Anthony
12.)
That the pregnancy of Pia Alba was caused by Padre Damaso raping the former
was not established in Noli Me Tangere.
ANSWER: True 13.)
How would the literary devices (allusion, reticence and revelation) employed by
Rizal helped create the imagined community of the Filipinos?
ANSWER: Allusion is referred to call something to mind without mentioning it
explicitly and Rizal employed this literary device through the very names of Pia Alba
and Padre Damaso, getting references to what kind of relationship these characters
have. With reticence, you’re withholding something but also highlighting its
absence. However, with revelation, you reveal something enough. Examples of
reticence and revelation being employed by Rizal is Crispin’s murder, that Basilio
dreamed about. The incidents from the novel draw commentaries from the people,
whom are the ones who comply this imagined community.
NOLI ME TANGERE 3
1.) According to Nick Joaquin, the Philippine Creole had scruples about blood purity and were
distinguished… largely by the amount of Spanish blood in their veins as by their culture,
position and wealth.
ANSWER: False
There were never enough numbers of Spaniards to form true ‘creole’ communities
The constant wars exhausted the creole families, kept their numbers low
‘Juan Crisostomo Magsalin Ibarra’
Mestizo yet creole
Since he was a landowner and a gentleman
2.) The greatest achievement of the Philippine creole was keeping the Philippines intact
throughout the two centuries only faltering once.
ANSWER: False
Chinese, Japanese, British and Dutch threats
Successful prosecution of the “Dutch Wars” by the Dutch based in Java and Moluccas
might have made the Philippines a province of Indonesia
The only time the creoles failed to defend the Philippines?
British Occupation of 1762-643.) Rizal made his Ibarra the descendant of a ____________.
ANSWER: Basque
Example of the fate of the immigrant Spaniard forever casting his lot with the
Philippines
Circumstances for such a choice?
Arduous and expensive journey in; return journey next to impossible
Isolation and neglect of Madrid fostered the autonomous spirit of the creole
Governor-general detested as a ‘foreigner’ hence he has to account for his term prior
to his departure (audiencia)
Creole becoming ‘Filipino’ (Pedro Eibarramienda -> Saturnino -> Rafael -> Juan
Crisostomo)
4.) The revolt of Spanish America and the opening of the Suez Canal ‘transformed’ the
Philippines from a Spanish colony to an autonomous commonwealth, thus starting the war
between the Creole and the Peninsular.
ANSWER: False
Suez Canal and the creole-peninsular “war”
Shortened route to the Philippines
Brought more ‘peninsulars’ to the Philippines crowding out creoles from posts in the
Army, the Church and the government (ex. Tiburccio de Espadaña in literature or
Pelaez and Burgos in the church) thus beginning the “war”
5.) The text of the novel Noli Me Tangere, reveals a Rizal enamoured by his heroine, Maria
Clara.
ANSWER: True
However readers/critics chose to believe otherwise…
1930s interpretation of Maria Clara believes her to be Rizal’s satirical portrayal on the
idealized woman
Novels and characters are subject to ‘differing’ interpretations as Rizal himself
prophesied for Maria Clara:
“Poor girl, with your heart play gross hands that know not of its delicate fibres.”
A case of how “the author is dead” that once his works have been published, it is now
available for a variety of interpretations by multiple readers and across time6.) According to Nick
Joaquin, the novels (Noli and Fili) foretold the revolution of 1896 not
looking back at the Creole Revolution of 1872.
ANSWER: False
Creole revolution = 1872 Cavite Mutiny
Earlier instances of creole national consciousness include the Novales revolt of 1821
and the conspiracy of the Palmeros
The 1872 revolution was more formative of Rizal as Joaquin ‘interprets’ it
7.) When the indio revolted against the Spaniard in 1896, the Creole fought against the
Peninsular as well as the Americans when the latter came to occupy the country.
ANSWER: False
The Creole sided with the Peninsular but redeemed himself by initially fighting the
Americans
The indio usurped the lead (in the revolution) from the creoles who ‘panicked’
The creoles had the most to lose:
The Peninsular could go home to Spain
The Creole had no home but the Philippines as he was “Filipino”
8.) In Rizal’s reply to Vicente Barrantes, the novelist insists that the ideas expressed by the
characters in a novel are not the same convictions as the author.
ANSWER: True
“I shall be content with being told whether or not my characters have life or distinct
personalities; whether or not they act or talk according to their roles and their different
ways of thinking; and never mind my own convictions.” – Jose Rizal
Dictated the choice of a novel as his chosen genre;
“able to criticize without fear of retaliation”
9.) Rizal says that the characters of Elias and Tasio represent the good Filipinos in Noli Me
Tangere which his detractor Quioquiap had also acknowledged as having existed in the
novels.
ANSWER: False
10.)
The eventualists, like Pelaez, Burgos and Ibarra in the novel believe “that _______
and propaganda will eventually create a climate of reform.”
ANSWER: education11.)
In Simoun’s confession to Padre Florentino, Rizal confirms what he has been
saying so passionately during the novel.
ANSWER: False
12.)
Why has the character of Maria Clara been subject to the most number of
interpretations over the years?
ANSWER: With the notion that interpretation needs to be historicized, Maria Clara
was made as a reference to how society portrayed or viewed women. However,
times have changed and the ideals of what a woman should and should not be also
change, which leads to changes of interpretations as well.
• Noli Me Tangere was groundbreaking for the following reasons:
It was a scathing close-scale enlightenment of the Spanish colonial regime or the appeals
of colonial society and the book’s very publication was a reversal or assured in a new age or
new
era in the early phase of the propaganda movement. The novel was also highlighting the ills of
colonial society and is a portrayal of Philippine colonial society.

RIZAL MIDTERM COVERAGE

JOURNALISM & EMERGENT POLITICS
1.) Each change of party, and to a slightly lesser extent each reorganization of cabinet, was
accompanied by a wholesale _________ in government employees down to the lowest
echelons, as politicians newly installed provided for their followers.
ANSWER: turnover
spoils system means nothing gets done due to brevity of tenure
Filipino students were appalled to observe the grave defects of Spanish political, social
and intellectual life
managed elections between Canovas and Sagasta and the resulting spoils system
universities and the intellectual life in general were far behind the rest of Europe
professors and students engaged in politics to the detriment of serious work
but did a backward system of education really matter for Filipino ilustrados?
did Spain’s backwardness initially matter?
site of the secular pilgrimage for students from the Philippines
2.) The universities, and the intellectual life in general, were far behind the rest of Europe.
ANSWER: True
Professors and students were far too involved in politics to the detriment of serious
scholarship
Spain’s impact to the Filipino students?
– goddess with the feet of clay
– other European countries were more progressive
Led to Filipino disillusionment with Spain especially with the latter generally indifferent
to Philippine affairs
But also a recognition of their party and even superiority over the colonizer3.) The students from
the Philippines, upon arriving in Spain, already recognized and labeled
themselves as Filipinos.
ANSWER: False
The Filipino was ‘born’ in Spain
How? They were all “FILIPINOS” regardless of their separate ethnicities
“sacrifices were made…”
Implications? The nation is a common project that every generation must build…
Personal experience of injustice does not translate to nationalism…
4.) Gregorio Sancianco, a creole, argues that the tribute was a symbol of rule imposed by
force, as in the ages of barbarism, and has no place in the modern regime of its citizens.
ANSWER: False
Sancianco was Chinese mestizo
Implies assimilation with his proposal to abolish tribute and assert equality with the
peninsular
5.) The periodical Los Dos Mundos outlined its program in its first issue as follows:
“to demand for Cuba, __________ and the __________, equality of rights, as far as
possible, with other Spanish provinces.”
ANSWER: Puerto Rico ; Philippines
Implications? International perspective of ilustrados (?)
Collaborated with Cubans and Puerto Ricans
6.) For Graciano Lopez Jaena, the ___________ “lives like a true feudal lord; he recognizes
no other authority prior and superior to his, nor does the gobernadorcillo gives orders
there, nor any other municipal authority except himself;”….
ANSWER: friar
Anti-friar sentiment of Lopez Jaena and Rizal…
Implied: the secularizing of the Philippine administration like the British and the Dutch
Rizal’s writing a denial of filibusterismo and including in it an attack on the friars…7.) In the
Brindis, Rizal looked ahead to a time when Spain would only be remembered with
affection, her flag no longer waving over the Philippines.
ANSWER: True
What other parts of the Brindis would make Rizal a filibustero to the conservative
Spaniards?
Throwing down the gauntlet
8.) The erstwhile editor of Espana en Filipinas, __________ was not the universal choice of
the Filipino colony for the position as editor-in-chief for the new periodical which later would
be called La Solidaridad.
ANSWER: Eduardo de Lete
creole edito Lete was mildly reformist in contrast to others more militant…
Lete refused to review the Noli in Espana en Filipinas
Rationale of journalism? To advance one’s cause, which Lete refused to do so…
9.) The periodical La Solidaridad subtitled itself as a Quincenario __________ with its stated
program of “aspiring to make democracy prevail in all the peoples both of the Peninsula
and of the overseas provinces.”
ANSWER: Democratico
10.)
The articles on the first two issues of La Solidaridad were all signed, as those by
Filipinos would continue to be for some time.
ANSWER: False
The fear of backlash
Asociacion Hispano-Filipino; Asociacion La Solidaridad; La Solidaridad the newspaper
2 stage plan of the Propaganda?
(1) propaganda in Spain for the homeland (1-2 years)
La Solidaridad initially conceived as temporary
(2) eventual independence or at least the autonomous government and the eviction
of the friars
12.) _____________ was an Austrian collaborator of La Solidaridad whose constant theme was
on Spain’s neglect of its traditional policy of assimilation as applied to the Philippines.
ANSWER: Ferdinand BluementrittNOLI ME TANGERE 1
1.) Prior to the publication of the Noli Me Tangere, the Filipinos had assailed the colonial
administration and the predominance of the friars in the Philippines in a sporadic,
unorganized and more or less veiled manner.
ANSWER: True
The publication of the Noli was the first clear break from this hesitant stance
It was a scathing, full-scale indictment of the Philippine political and religious regime
2.) The Noli me Tangere is not merely an attack on the Spanish colonial regime; it is a
_________ of nationalism.
ANSWER: charter
“…calls on the Filipino to recover his self-confidence, to appreciate his own worth, to
return to the heritage of his ancestors, to assert himself the equal of the Spaniard…”
A balanced national portrait which Barrantes could not understand…
3.) Rizal had originally planned to write his novel in ___________... but then he had realized
that “it is better to write for my ___________.”
ANSWER: French ; countrymen
Why French? Primary language of world literary culture
Could his countrymen “read”?
4.) The governor-general, Valeriano Weyler, banned the circulation of the Noli me Tangere
following the report of the Comision permanente de censura submitted on December 29,
1887.
ANSWER: False
Emilio Terrero
Strained relations between the archbishop of Manila and the governor-general5.) The ethnic
term mestizo chino occurs four times in the novel of which the Narrator
accounts for three of those mentions with a panic-stricken voice in the crowd discussing
Ibarra’s arrest accounting for the fourth mention.
ANSWER: False
There are no mentions of mestizo chino in the Noli
Who were the mestizo chino and why are they ‘absent’ in the novel?
Ambitious and upwardly mobile Chinese mestizos worked de-emphasized and even
worked to conceal whatever was residually Chinese about themselves
6.) The novel features a limited political vocabulary with the four characters most often using
them to be Ibarra, Elias, Tasio and Padre Damaso.
ANSWER: False
Narrator is the fourth most politically conscious
The novels is not about politics but about the deplorable conditions of the Philippines
7.) Of the 23 Philippine toponyms mentioned in the novel, almost all are in the Tagalog
speaking areas in Southern Luzon with the possible exception of Pampanga, Albay,
_________ and Jolo.
ANSWER: Cebu
Tagalog-centric novel
8.) Elias never uses a single word of __________.
ANSWER: Tagalog
Elias a man beyond coloniality
Mixed speech is a sign of coloniality
The reverse is Damaso…
“Cualquier bata…”
9.) Crisostomo Ibarra is overwhelmingly the biggest user of Tagalog words.
ANSWER: False
Narrator
Authenticity of narrator as native informant to amigos o enemigos10.)
The pagan populations of the tribu infieles are never portrayed in the novel.
ANSWER: False
Mentioned twice (negritos)
They largely absent in the novel
Even more so are the moros
11.)
_______________ appears four times as a noun and once as an adjective
referring to the companion of the Tagalog Guardia civil member.
ANSWER: Visaya
Appears only five times in the entire novel
12.)
Blumentritt’s largely positive evaluation of the Noli me Tangere was not
appreciated by Spaniards like Vicente Barrantes.
ANSWER: True
Spaniards do not like criticism
Bluementritt was German
13.)
Explain whether or not Noli me Tangere perfectly depicts Philippine colonial
society as Rizal intended.
NOLI ME TANGERE 2
1.) Rizal’s Noli calls itself a “Novela Tagala,” or Tagalog Novel, and its critical reception as a
____________ literary work is deeply informed by presuppositions regarding the
privileged status of its author, Jose Rizal.
ANSWER: Filipino
Rizal is invested with the public authority to influence through explication, the
interpretation of his work.
‘an accurate depiction of Tagalog society viewed as a microcosm of Philippine society’
Fictional and political representation from a position2.) The novel would only be read by a small
number of people, mostly Spaniards and
educated Filipinos.
ANSWER: True
Official censorship, exclusivity of the language, vehement condemnation by the
religious orders, amateurish distribution…
Irony?
“Changed the history of the nation”
A novel that was hardly read…
3.) Most people in Rizal’s time had no access to the novel and had perforce to obtain access
secondhand, that is by ____________.
ANSWER: hearsay
A specific form of reading that sidestepped proscription but permitted nevertheless a
relaying of the novel’s content
Even repeated in reputable newspapers (La Epoca)
Lend more credence to the rumours
4.) Rizal’s arrival takes on the drama and excitement of the appearance of the __________.
ANSWER: Modern
Doctor Uliman anecdote (secular, technical and international)
Rizal is living poof that one can be native and modern
Instability of the “Filipino” in Rizal’s time
5.) The novel’s founding act is based on a double consciousness split between one who
knows and one who is, or who submits to being, known.
ANSWER: True
Inside-outside position
Both participant and observer
6.) The novel tends to deny its fictionality and claims to be writing history or rendering life as
it is.
ANSWER: True7.) __________ not only had the capacity to attest to the historicity of the event
it recorded,
but often constituted the only proof that the event happened in the first place.
ANSWER: Print
Typographical reproduction – the extent to which a single passage of text, a picture,
an object or event could be replicated in its exacts dimensions and quantities.
Novel’s 2000 copies upon printing
8.) The concept of literary realism reformulated the problem of mediation by making literature
not history but ____________.
ANSWER: historylike
True to external reality but sufficiently removed from it to be true to itself as well
Both about and not about reality
Engenders the possibility of commentary
9.) _____________ becomes the figure for moral development and the universal progress of
the human condition.
ANSWER: Europe
10.)
The act of describing or representing Philippine society is merely a matter of
aesthetic preference not an ethical imperative.
ANSWER: False
An ethical imperative
The inside-outsider has a stake in the place they represent
11.)
When Pia Alba realized she was pregnant, she was said to be weeping before the
statue of ____________, the saint of lost persons.
ANSWER: St. Anthony
12.)
That the pregnancy of Pia Alba was caused by Padre Damaso raping the former
was not established in Noli Me Tangere.
ANSWER: True 13.)
How would the literary devices (allusion, reticence and revelation) employed by
Rizal helped create the imagined community of the Filipinos?
ANSWER: Allusion is referred to call something to mind without mentioning it
explicitly and Rizal employed this literary device through the very names of Pia Alba
and Padre Damaso, getting references to what kind of relationship these characters
have. With reticence, you’re withholding something but also highlighting its
absence. However, with revelation, you reveal something enough. Examples of
reticence and revelation being employed by Rizal is Crispin’s murder, that Basilio
dreamed about. The incidents from the novel draw commentaries from the people,
whom are the ones who comply this imagined community.
NOLI ME TANGERE 3
1.) According to Nick Joaquin, the Philippine Creole had scruples about blood purity and were
distinguished… largely by the amount of Spanish blood in their veins as by their culture,
position and wealth.
ANSWER: False
There were never enough numbers of Spaniards to form true ‘creole’ communities
The constant wars exhausted the creole families, kept their numbers low
‘Juan Crisostomo Magsalin Ibarra’
Mestizo yet creole
Since he was a landowner and a gentleman
2.) The greatest achievement of the Philippine creole was keeping the Philippines intact
throughout the two centuries only faltering once.
ANSWER: False
Chinese, Japanese, British and Dutch threats
Successful prosecution of the “Dutch Wars” by the Dutch based in Java and Moluccas
might have made the Philippines a province of Indonesia
The only time the creoles failed to defend the Philippines?
British Occupation of 1762-643.) Rizal made his Ibarra the descendant of a ____________.
ANSWER: Basque
Example of the fate of the immigrant Spaniard forever casting his lot with the
Philippines
Circumstances for such a choice?
Arduous and expensive journey in; return journey next to impossible
Isolation and neglect of Madrid fostered the autonomous spirit of the creole
Governor-general detested as a ‘foreigner’ hence he has to account for his term prior
to his departure (audiencia)
Creole becoming ‘Filipino’ (Pedro Eibarramienda -> Saturnino -> Rafael -> Juan
Crisostomo)
4.) The revolt of Spanish America and the opening of the Suez Canal ‘transformed’ the
Philippines from a Spanish colony to an autonomous commonwealth, thus starting the war
between the Creole and the Peninsular.
ANSWER: False
Suez Canal and the creole-peninsular “war”
Shortened route to the Philippines
Brought more ‘peninsulars’ to the Philippines crowding out creoles from posts in the
Army, the Church and the government (ex. Tiburccio de Espadaña in literature or
Pelaez and Burgos in the church) thus beginning the “war”
5.) The text of the novel Noli Me Tangere, reveals a Rizal enamoured by his heroine, Maria
Clara.
ANSWER: True
However readers/critics chose to believe otherwise…
1930s interpretation of Maria Clara believes her to be Rizal’s satirical portrayal on the
idealized woman
Novels and characters are subject to ‘differing’ interpretations as Rizal himself
prophesied for Maria Clara:
“Poor girl, with your heart play gross hands that know not of its delicate fibres.”
A case of how “the author is dead” that once his works have been published, it is now
available for a variety of interpretations by multiple readers and across time6.) According to Nick
Joaquin, the novels (Noli and Fili) foretold the revolution of 1896 not
looking back at the Creole Revolution of 1872.
ANSWER: False
Creole revolution = 1872 Cavite Mutiny
Earlier instances of creole national consciousness include the Novales revolt of 1821
and the conspiracy of the Palmeros
The 1872 revolution was more formative of Rizal as Joaquin ‘interprets’ it
7.) When the indio revolted against the Spaniard in 1896, the Creole fought against the
Peninsular as well as the Americans when the latter came to occupy the country.
ANSWER: False
The Creole sided with the Peninsular but redeemed himself by initially fighting the
Americans
The indio usurped the lead (in the revolution) from the creoles who ‘panicked’
The creoles had the most to lose:
The Peninsular could go home to Spain
The Creole had no home but the Philippines as he was “Filipino”
8.) In Rizal’s reply to Vicente Barrantes, the novelist insists that the ideas expressed by the
characters in a novel are not the same convictions as the author.
ANSWER: True
“I shall be content with being told whether or not my characters have life or distinct
personalities; whether or not they act or talk according to their roles and their different
ways of thinking; and never mind my own convictions.” – Jose Rizal
Dictated the choice of a novel as his chosen genre;
“able to criticize without fear of retaliation”
9.) Rizal says that the characters of Elias and Tasio represent the good Filipinos in Noli Me
Tangere which his detractor Quioquiap had also acknowledged as having existed in the
novels.
ANSWER: False
10.)
The eventualists, like Pelaez, Burgos and Ibarra in the novel believe “that _______
and propaganda will eventually create a climate of reform.”
ANSWER: education11.)
In Simoun’s confession to Padre Florentino, Rizal confirms what he has been
saying so passionately during the novel.
ANSWER: False
12.)
Why has the character of Maria Clara been subject to the most number of
interpretations over the years?
ANSWER: With the notion that interpretation needs to be historicized, Maria Clara
was made as a reference to how society portrayed or viewed women. However,
times have changed and the ideals of what a woman should and should not be also
change, which leads to changes of interpretations as well.
• Noli Me Tangere was groundbreaking for the following reasons:
It was a scathing close-scale enlightenment of the Spanish colonial regime or the appeals
of colonial society and the book’s very publication was a reversal or assured in a new age or
new
era in the early phase of the propaganda movement. The novel was also highlighting the ills of
colonial society and is a portrayal of Philippine colonial society.

RIZAL MIDTERM COVERAGE

JOURNALISM & EMERGENT POLITICS
1.) Each change of party, and to a slightly lesser extent each reorganization of cabinet, was
accompanied by a wholesale _________ in government employees down to the lowest
echelons, as politicians newly installed provided for their followers.
ANSWER: turnover
spoils system means nothing gets done due to brevity of tenure
Filipino students were appalled to observe the grave defects of Spanish political, social
and intellectual life
managed elections between Canovas and Sagasta and the resulting spoils system
universities and the intellectual life in general were far behind the rest of Europe
professors and students engaged in politics to the detriment of serious work
but did a backward system of education really matter for Filipino ilustrados?
did Spain’s backwardness initially matter?
site of the secular pilgrimage for students from the Philippines
2.) The universities, and the intellectual life in general, were far behind the rest of Europe.
ANSWER: True
Professors and students were far too involved in politics to the detriment of serious
scholarship
Spain’s impact to the Filipino students?
– goddess with the feet of clay
– other European countries were more progressive
Led to Filipino disillusionment with Spain especially with the latter generally indifferent
to Philippine affairs
But also a recognition of their party and even superiority over the colonizer3.) The students from
the Philippines, upon arriving in Spain, already recognized and labeled
themselves as Filipinos.
ANSWER: False
The Filipino was ‘born’ in Spain
How? They were all “FILIPINOS” regardless of their separate ethnicities
“sacrifices were made…”
Implications? The nation is a common project that every generation must build…
Personal experience of injustice does not translate to nationalism…
4.) Gregorio Sancianco, a creole, argues that the tribute was a symbol of rule imposed by
force, as in the ages of barbarism, and has no place in the modern regime of its citizens.
ANSWER: False
Sancianco was Chinese mestizo
Implies assimilation with his proposal to abolish tribute and assert equality with the
peninsular
5.) The periodical Los Dos Mundos outlined its program in its first issue as follows:
“to demand for Cuba, __________ and the __________, equality of rights, as far as
possible, with other Spanish provinces.”
ANSWER: Puerto Rico ; Philippines
Implications? International perspective of ilustrados (?)
Collaborated with Cubans and Puerto Ricans
6.) For Graciano Lopez Jaena, the ___________ “lives like a true feudal lord; he recognizes
no other authority prior and superior to his, nor does the gobernadorcillo gives orders
there, nor any other municipal authority except himself;”….
ANSWER: friar
Anti-friar sentiment of Lopez Jaena and Rizal…
Implied: the secularizing of the Philippine administration like the British and the Dutch
Rizal’s writing a denial of filibusterismo and including in it an attack on the friars…7.) In the
Brindis, Rizal looked ahead to a time when Spain would only be remembered with
affection, her flag no longer waving over the Philippines.
ANSWER: True
What other parts of the Brindis would make Rizal a filibustero to the conservative
Spaniards?
Throwing down the gauntlet
8.) The erstwhile editor of Espana en Filipinas, __________ was not the universal choice of
the Filipino colony for the position as editor-in-chief for the new periodical which later would
be called La Solidaridad.
ANSWER: Eduardo de Lete
creole edito Lete was mildly reformist in contrast to others more militant…
Lete refused to review the Noli in Espana en Filipinas
Rationale of journalism? To advance one’s cause, which Lete refused to do so…
9.) The periodical La Solidaridad subtitled itself as a Quincenario __________ with its stated
program of “aspiring to make democracy prevail in all the peoples both of the Peninsula
and of the overseas provinces.”
ANSWER: Democratico
10.)
The articles on the first two issues of La Solidaridad were all signed, as those by
Filipinos would continue to be for some time.
ANSWER: False
The fear of backlash
Asociacion Hispano-Filipino; Asociacion La Solidaridad; La Solidaridad the newspaper
2 stage plan of the Propaganda?
(1) propaganda in Spain for the homeland (1-2 years)
La Solidaridad initially conceived as temporary
(2) eventual independence or at least the autonomous government and the eviction
of the friars
12.) _____________ was an Austrian collaborator of La Solidaridad whose constant theme was
on Spain’s neglect of its traditional policy of assimilation as applied to the Philippines.
ANSWER: Ferdinand BluementrittNOLI ME TANGERE 1
1.) Prior to the publication of the Noli Me Tangere, the Filipinos had assailed the colonial
administration and the predominance of the friars in the Philippines in a sporadic,
unorganized and more or less veiled manner.
ANSWER: True
The publication of the Noli was the first clear break from this hesitant stance
It was a scathing, full-scale indictment of the Philippine political and religious regime
2.) The Noli me Tangere is not merely an attack on the Spanish colonial regime; it is a
_________ of nationalism.
ANSWER: charter
“…calls on the Filipino to recover his self-confidence, to appreciate his own worth, to
return to the heritage of his ancestors, to assert himself the equal of the Spaniard…”
A balanced national portrait which Barrantes could not understand…
3.) Rizal had originally planned to write his novel in ___________... but then he had realized
that “it is better to write for my ___________.”
ANSWER: French ; countrymen
Why French? Primary language of world literary culture
Could his countrymen “read”?
4.) The governor-general, Valeriano Weyler, banned the circulation of the Noli me Tangere
following the report of the Comision permanente de censura submitted on December 29,
1887.
ANSWER: False
Emilio Terrero
Strained relations between the archbishop of Manila and the governor-general5.) The ethnic
term mestizo chino occurs four times in the novel of which the Narrator
accounts for three of those mentions with a panic-stricken voice in the crowd discussing
Ibarra’s arrest accounting for the fourth mention.
ANSWER: False
There are no mentions of mestizo chino in the Noli
Who were the mestizo chino and why are they ‘absent’ in the novel?
Ambitious and upwardly mobile Chinese mestizos worked de-emphasized and even
worked to conceal whatever was residually Chinese about themselves
6.) The novel features a limited political vocabulary with the four characters most often using
them to be Ibarra, Elias, Tasio and Padre Damaso.
ANSWER: False
Narrator is the fourth most politically conscious
The novels is not about politics but about the deplorable conditions of the Philippines
7.) Of the 23 Philippine toponyms mentioned in the novel, almost all are in the Tagalog
speaking areas in Southern Luzon with the possible exception of Pampanga, Albay,
_________ and Jolo.
ANSWER: Cebu
Tagalog-centric novel
8.) Elias never uses a single word of __________.
ANSWER: Tagalog
Elias a man beyond coloniality
Mixed speech is a sign of coloniality
The reverse is Damaso…
“Cualquier bata…”
9.) Crisostomo Ibarra is overwhelmingly the biggest user of Tagalog words.
ANSWER: False
Narrator
Authenticity of narrator as native informant to amigos o enemigos10.)
The pagan populations of the tribu infieles are never portrayed in the novel.
ANSWER: False
Mentioned twice (negritos)
They largely absent in the novel
Even more so are the moros
11.)
_______________ appears four times as a noun and once as an adjective
referring to the companion of the Tagalog Guardia civil member.
ANSWER: Visaya
Appears only five times in the entire novel
12.)
Blumentritt’s largely positive evaluation of the Noli me Tangere was not
appreciated by Spaniards like Vicente Barrantes.
ANSWER: True
Spaniards do not like criticism
Bluementritt was German
13.)
Explain whether or not Noli me Tangere perfectly depicts Philippine colonial
society as Rizal intended.
NOLI ME TANGERE 2
1.) Rizal’s Noli calls itself a “Novela Tagala,” or Tagalog Novel, and its critical reception as a
____________ literary work is deeply informed by presuppositions regarding the
privileged status of its author, Jose Rizal.
ANSWER: Filipino
Rizal is invested with the public authority to influence through explication, the
interpretation of his work.
‘an accurate depiction of Tagalog society viewed as a microcosm of Philippine society’
Fictional and political representation from a position2.) The novel would only be read by a small
number of people, mostly Spaniards and
educated Filipinos.
ANSWER: True
Official censorship, exclusivity of the language, vehement condemnation by the
religious orders, amateurish distribution…
Irony?
“Changed the history of the nation”
A novel that was hardly read…
3.) Most people in Rizal’s time had no access to the novel and had perforce to obtain access
secondhand, that is by ____________.
ANSWER: hearsay
A specific form of reading that sidestepped proscription but permitted nevertheless a
relaying of the novel’s content
Even repeated in reputable newspapers (La Epoca)
Lend more credence to the rumours
4.) Rizal’s arrival takes on the drama and excitement of the appearance of the __________.
ANSWER: Modern
Doctor Uliman anecdote (secular, technical and international)
Rizal is living poof that one can be native and modern
Instability of the “Filipino” in Rizal’s time
5.) The novel’s founding act is based on a double consciousness split between one who
knows and one who is, or who submits to being, known.
ANSWER: True
Inside-outside position
Both participant and observer
6.) The novel tends to deny its fictionality and claims to be writing history or rendering life as
it is.
ANSWER: True7.) __________ not only had the capacity to attest to the historicity of the event
it recorded,
but often constituted the only proof that the event happened in the first place.
ANSWER: Print
Typographical reproduction – the extent to which a single passage of text, a picture,
an object or event could be replicated in its exacts dimensions and quantities.
Novel’s 2000 copies upon printing
8.) The concept of literary realism reformulated the problem of mediation by making literature
not history but ____________.
ANSWER: historylike
True to external reality but sufficiently removed from it to be true to itself as well
Both about and not about reality
Engenders the possibility of commentary
9.) _____________ becomes the figure for moral development and the universal progress of
the human condition.
ANSWER: Europe
10.)
The act of describing or representing Philippine society is merely a matter of
aesthetic preference not an ethical imperative.
ANSWER: False
An ethical imperative
The inside-outsider has a stake in the place they represent
11.)
When Pia Alba realized she was pregnant, she was said to be weeping before the
statue of ____________, the saint of lost persons.
ANSWER: St. Anthony
12.)
That the pregnancy of Pia Alba was caused by Padre Damaso raping the former
was not established in Noli Me Tangere.
ANSWER: True 13.)
How would the literary devices (allusion, reticence and revelation) employed by
Rizal helped create the imagined community of the Filipinos?
ANSWER: Allusion is referred to call something to mind without mentioning it
explicitly and Rizal employed this literary device through the very names of Pia Alba
and Padre Damaso, getting references to what kind of relationship these characters
have. With reticence, you’re withholding something but also highlighting its
absence. However, with revelation, you reveal something enough. Examples of
reticence and revelation being employed by Rizal is Crispin’s murder, that Basilio
dreamed about. The incidents from the novel draw commentaries from the people,
whom are the ones who comply this imagined community.
NOLI ME TANGERE 3
1.) According to Nick Joaquin, the Philippine Creole had scruples about blood purity and were
distinguished… largely by the amount of Spanish blood in their veins as by their culture,
position and wealth.
ANSWER: False
There were never enough numbers of Spaniards to form true ‘creole’ communities
The constant wars exhausted the creole families, kept their numbers low
‘Juan Crisostomo Magsalin Ibarra’
Mestizo yet creole
Since he was a landowner and a gentleman
2.) The greatest achievement of the Philippine creole was keeping the Philippines intact
throughout the two centuries only faltering once.
ANSWER: False
Chinese, Japanese, British and Dutch threats
Successful prosecution of the “Dutch Wars” by the Dutch based in Java and Moluccas
might have made the Philippines a province of Indonesia
The only time the creoles failed to defend the Philippines?
British Occupation of 1762-643.) Rizal made his Ibarra the descendant of a ____________.
ANSWER: Basque
Example of the fate of the immigrant Spaniard forever casting his lot with the
Philippines
Circumstances for such a choice?
Arduous and expensive journey in; return journey next to impossible
Isolation and neglect of Madrid fostered the autonomous spirit of the creole
Governor-general detested as a ‘foreigner’ hence he has to account for his term prior
to his departure (audiencia)
Creole becoming ‘Filipino’ (Pedro Eibarramienda -> Saturnino -> Rafael -> Juan
Crisostomo)
4.) The revolt of Spanish America and the opening of the Suez Canal ‘transformed’ the
Philippines from a Spanish colony to an autonomous commonwealth, thus starting the war
between the Creole and the Peninsular.
ANSWER: False
Suez Canal and the creole-peninsular “war”
Shortened route to the Philippines
Brought more ‘peninsulars’ to the Philippines crowding out creoles from posts in the
Army, the Church and the government (ex. Tiburccio de Espadaña in literature or
Pelaez and Burgos in the church) thus beginning the “war”
5.) The text of the novel Noli Me Tangere, reveals a Rizal enamoured by his heroine, Maria
Clara.
ANSWER: True
However readers/critics chose to believe otherwise…
1930s interpretation of Maria Clara believes her to be Rizal’s satirical portrayal on the
idealized woman
Novels and characters are subject to ‘differing’ interpretations as Rizal himself
prophesied for Maria Clara:
“Poor girl, with your heart play gross hands that know not of its delicate fibres.”
A case of how “the author is dead” that once his works have been published, it is now
available for a variety of interpretations by multiple readers and across time6.) According to Nick
Joaquin, the novels (Noli and Fili) foretold the revolution of 1896 not
looking back at the Creole Revolution of 1872.
ANSWER: False
Creole revolution = 1872 Cavite Mutiny
Earlier instances of creole national consciousness include the Novales revolt of 1821
and the conspiracy of the Palmeros
The 1872 revolution was more formative of Rizal as Joaquin ‘interprets’ it
7.) When the indio revolted against the Spaniard in 1896, the Creole fought against the
Peninsular as well as the Americans when the latter came to occupy the country.
ANSWER: False
The Creole sided with the Peninsular but redeemed himself by initially fighting the
Americans
The indio usurped the lead (in the revolution) from the creoles who ‘panicked’
The creoles had the most to lose:
The Peninsular could go home to Spain
The Creole had no home but the Philippines as he was “Filipino”
8.) In Rizal’s reply to Vicente Barrantes, the novelist insists that the ideas expressed by the
characters in a novel are not the same convictions as the author.
ANSWER: True
“I shall be content with being told whether or not my characters have life or distinct
personalities; whether or not they act or talk according to their roles and their different
ways of thinking; and never mind my own convictions.” – Jose Rizal
Dictated the choice of a novel as his chosen genre;
“able to criticize without fear of retaliation”
9.) Rizal says that the characters of Elias and Tasio represent the good Filipinos in Noli Me
Tangere which his detractor Quioquiap had also acknowledged as having existed in the
novels.
ANSWER: False
10.)
The eventualists, like Pelaez, Burgos and Ibarra in the novel believe “that _______
and propaganda will eventually create a climate of reform.”
ANSWER: education11.)
In Simoun’s confession to Padre Florentino, Rizal confirms what he has been
saying so passionately during the novel.
ANSWER: False
12.)
Why has the character of Maria Clara been subject to the most number of
interpretations over the years?
ANSWER: With the notion that interpretation needs to be historicized, Maria Clara
was made as a reference to how society portrayed or viewed women. However,
times have changed and the ideals of what a woman should and should not be also
change, which leads to changes of interpretations as well.
• Noli Me Tangere was groundbreaking for the following reasons:
It was a scathing close-scale enlightenment of the Spanish colonial regime or the appeals
of colonial society and the book’s very publication was a reversal or assured in a new age or
new
era in the early phase of the propaganda movement. The novel was also highlighting the ills of
colonial society and is a portrayal of Philippine colonial society.