HW Resistor Training

HW Resistor Training

Resistor Model

Resistor Technologies
Resistor types

Chip Resistors:
Main technology :
- Thick Film
- Thin Film

Typical size:
0402 Max power 0.05 W
0603 Max power 0
0.063
063 W
0805 Max power 0.125 W or 0.1 W depending the material type
1206 Max power 0.25 W
2010 Max power 0.5 W
* Th
The power iis d
derated
t d tto 0 W fform 70ºC tto 125ºC or 155ºC
155ºC, d
depending
di material
t i l ttype.

Melf Resistors:
Mainly all thin material.
1206 M
Max power 0
0.25
25 tto 0
0.4W
4W
2010 Max power 0.4 W to 1 W
* The power is derated to 0 W form 70ºC to 125ºC or 155ºC, depending material type.
* The power dissipation type depends if is precision type of normal type.
Resistor main Characteristic

Resistor Power rate

The resistor will generate heat when an among of current is flowing thru its resistive material.
The resistor Power rate must be chosen in order to full fill the power dissipation.
Example:
If we have a 100 Ohms resistor ( 1206) with a current flow of 0.04A.
Using for example below graph, we want to know if the resistor will survive at 100ºC.

Power = (0.04A * 0.04A) * 100 Ohms = 0.16 W, Power maximum at 100ºC approx is derate to 50%, that means for
a 1206 will be 0.125W at 100ºC, this means the resistor will be damage or destroyed.
Resistor main Characteristic

Resistor Temperature coefficient and tolerance

For example a resistor with TC of 200, if we increase the temperature from 25ºC to 100ºC, how much will be the additional
tolerance?
100ºC – 25º C= 75 ºC; (75ºC * 200) / 1000000 = 0.015 ; 0.015 * 100% = 1.5%

Si la resistencia tenia un valor inicial del +/- 5 % a ese valor inicial se le añade la tolerancia debido al temperature coeficient drift
a 100ºC, y la tolerancia total sería 6.5%.

There are other factor like moisture drift, where depending of the moisture level the resistor will have additional tolerance.

The hours life operating of the resistors will also affect the tolerance, so as long as the resistor is been used during the hours, this
h also
has l additional
dditi ld
derating
ti iin th
the resistance
i t value
l
Resistor main Characteristic

Resistor Voltage Rate and Surge Voltage Rate

Resistor Voltage Rate

The resistor has also capabilty to work under a specific voltage range, depending the resistor package, the voltage in continious operation.

For example the resistor 1206 can operate to a maximum voltage of 300V continious, if this voltage is exceeded the resistor willb e damage or
destroyed even if the power dissipation is lower than the specified.

The resistor can handle a surge voltage peak depending of the time duration of the Voltage pulse, this must be checked for each type and
supplier
Resistor main Characteristic

Resistor Voltage Rate and Surge Voltage Rate

Resistor Single Pulse

The resistor has also capability to work under a specific Power range, depending the resistor package, the voltage in pulse operation.

The resistor can a specific Single Pulse power peak depending of the time duration of the pulse, this must be checked for each type and
supplier. Single pulse means only one time, every atleast 5 seconds ( depends of the manufacture supplier)
Resistor main Characteristic

Resistor Voltage Rate and Surge Voltage Rate

Resistor Load Pulse.

The resistor can operate for a continios Power pulse depending of the Pulse time duration based on the ratio of frequecy and duty cycle,
cycle this
must be checked for each type and supplier. Single pulse means only one time, every atleast 5 seconds ( depends of the manufacture)
Resistor main Characteristic

Resistor performance at EMI

The resistor has diferents behaviours at high frequency range, this is due to internal construction as is show in the first slide, where the resistor
has a model based also in capacitor and inductance.

Depending of the technology of the resistor Thin material or Thick material, the performance will chance a lot, also depends of the resitor value
to see the impact at high frequencies.
Resistor main Characteristic

Resistor Thermal

The resistor has a effect where the junction of its wn material together with the cupper pad on the PCB create an additional potential in uV
which
hi h can iinfluence
fl th
the d
design
i d depending
di ththe application
li ti

Dissimilar metals, in contact with each other, produce a small voltage. This voltage is variable with temperature and is therefore called a
“Thermal EMF”, or thermocouple effect.
Resistor main Characteristic

Resistor Summary Comparison

In general The Chip resistor are more commun used due to price and application, Thin Melf resistor is used when high precision in required
with minimum themperature impact, also at some higher power disspation values.

The chip resistor with Thck material are the most common used resistors, they are much robust for EDS and surge Voltage or Power peaks, but
it precion is no so good usually not better than 1 % and its consturction is no so optimal for High frequencies.

Between Melf and Chip resistor is usually also a better apporach for power dissipation due to hiw cilyndrical construction way to dissipate heat.

All resistor present failures modes, and also phisical changes due to corrosion or oxidation processes, and depending the applicationn the
correct resistor material and technology can be choose.