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Q Why did Shah Wali Ullah wish to revive Islam in the sub-continent? [7]

1) [Purifying Islam] During Shah Wali Ullah’s time, Islam had lost its purity in the subcontinent. Hindu
customs, practices (way of life) and beliefs were followed by Muslims. It had become very important to
tell the Muslims that what was Islamic and what were Hindu traditions or customs.

2) [Cause of Downfall] He believed that the real cause of Muslims’ decline was their lack of knowledge
about the teachings of Quran and Sunnah. He wanted the Muslims to carry out Islamic teachings in all
areas of their lives – social, political, economic and religious. This would allow them to bring back their
pride and improve their living conditions.

3) [Reforming the Society] (a) A number of social evils had become part of the Islamic society. Shah Wali
Ullah wanted to change the society in the light of Islamic teachings. He wanted the rulers to introduce
Islamic laws e.g. Islam rejects social injustice and protects the rights of workers. (b) He advised the rich
Muslims to lead (adopt) simple life and stay away from luxury and waste of wealth. (c) He also advised
the traders to follow Islamic laws in their dealings. (d) He wanted to remove the Shia-Sunni differences
that were the main cause of lack of unity among Muslim society.

Topic: Syed Ahmad Shaheed Barelvi.

Q Why did Syed Ahmad Shaheed Barelvi start his Jehad movement? [7]

Ans: [Islamic state] Syed Ahmad Shaheed Barelvi believed that subcontinent had changed into Dar-Ul-
Harab a place to become a ruler; he wanted to set up an Islamic state to follow Islamic beliefs (values)
and where Muslim were living under non-Muslim rule, so Jihad was necessary (compulsory) for every
Muslim to oppose growing strength (power/control) of non-Muslims. Syed Ahmad Shaheed Barelvi had
no wish teachings. He also wanted to free Muslim society from social evils and Hindu customs (way of
life).

[Growing strength of non-Muslim] Syed Ahmad Shaheed Barelvi was upset due to growing strength
(power) of non-Muslim forces like British, Marathas and Sikhs. Punjab was under cruel Sikh rule of Raja
Ranjit Singh where Muslims were not allowed carry out Islamic duties. Azan and cow sacrifice
(slaughtering) was banned and Mosques were used to keep horses (as stables) by Sikhs. Muslim culture,
values and religion was in danger. Therefore, he started Jihad movement to free Muslims of Punjab from
cruel Sikh rulers.
Topic: Faraizi movement:

Q How successful was Hajji Shariat Ullah in revival of Islam in Bengal? [7]

Ans: 1) [Faraizi movement] (a) Hajji Shariat Ullah was the founder of Farazi movement in Bengal. (b) Hajji
Shariat Ullah believed that Muslim of Bengal had moved away from Islam. He wanted that Muslims
should offer Islamic duties known as Faraiz. He advised Muslims to offer Prayer, fasting, Zakat and Hajj.
Due to which his movement was known as Faraizi movement and his followers were called ‘Faraizis’. (c)
He believed (thought) Bengal as Dar-ul-Hareb because Muslims of Bengal were ruled by non-Muslim. In
such area Friday and Eid prayers should not be offered.

2) [Reform society] (a) He wanted that Muslims should not follow Hindu customs like singing, dancing at
the time of wedding and Hindu caste system. He advised his followers to pray for their past sins and lead
right path in future. (b) The Faraizi movement supported the idea of Jihad. \

3) [Muslim peasants] (a) He united Muslim farm workers (peasants) against Hindu and British landlords
(zamindars). (b) Muslim farm workers were paid less by Hindu land lords and they were collecting many
unfair taxes from Muslim workers like beard tax. Hindu landlords were collecting funds from Muslim by
force to set up Hindu temples. Haji Shariat Ullah forced Hindu landlords to improve treatment (dealing)
with Muslim farm workers.

4) [Dudhu Mian] (a) Hindus Landlords were upset by the unity of the Muslim farm workers. Hajji Shariat
Ullah was arrested (jailed) so his son Dudhu Mian became leader of the Faraizi movement. (b) He divided
East Bengal in circles and appointed (placed) Khalifas in Bengal to help poor and for prayers. (c) After
death of Dudhu Mian movement declined (ended) in Bengal. It can be said that some seeds of Pakistan
Movement were sown by Faraizi movement.

Topic: Haji Shariat Ullah.

Q Why did Haji Shariat Ullah start his Faraizi movement? [7]

Ans: [To reform Bengali Muslims] Haji Shariat Ullah wanted Muslims to follow Islamic duties. He believed
that due to growing non-Muslim rule in different parts of India, Muslim’s had moved away from the
teachings of Islam. Therefore, he wanted them to return to the Islamic teachings. For this, he advised the
Bengali Muslims to fulfill Islamic duties or Faraiz to purify Islam from Hindu customs (way of life).

[Cruel Hindu Landlords] Muslims of Bengal were living under cruel rule of Hindu and British landlords
known as Zimindars. Muslim farm workers (peasants) were paid less. Unjust (unfair) tax was collected
from Muslims even on keeping beard. Hindu landlords were collecting funds (money) by force from
Muslims to set up Hindu temples. Haji Shariat Ullah wanted to unite Muslims to force Hindu landlords to
improve their dealing with Muslims that’s why he started Faraizi movement
Topic: Causes of Mughal decline.

Q The policies of Aurangzeb were the main reason for the decline of Mughal rule; Do you agree give
reasons. (14)

Ans: 1) [Aurangzeb policies] (a) Aurangzeb wasted 25 years while fighting with Marathas in south India
due to which Mughal army and economy became weak. (b) He collected religious tax Jizya from non-
Muslim. (c) Aurangzeb destroyed Hindu temples and banned Hindu from singing, dancing, gambling,
drinking wine and Suttee. He forced Hindus and Sikhs to obey Islamic laws, due these reasons Mughals
had lost the loyalty of Hindus and Sikhs. (d) Aurangzeb had expanded the Mughal Empire so much that it
was difficult to defend such huge Empire. Cost of keeping large army was very high.

2) [Pleasure seeking] The Mughal Emperors after Aurangzeb were pleasure-loving and did not take
serious interests in the affairs of the empire. Mughal Emperor wasted wealth on fine buildings, jewellery
and dresses. Mughal Emperor Akbar was used to order 300 dishes in a single meal. The economy of
Mughal Empire was destroyed due to waste of wealth

3) [Unable rulers] (a) Mughal rulers after the death of Aurangzeb were weak and lazy unable to run the
affairs (business) of Mughal Empire. (b) They had left the affairs of Empire in the hands of ministers who
were corrupt and selfish. (c) Due to weak Mughal rulers many provinces like Bengal, Deccan and Oudh
became independent so Mughal Empire became weaker.

4) [Mansabdari system] Mughal officers known as Mansabdars were not appointed on ability. They had
become corrupt so collection of taxes was reduced. Mansabdars were also responsible to organize
Mughal army but due to their mismanagement (lack of care) Mughal army became weak.

5) [Foreign invaders] Mughal army was defeated by Persian king Nadir shah in 1739. The Persians under
Nadir Shah captured (took over) much of the Empire’s wealth and returned home with gold, jewels and
the Peacock throne from Delhi. Mughals were never able to recover from this loss. (b) Again Mughal
Empire was attacked by Afghan King Ahmed shah Abdali who captured important province Punjab which
was food basket of Mughal Empire and source of fresh soldiers for Mughal army so Mughal army became
weaker.

6) [No rule to choose next King] After the death of Mughal King his sons began to fight with each other
to become next king, experienced soldiers were killed and disorder was created due to these wars. These
wars seriously damaged the army and economy of the Mughal Empire. Mughal Empire was destroyed
due to these wars.

7) [Rise of Marathas] Marathas had become so strong that they had taken large part of Mughal Empire
under the leadership of Shivaji and they were able to set up Maratha Empire within Mughal Empire. In
1737 they defeated Mughal army. In 1760 they occupied Delhi. The rise of Marathas was the major
reason of Mughal decline.

😎 [Arrival of British] Mughal failed to modernize them self so British who got better weapons, more
trained army slowly captured (took-over) the whole Mughal Empire. In 1764 in the Battle of Buxar,
British captured Bengal, Orissa and Behar and in 1803 British army entered in Delhi.

Topic: Reasons of Mughal decline.

Q Why were the Marathas defeated after the decline of the Mughal Empire? [7] (N-2017)

[Vast empire] Under the leadership of Shivaji Marathas were able to capture large areas of Mughal
Empire and setup Maratha Empire till 1737. It was very difficult to control and govern such a large
empire. Marathas found it difficult to protect such a large empire from attacks by neighboring states.

[Lack of unity] Marathas were divided in many powerful families ruling small states. There was lot of
differences among local Maratha rulers. The control of central Maratha leadership at capital city Pune
was weak. The lack of unity was a major reason of decline of Maratha Empire.

[Attack of Ahmad Shah Abdali] Maratha Empire was attacked by Afghan king Ahmad Shah Abdali.
Maratha were defeated by Afghan king in the third war of Panipat. Major Maratha leaders and thousand
of experienced Maratha soldiers were killed. Marathas were never able to recover from this loss

Topic: Reasons of Mughal decline.

Q Why were the Marathas defeated after the decline of the Mughal Empire? [7] (N-2017)

[Vast empire] Under the leadership of Shivaji Marathas were able to capture large areas of Mughal
Empire and setup Maratha Empire till 1737. It was very difficult to control and govern such a large
empire. Marathas found it difficult to protect such a large empire from attacks by neighboring states.

[Lack of unity] Marathas were divided in many powerful families ruling small states. There was lot of
differences among local Maratha rulers. The control of central Maratha leadership at capital city Pune
was weak. The lack of unity was a major reason of decline of Maratha Empire.

[Attack of Ahmad Shah Abdali] Maratha Empire was attacked by Afghan king Ahmad Shah Abdali.
Maratha were defeated by Afghan king in the third war of Panipat. Major Maratha leaders and thousand
of experienced Maratha soldiers were killed. Marathas were never able to recover from this loss

3) [Location of India] Location of India was very important. E.I.C wanted to setup seaport along the coast
of India to spread trade of E.I.C to neighboring countries of India and control over sea routes of Indian
Ocean. In this way E.I.C wanted to push other European nations like French and Portuguese out of India.
British also wanted to spread their culture and religion in other parts of the world.

Q Why was Robert Clive appointed the first Governor of Bengal? [7] (M-17)
Ans: [Success in battle of Plassey 1757] Lord Clive was the commander of British army in the battle of
Plassey against the Nawab of Bengal Siraj-ud-Daula. Lord Clive was successful in bribing the commander
of Siraj-ud-Daula army Mir Jaffar. British were able to gain huge wealth and trade rights from the next
ruler of Bengal Nawab Mir Jaffar. Success in the battle of Plassey increased Clive’s importance to the East
India Company (EIC) so he was chosen as Governor of Bengal.

[Success against French] After the defeat of Portuguese and Dutch, French Trading Company was the
biggest challenge for British in India. Lord Clive played important role in battles against French trading
Company. Success in the BATTLES the against French changed E.I.C from a trading company into ruler.
Due to these services Robert Clive was appointed as the first Governor of Bengal

Topic: Expansion of British rule.

Q Explain why Britain was so successful in extending its control of the sub-continent between 1750 and
1850. [7] (N-2016)

Ans: [Superior military] British had a strong army with better weapons to which Indian army was no
match. British were able to increase their influence due to victories (success) in the battle of Plassey
(1757) and Buxar (1764) in northern India and the Mysore wars in southern India. These victories gave
them huge and rich areas to rule and to use local resources to strengthen their position.

[Good government] in occupied areas of India E.I.C had setup a system of courts, police and 1000 trained
administrators (officers). British had appointed Governors and Governor General to take care of occupied
areas. This helped the E.I.C to run the state affairs along British lines. The E.I.C also introduced trade laws
that favoured its imports and as well as local trade.

[Indian weakness] Mughal Empire was already in decline. India was divided in many states with different
culture and religion, fighting with each other. Indian rulers had failed to adopt modern technology.
British took advantage (benefit) of their differences and slowly defeated them by using superior
weapons and political skills.

Topic: Expansion of British rule.

Q why did the British government take control of the affairs of E.I.C in the nineteenth century? [7]

Ans: [Importance of India] India was a source of food grain, raw material for British industries and a huge
marked for British made goods. 10% of British income was coming from taxes on Indian trade of E.I.C.
British were looking after its interests in Middle East and Far East countries from India due to its
important location. The volume of trade was so huge that India was too valuable to be left in hands of a
private company.

[Danger of Russia] British wanted to place a regular army on Afghanistan border to protect India from
any attack by Russia. Russia had been looking for a way to reach Indian Ocean. By way of Afghanistan, it
could attack India to reach the ports of Indian Ocean. Therefore in order to keep Russia from any such
action the British government had to take control from E.I.C.

[Corruption of E.I.C officers] There were reports of mismanagement and corruption by the E.I.C officers
in Bengal and other officers. The company officers forced the new Nawab of Bengal to give heavy bribe
to them in the form of gifts. Company officers were also involved in corruption in collection of taxes.
Millions of people in Bengal were killed due to food shortage. This was damaging for the good name of
British government. So British government finally decided to abolish E.I.C.

Topic: Expansion of British rule.

Q Why did the British build railways in India during the nineteenth century? [7] (M-17)

Ans: [Transport of raw material and goods] India was a source of raw material for British. After industrial
revolution the demand of raw material for British industry was increasing. Railway was setup in India by
British to transport raw material in large quantity to seaports. Railway was cheapest mean of
transportation. Railway was also used to transport British goods to Indian markets to earn profit. Railway
was also used to transport food to areas hit by famine (food shortage).

[Increase British control] There was danger of attack by Russia on India. Railway was setup to transport
British army to Afghanistan border quickly. After the war of independence railway was setup to increase
the control of British over India. British also used railway to spread British culture and ideas to different
parts of India. Railway was setup to win support of Indians because it made easy for Indians to travel in
different parts of India.

Chapter: 03 (Topic: War of Independence 1857)

Q The war of independence of 1857 was caused by the greased cartridge incidence; Give reasons why
you might agree or disagree with the statement. [14]

Ans: 1) [Military Causes] a) Pays of local Indian soldiers in E.I.C army were less and there was no chance
of promotion for them. (b) Hindu soldiers in E.I.C army were forced to travel by sea which was not
allowed in Hindu religion. (c) British introduced cartridge greased with cow or pig fats, which was not
allowed in Hindu and Muslim religion, Indian soldiers had to chew the cartridge before use so they
revolted against British. (d) Teaching of Bible was included in the training of soldiers, Indian soldiers were
afraid that British would change them into Christians. (e) Muslim soldiers of E.I.C army were angry
because British forced them to fight in Sindh and Afghanistan against their Muslim brothers. Due to
these reasons local soldiers of E.I.C army revolted.

2) [Religious causes] (a) British tried to spread Christian religion in India. (b) Hindu custom Suttee and
child marriage was banned. (c) Hindu widows were allowed to re-marry angered Hindus. (d) British tried
to change Indians to Christians. These reforms were not welcomed by Hindu and they revolted against
British.
3) [Educational reasons] (a) Persian and Sanskrit languages were replaced by English language as
medium of education. (b) Bible was taught in school and co-education was introduced. (c) Parda (veil)
was banned in schools. These reforms deeply upset both the Muslims and Hindus.

4) [Economic causes] (a) British collected heavy taxes from Indians. (b) British forced farmers to grow
only cash crops so millions of people in Bengal were killed due to shortage of food. (c) Indian industry
was destroyed due to cheap British goods. (d) Large numbers of Indians were unemployed.

5) [Cultural reasons] (a) British considered their culture as superior (better). (b) British adopted insulting
behavior with Indians. (c) Indian thought that British wanted to spread western culture through railway
and telegraph wire.

6) [Political reasons] (a) Mughal king Bahadur Shah Zafar was moved from Red fort to a less important
building Qutab Shah, Muslims of Indian considered it as an insult. (b) British introduced doctrine of
lapse. Local states were captured (taken-over) by British after death of ruler if they got no son. British
captured Jhansi, Nagpur, Sitara and Oudh states under doctrine of Lapse. Nobles and royal families of
these states were ready to take revenge from British so they revolted.

Topic: The War of Independence.

Q Lack of unity was the main reason of the failure of the revolt of 1857; Do you agree? Give reasons [14]
or Q Why the revolt of 1857 failed? [7] (M-14)

Ans: (1) [Lack of leadership] (a) There was lack of unity and spirit in Indians to gain independence from
British. (b) There was no general plan of revolt and no attempt to work together. (c) The leaders of revolt
were fighting for personal reasons like to get back their states from British. (d) The last Mughal King
Bahadur shah ii was too old and weak and was not fit to be the leader of freedom fighters. British were
able to capture Delhi in few months; it was a great setback for freedom fighters.

2) [Punjab and Sindh] The Punjab and Sindh was conquered by British with the help of Soldiers from
Bengal and central India. When the same soldiers from Bengal and central India had revolted against
British few years later the people and Punjab and Sindh were not interested to help them.

3) [Local rulers] Many local rulers provided help to British like ruler of Nepal, Hyderabad and Kashmir.
Raja of Kashmir provided 2000 soldiers to British. Due to these loyal rulers of British were able to keep
control of large part of India.

4) [Unity of Muslim] Muslim were more united against British but Muslim were in minority (less
number), Hindus were less interested to help freedom fighters because they do not wanted to establish
Mughal Empire again.

5) [British strength] British Navy provided supply of fresh weapons and soldiers to British in India. British
had more wealth and could fight long wars. British got better weapons and modern methods of fighting;
British army was more trained and disciplined so they were able to defeat freedom fighters.

Topic: The War of Independence.

Q The war of Independence achieved nothing. Do you agree? Explain [14]

Ans: (1) [Reaction towards Muslims] Muslims were considered as responsible for revolt. Muslims were
refused from jobs and their madrassas (schools) were closed. Last Mughal ruler Bahadur Shah ii was
taken to Burma and all his sons were killed. Property of Muslims was taken and distributed (given) to
non-Muslims. Freedom fighters were hanged.

2) [Queens Proclamation] (a) E.I.C and doctrine of lapse were abolished (ended). (b) British would not
interfere in religion of local people. (c) British crown took direct control of India. (d) Governor General
was renamed as viceroy. (e) Secretary of Indian affairs was appointed to take care of affairs of India. (f)
The number British soldiers in Indian army were increased. Bengali soldiers were replaced by Punjabi. (g)
Roads, school, hospitals were setup for welfare of Indians.

3) [Changes in British Indian army] British became careful in matters of army. Bengali soldiers were
replaced by Punjabi and Gorkha soldiers. The number of British soldiers was increased in army. Cannons
were kept under control of British soldiers. Posts of junior commission officers were created for Indian
soldiers.

4) [Political struggle] Indians had learned the lesson they could not defeat British army. Political struggle
was started by Indians to get independence. Indians began to develop political awareness and setup
political parties like Congress and Muslim League. New Indian leadership and reformers appeared in
India society