Differential Equations

MAT 052

Prepared by: EMT

MAT 052 1

Differential Equations

1. Introduction: Definitions
Differential equations (DE);
2. order and degree of a differential equation;
3. types of differential equations: ordinary DE &
partial DE
4. solutions of DE: general solution& particular
solution

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Learning Objectives:

At the end of the lesson, students should be

able to:
A. Define the Differential Equations

B. Define the Order and Degree of DE

C. Define Ordinary and Partial DE

D. Define Linear and Nonlinear DE

E. Define General Solution and Particular

Solution of DE

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Differential Equations

A Differential Equation is an equation involving

derivatives of one or more dependent variables
with respect to one or more independent variables.

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Which one is a DE/Algebra?

1. = 7 ------------------DE
2. 3𝑦 = 7 ----------------- Algebra
3. x + 𝑦 = 9 ---------- Algebra
4. + = 0 --------DE

5. 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 ----DE

MAT 052 5

Dependent and Independent Variable

 An INDEPENDENT VARIABLE (IV) is a

quantity that varies independently, i.e., it is
not controlled by (or depend on) other
variables. It is found in the denominator of the
derivative.
 DEPENDENT VARIABLE (DV) if its value
depends on the independent variable and its
dependence is considered to be unknown. It
is found in the numerator of the derivative.

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Dependent and Independent Variable
 When a differential equation involves one or
more derivatives with respect to a particular
variable, that variable is called the
INDEPENDENT VARIABLE. A variable is
called dependent if a derivative of that
variable occurs.

MAT 052 7

Find IV/DV of the following DE.:

DE Independent Dependent
Variable (IV) Variable (DV)
𝑑 𝑖 𝑑𝑖 1
𝐿 + 𝑅 + 𝑖 = 𝐸 cos(𝑡) 𝑡 𝑖
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑐
+ =0 𝑢 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 𝑤
𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0 𝑥 𝑜𝑟 𝑦 𝑥 𝑜𝑟 𝑦
Why? Because we can arrange the equation to this form
𝑑𝑦
𝑥 +𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑦 =0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Or in this form 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑦

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Classification of DE
 Ordinary Differential Equation (ODE):
 a DE involve only ONE independent variable.
 a DE involving ordinary derivatives of one or more
dependent variables.

 Partial Differential Equation (PDE):

 a DE that involve two or more independent
variables.
 a DE involving partial derivatives of one or more
dependent variables with respect to more than
one independent variable.
MAT 052 9

Which one is ODE/PDE?

DE IV ODE/PDE
d y 𝑑𝑦
+ 3𝑥 +𝑒 =0 𝑥 𝑂𝐷𝐸
dx 𝑑𝑥

𝜕 Ω 𝜕 Ω 𝜕 Ω 𝑢 and v
+ = 𝑃𝐷𝐸
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣
𝑥 + =𝑘 𝑥 and y 𝑃𝐷𝐸
cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 − 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑥 or y 𝑂𝐷𝐸
dy 𝑑𝑥
− =𝑥 𝑡 𝑂𝐷𝐸
dt 𝑑𝑡

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Order and Degree of DE

ORDER
 Definition: The order of a DE is the order of
the highest derivative appearing in the
equation.
DEGREE
 Definition: The degree of a DE is given by
the exponent that is raised the highest
derivative that occurs in the equation.

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Order and Degree

NOTE: No order and degree in rational form .

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 Find the order and the degree of the following DE.
DE ORDER DEGREE
d y d y 𝑑𝑦
+3 −2 −𝑦=0 3 1
dx dx 𝑑𝑥
d y 𝑑𝑦
dx
+ 2𝑏
𝑑𝑥
+𝑦 =0 2 4
𝜕Ω 𝜕 Ω
+
𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢𝜕𝑣
=0 2 1
𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 − 𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥 = 0 1 1
𝑑 𝑦   𝑑𝑦
= 1+ 2 6
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
=𝐾 1+ 3 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑦′′ + 𝑦′ =0 2 3
MAT 052 13

𝑑 𝑦   𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
= 1+ =𝐾 1+
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
LCD of denominators (3 and 2):6
𝑑 𝑦   𝑑𝑦
= 1+
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
= 𝐾 1+
𝑑 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
=1+
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑂𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟: 2 =𝐾 1+
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒: 6
𝑂𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟: 3
𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒: 2

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LINEAR OR NONLINEAR
EQUATIONS
 Definition: A linear ODE of order n, in the
independent variable 𝑥 and the dependent
variable 𝑦 is an equation that can be
expressed in the form:

𝑎 𝑥 𝑦 +𝑎 𝑥 𝑦 +. . . +𝑎 𝑥 𝑦 + 𝑎 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑏(𝑥)

where 𝑎 𝑥 ≠ 0.

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Notice that a linear ODE satisfies the

following conditions:
1. The dependent variable 𝑦 and its derivatives
occur to the first degree only.
2. No products of 𝑦 and/or any of its
derivatives appear in the equation.
3. No transcendental functions of 𝑦 and/or its
derivatives occur.

 Definition: Equations that does not satisfy the

above conditions are called nonlinear.
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 Transcendental functions:

 trigonometric functions – 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦, tan 𝑦

 inverse trigonometric functions –
sin 𝑦 , arccot 3𝑦
 exponential function – 𝑒 , 2
 logarithmic function – ln 𝑦 , log 𝑦
 hyperbolic function – sinh 𝑦 , cosh 2𝑦

MAT 052 17

Which one is linear/nonlinear?

DE Linear/ Reason
Nonlinear
1. + 5𝑥 + 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = 0 𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟
2. 𝑦 + 𝑒 = 𝑥 No transcendental functions of 𝑦
𝑁𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟
𝑒 and/or its derivatives occur.
3. x 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 = cos x 𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟
4. + + 7𝑦 = 0 𝑁𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟
𝑑𝑦 DV 𝑦 and its derivatives must
𝑑𝑥 occur to the first degree only.
5. cos 𝑥 𝑦 + 𝑒 𝑦 − 𝑦 = No transcendental functions of
sin y 𝑁𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 sin y
𝑦 and/or its derivatives occur.

6. + =0 𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟
7. = 𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟
8. 𝑦𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 = 0 𝑁𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑦𝑑𝑦 No products of 𝑦 and/or any of its
derivatives appear in the equation.

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General Solution and Particular
Solution
Definition: Solutions obtained from integrating
the differential equations are called general
solutions.

Definition: Particular Solutions are the

solutions obtained by assigning specific values
to the arbitrary constants in the general
solutions.

MAT 052 19

Find the general solution of the DE

.

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Obtain the particular solution of the
DE ; when .

MAT 052 21

Determine which one is a general

solution or a particular solution.
1. 𝑦 = 𝑥 +𝐶 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

2. 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 𝐶𝑥 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

3. + 5𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 9 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

4. 𝑦 = −6𝑥 + 8𝑥 + 2𝑥 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

5. 𝑦 = tan 𝑥 +𝐶 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

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