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First Order ODE Compare coefficients: Forced Oscillations

1. Reduction to Separable Form 𝐴𝐴 = 1, 𝐵𝐵 = 9, 𝐶𝐶 = 36 No force applied:
𝑦𝑦 ∴ 𝑦𝑦𝑝𝑝 (𝑥𝑥) = 𝑥𝑥 2 + 9𝑥𝑥 + 36 𝑚𝑚𝑥𝑥̈ = −𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 = −𝑚𝑚𝜔𝜔2 𝑥𝑥
𝑦𝑦 ′ = 𝑔𝑔 � �
𝑦𝑦
𝑥𝑥
Set to be 𝑣𝑣, then 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 and 𝑦𝑦′ = 𝑣𝑣 + 𝑥𝑥𝑣𝑣 ′ 3. Method of Undetermined Coefficient (Exponential) Force applied:
𝑥𝑥
𝑦𝑦 ′′ − 4𝑦𝑦 ′ + 2𝑦𝑦 = 2𝑥𝑥 3 𝑒𝑒 2𝑥𝑥 𝑚𝑚𝑥𝑥̈ + 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 = 𝐹𝐹0 cos 𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼
2. Linear Change of Variable Try 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑢𝑢𝑒𝑒 2𝑥𝑥 2𝐹𝐹0 /𝑚𝑚 𝛼𝛼 − 𝜔𝜔 𝛼𝛼 + 𝜔𝜔
𝑥𝑥 = 2 sin �� � 𝑡𝑡� sin �� � 𝑡𝑡�
𝑦𝑦 ′ = 𝑓𝑓(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 + 𝑐𝑐) 𝑢𝑢′′ 𝑒𝑒 2𝑥𝑥 − 2𝑢𝑢𝑒𝑒 2𝑥𝑥 = 2𝑥𝑥 3 𝑒𝑒 2𝑥𝑥 𝛼𝛼 − 𝜔𝜔 2 2 2
where 𝑓𝑓 is continuous and 𝑏𝑏 ≠ 0, solve by setting 𝑢𝑢′′ − 2𝑢𝑢 = 2𝑥𝑥 3
𝑢𝑢 = 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 + 𝑐𝑐 Solve using Undetermined Coefficient (Polynomial), 𝑢𝑢 = −𝑥𝑥 3 − 3𝑥𝑥 At resonance (𝛼𝛼 → 𝜔𝜔):
∴ 𝑦𝑦𝑝𝑝 (𝑥𝑥) = (−𝑥𝑥 3 − 3𝑥𝑥)𝑒𝑒 2𝑥𝑥 𝐹𝐹0 𝑡𝑡
𝑥𝑥 = sin(𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔)
Linear First Order ODE 2𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
1. Integrating Factor 4. Method of Undetermined Coefficient (Trigonometry)
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑦𝑦 ′′ + 4𝑦𝑦 = 16𝑥𝑥 sin 2𝑥𝑥 Conservation
+ 𝑃𝑃(𝑥𝑥)𝑦𝑦 = 𝑄𝑄(𝑥𝑥) 𝑑𝑑 1 2
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 Solve instead 𝑧𝑧 + 4𝑧𝑧 = 16𝑥𝑥𝑒𝑒 𝑖𝑖2𝑥𝑥 using Method of Undetermined
′′
𝑚𝑚 � 𝑥𝑥̇ � = −𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
Obtain the integrating factor R, Coefficient (Exponential): 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2
𝑅𝑅(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑒𝑒 ∫ 𝑃𝑃(𝑥𝑥) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1 1
𝑢𝑢′′ + 4𝑖𝑖𝑢𝑢′ = 16𝑥𝑥 𝐸𝐸 = 𝑚𝑚𝑥𝑥̇ 2 + 𝑘𝑘𝑥𝑥 2
Solve by setting: Solve using Undetermined Coefficient (Polynomial), 𝑢𝑢 = −2𝑖𝑖𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑥 and 2 2
𝑅𝑅𝑦𝑦 ′ + 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 or (𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅)′ = 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝑧𝑧 = (−2𝑖𝑖𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑥)𝑒𝑒 𝑖𝑖2𝑥𝑥
Malthus Model
∴ 𝑦𝑦𝑝𝑝 (𝑥𝑥) = 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 = 𝑥𝑥 sin 2𝑥𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑥 2 cos 2𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
2. Reduction to Linear Form (Bernoulli Equation) = (𝐵𝐵 − 𝐷𝐷)𝑁𝑁 = 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝑦𝑦 ′ + 𝑃𝑃(𝑥𝑥)𝑦𝑦 = 𝑄𝑄(𝑥𝑥)𝑦𝑦 𝑛𝑛 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
5. Method of Variations of Parameters 𝑁𝑁(𝑡𝑡) = 𝑁𝑁0 𝑒𝑒 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
Solve by rewriting: 𝑦𝑦𝑝𝑝 (𝑥𝑥) = 𝑢𝑢(𝑥𝑥)𝑦𝑦1 (𝑥𝑥) + 𝑣𝑣(𝑥𝑥)𝑦𝑦2 (𝑥𝑥)
𝑦𝑦 −𝑛𝑛 𝑦𝑦 ′ + 𝑦𝑦1−𝑛𝑛 𝑃𝑃(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑞𝑞(𝑥𝑥) 𝑦𝑦ℎ (𝑥𝑥) = 𝐴𝐴𝑦𝑦1 (𝑥𝑥) + 𝐵𝐵𝑦𝑦2 (𝑥𝑥)
Set 𝑦𝑦1−𝑛𝑛 = 𝑧𝑧, so 𝑧𝑧′ = (1 − 𝑛𝑛)𝑦𝑦 −𝑛𝑛 𝑦𝑦′, Logistic Model
𝑦𝑦2 𝑟𝑟 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑧𝑧 ′ + (1 − 𝑛𝑛)𝑃𝑃(𝑥𝑥)𝑧𝑧 = (1 − 𝑛𝑛)𝑞𝑞(𝑥𝑥) 𝑢𝑢 = − � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 − 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 = 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 − 𝑠𝑠𝑁𝑁 2
𝑦𝑦1 𝑦𝑦2′ − 𝑦𝑦1 ′𝑦𝑦2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑦𝑦1 𝑟𝑟 𝐵𝐵
Linear Second Order Homogenous ODE 𝑣𝑣 = � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑁𝑁∞ =
𝑦𝑦1 𝑦𝑦2′ − 𝑦𝑦1 ′𝑦𝑦2 𝑠𝑠
1. Characteristic Equation 𝐵𝐵
𝑦𝑦 ′′ + 𝑎𝑎𝑦𝑦 ′ + 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 = 0 has the characteristic equation: 𝑁𝑁(𝑡𝑡) = ↔ 𝑁𝑁(𝑡𝑡) < 𝑁𝑁∞
𝐵𝐵
𝜆𝜆2 + 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏 = 0 𝑠𝑠 + � − 𝑠𝑠� 𝑒𝑒 −𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵
𝑁𝑁0
1 Simple Harmonic Motion
𝜆𝜆1 𝜆𝜆2 = (−𝑎𝑎 ± �𝑎𝑎2 − 4𝑏𝑏 ) 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝜃𝜃̈ = −𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 sin 𝜃𝜃 𝐵𝐵
2 𝑁𝑁(𝑡𝑡) = ↔ 𝑁𝑁(𝑡𝑡) > 𝑁𝑁∞
2𝜋𝜋 𝐵𝐵
= 2𝜋𝜋�𝐿𝐿/𝑔𝑔 𝑠𝑠 − �𝑠𝑠 − � 𝑒𝑒 −𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵
𝜔𝜔 𝑁𝑁0
2. Distinct Roots
𝑦𝑦 = 𝐴𝐴𝑒𝑒 𝜆𝜆1 𝑥𝑥 + 𝐵𝐵𝑒𝑒 𝜆𝜆2 𝑥𝑥
Unstable Equilibrium (𝜃𝜃 = 𝜋𝜋): Logistic Model with Harvesting
sin 𝜃𝜃 ≈ −(𝜃𝜃 − 𝜋𝜋) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
3. Real Double Roots = 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 − 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 − 𝐸𝐸 = 𝑁𝑁(𝐵𝐵 − 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠) − 𝐸𝐸
𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝜃𝜃̈ = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚(𝜃𝜃 − 𝜋𝜋) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑦𝑦 = (𝐴𝐴 + 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵)𝑒𝑒 − 2 Population wiped out:
𝜃𝜃 − 𝜋𝜋 = 𝐴𝐴𝑒𝑒 ��𝑔𝑔/𝐿𝐿�𝑡𝑡 + 𝐵𝐵𝑒𝑒 −��𝑔𝑔/𝐿𝐿�𝑡𝑡
𝐵𝐵 2
𝑎𝑎 𝐸𝐸 >
4. Complex Roots (𝜆𝜆1 𝜆𝜆2 = ± 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖) Stable Equilibrium (𝜃𝜃 = 0): 4𝑠𝑠
2
𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
𝑦𝑦 = (𝐴𝐴 cos 𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 + 𝐵𝐵 sin 𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔)𝑒𝑒 − 2 sin 𝜃𝜃 ≈ 𝜃𝜃
Population at stable equilibrium 𝛽𝛽2 ↔ 𝛽𝛽2 > 𝛽𝛽1:
𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝜃𝜃̈ = −𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝐵𝐵 2
𝑔𝑔 𝐸𝐸 <
Linear Second Order Nonhomogeneous ODE 𝜃𝜃̈ = − 𝜃𝜃 = −𝜔𝜔2 𝜃𝜃 4𝑠𝑠
1. General Solution 𝐿𝐿
𝜃𝜃 = 𝐴𝐴 cos 𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 + 𝐵𝐵 sin 𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 or 𝜃𝜃 = 𝐴𝐴 cos(𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 − 𝛿𝛿) −𝐵𝐵 ± √𝐵𝐵 2 − 4𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸
𝑦𝑦 ′′ + 𝑃𝑃(𝑥𝑥)𝑦𝑦 ′ + 𝑄𝑄(𝑥𝑥)𝑦𝑦 = 𝑅𝑅(𝑥𝑥) 𝛽𝛽1 𝛽𝛽2 =
𝑦𝑦(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑦𝑦ℎ (𝑥𝑥) + 𝑦𝑦𝑝𝑝 (𝑥𝑥) −2𝑠𝑠
Damping:
For a SHM with equation: Population at unstable equilibrium:
2. Method of Undetermined Coefficient (Polynomial)
𝐴𝐴𝑥𝑥̈ + 𝐵𝐵𝑥𝑥̇ + 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 = 0 𝐵𝐵 2
𝑦𝑦 ′′ + 𝑎𝑎𝑦𝑦 ′ + 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑥 + 2 𝐸𝐸 =
2
Try 𝑦𝑦 = 𝐴𝐴𝑥𝑥 + 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 + 𝐶𝐶: 4𝑠𝑠
Underdamped if 𝐵𝐵 2 − 4𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 < 0
𝐴𝐴𝑥𝑥 2 + (𝐵𝐵 − 8𝐴𝐴)𝑥𝑥 + 2𝐴𝐴 − 4𝐵𝐵 + 𝐶𝐶 = 𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑥 + 2
Critically damped if 𝐵𝐵 2 − 4𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 0
Overdamped if 𝐵𝐵 2 − 4𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 > 0
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Wave Equation Laplace Transformation of Derivatives Integration and Differentiation Techniques

𝜕𝜕 2 𝑦𝑦 𝜕𝜕 2 𝑦𝑦 ℒ(𝑓𝑓 ′ ) 𝑠𝑠ℒ(𝑓𝑓) − 𝑓𝑓(0) 𝒇𝒇(𝒙𝒙) 𝒇𝒇′(𝒙𝒙)
𝑐𝑐 2 2 = 2 1
𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥 𝜕𝜕𝑡𝑡 ℒ(𝑓𝑓 ′′ ) 𝑠𝑠 2 ℒ(𝑓𝑓) − 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠(0) − 𝑓𝑓′(0) sin−1 𝑥𝑥
1 ℒ(𝑓𝑓 ′′′ ) 𝑠𝑠 3 ℒ(𝑓𝑓) − 𝑠𝑠 2 𝑓𝑓(0) − 𝑠𝑠𝑓𝑓 ′ (0) − 𝑓𝑓′′(0)
𝑦𝑦(𝑡𝑡, 𝑥𝑥) = [𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥 + 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐) + 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥 − 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐)] √1 − 𝑥𝑥 2
2 cos −1 𝑥𝑥 1
Laplace Transformation of Integrals −
Heat Equation 𝑡𝑡 √1 − 𝑥𝑥 2
1 tan−1 𝑥𝑥 1
2
𝑢𝑢𝑡𝑡 = 𝑐𝑐 𝑢𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 ℒ �� 𝑓𝑓(𝜏𝜏)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑� = ℒ(𝑓𝑓)
0 𝑠𝑠 1 + 𝑥𝑥 2
𝑢𝑢(0, 𝑡𝑡) = 𝑢𝑢(𝐿𝐿, 𝑡𝑡) = 0
csc 𝑥𝑥 csc 𝑥𝑥 cot 𝑥𝑥
𝑢𝑢(𝑥𝑥, 0) = 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)
Trigonometric Identities sec 𝑥𝑥 sec 𝑥𝑥 tan 𝑥𝑥
1 1 sinh−1 𝑥𝑥 1
Laplace Transformation csc 𝑥𝑥 = sec 𝑥𝑥 =
1 1 sin 𝑥𝑥 cos 𝑥𝑥 √1 + 𝑥𝑥 2
ℒ(1) = ℒ(𝑒𝑒 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 ) = sin 𝑥𝑥 cos 𝑥𝑥 1
𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠 − 𝑎𝑎 tan 𝑥𝑥 = cot 𝑥𝑥 = cosh−1 𝑥𝑥
cos 𝑥𝑥 sin 𝑥𝑥 ±
𝑛𝑛! √𝜋𝜋 √𝑥𝑥 2 − 1
ℒ(𝑡𝑡 𝑛𝑛 ) = 𝑛𝑛+1 ℒ�√𝑡𝑡� = 3/2 sin(𝐴𝐴 ± 𝐵𝐵) = sin 𝐴𝐴 cos 𝐵𝐵 ± cos 𝐴𝐴 sin 𝐵𝐵 1
𝑠𝑠 2𝑠𝑠 tanh−1 𝑥𝑥
𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑎 cos(𝐴𝐴 ± 𝐵𝐵) = cos 𝐴𝐴 cos 𝐵𝐵 ∓ sin 𝐴𝐴 sin 𝐵𝐵
1 − 𝑥𝑥 2
ℒ(cosh 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎) = 2 ℒ(sinh 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎) = 2 tan 𝐴𝐴 ± tan 𝐵𝐵 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)𝑔𝑔′ (𝑥𝑥) + 𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥)𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥)
𝑠𝑠 − 𝑎𝑎2 𝑠𝑠 − 𝑎𝑎2 tan(𝐴𝐴 ± 𝐵𝐵) =
𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑎 1 ∓ tan 𝐴𝐴 tan 𝐵𝐵 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥)𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥) − 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)𝑔𝑔′ (𝑥𝑥)
ℒ(cos 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎) = 2 ℒ(sin 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎) = 2 sin 2𝐴𝐴 = 2 sin 𝐴𝐴 cos 𝐴𝐴
𝑠𝑠 + 𝑎𝑎2 𝑠𝑠 + 𝑎𝑎2 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) 𝑔𝑔2 (𝑥𝑥)
𝑠𝑠 2 − 𝑎𝑎2 cos 2𝐴𝐴 = cos 2 𝐴𝐴 − sin2 𝐴𝐴 = 2 cos 2 𝐴𝐴 − 1 = 1 − 2 sin2 𝐴𝐴
ℒ(𝑡𝑡 cos 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎) = 2 2 tan 𝐴𝐴
(𝑠𝑠 + 𝑎𝑎2 )2 tan 2𝐴𝐴 = 𝒇𝒇(𝒙𝒙) ∫ 𝒇𝒇(𝒙𝒙) 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
2𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 1 − tan2 𝐴𝐴 1 𝑥𝑥
ℒ(𝑡𝑡 sin 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎) = 2 𝐴𝐴 + 𝐵𝐵 𝐴𝐴 − 𝐵𝐵 sin−1 � �
(𝑠𝑠 + 𝑎𝑎2 )2 sin 𝐴𝐴 + sin 𝐵𝐵 = 2 sin cos 𝑎𝑎
2 2 √𝑎𝑎2 − 𝑥𝑥 2
𝑠𝑠(𝑠𝑠 2 − 𝑎𝑎2 ) 𝐴𝐴 − 𝐵𝐵 𝐴𝐴 + 𝐵𝐵 1 1 𝑥𝑥
ℒ(cos 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 − 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 sin 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎) = 2 sin 𝐴𝐴 − sin 𝐵𝐵 = 2 sin cos
−1
tan � �
(𝑠𝑠 + 𝑎𝑎2 )2 𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑎𝑎2 𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎
2 2
𝑠𝑠(𝑠𝑠 2 + 3𝑎𝑎2 ) 𝐴𝐴 + 𝐵𝐵 𝐴𝐴 − 𝐵𝐵 tan 𝑥𝑥 ln(sin 𝑥𝑥)
ℒ(cos 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 + 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 sin 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎) = cos 𝐴𝐴 + cos 𝐵𝐵 = 2 cos cos
(𝑠𝑠 2 + 𝑎𝑎2 )2 2 2 csc 𝑥𝑥 − ln(csc 𝑥𝑥 + cot 𝑥𝑥)
2𝑎𝑎3 𝐴𝐴 + 𝐵𝐵 𝐴𝐴 − 𝐵𝐵 sec 𝑥𝑥 ln(sec 𝑥𝑥 + tan 𝑥𝑥)
ℒ(sin 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 − 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 cos 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎) = 2 cos 𝐴𝐴 − cos 𝐵𝐵 = −2 sin sin 𝑥𝑥 sin 2𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
(𝑠𝑠 + 𝑎𝑎2 )2 2 2 sin2 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
1 −
2𝑎𝑎2 sin 𝐴𝐴 sin 𝐵𝐵 = [cos(𝐴𝐴 − 𝐵𝐵) − cos(𝐴𝐴 + 𝐵𝐵)] 2 4𝑥𝑥
ℒ(sin 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 + 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 cos 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎) = 2 2 cos 2 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑥𝑥 sin 2𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
(𝑠𝑠 + 𝑎𝑎2 )2 1 +
𝑠𝑠 sin 𝑏𝑏 + 𝑎𝑎 cos 𝑏𝑏 cos 𝐴𝐴 cos 𝐵𝐵 = [cos(𝐴𝐴 − 𝐵𝐵) + cos(𝐴𝐴 + 𝐵𝐵)] 2 4𝑥𝑥
ℒ(sin(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏)) = 2 1 1 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑎𝑎
𝑠𝑠 2 + 𝑎𝑎2 1 ln
𝑠𝑠 cos 𝑏𝑏 − 𝑎𝑎 sin 𝑏𝑏 sin 𝐴𝐴 cos 𝐵𝐵 = [sin(𝐴𝐴 + 𝐵𝐵) + sin(𝐴𝐴 − 𝐵𝐵)] 𝑎𝑎2 − 𝑥𝑥 2 2𝑎𝑎 𝑥𝑥 − 𝑎𝑎
ℒ(cos(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏)) = 2 1 1 𝑥𝑥 − 𝑎𝑎
𝑠𝑠 2 + 𝑎𝑎2 1 ln
𝑛𝑛! cos 𝐴𝐴 sin 𝐵𝐵 = [sin(𝐴𝐴 + 𝐵𝐵) − sin(𝐴𝐴 − 𝐵𝐵)] 𝑥𝑥 2 − 𝑎𝑎2 2𝑎𝑎 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑎𝑎
ℒ(𝑒𝑒 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑡𝑡 𝑛𝑛 ) = 2 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢′ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 − ∫ 𝑢𝑢′𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣
(𝑠𝑠 − 𝑎𝑎)𝑛𝑛+1
𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
𝑠𝑠 − 𝑎𝑎
ℒ(𝑒𝑒 cos 𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔) = Hyperbolic Functions Partial Fractions
(𝑠𝑠 − 𝑎𝑎)2 + 𝜔𝜔 2 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑒𝑒 −𝑥𝑥 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 − 𝑒𝑒 −𝑥𝑥
𝜔𝜔 cosh 𝑥𝑥 = sinh 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 + 𝑞𝑞 𝐴𝐴 𝐵𝐵
ℒ(𝑒𝑒 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 sin 𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔) = 2 2 = +
(𝑠𝑠 − 𝑎𝑎)2 + 𝜔𝜔 2 (𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏)(𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 + 𝑑𝑑) 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 + 𝑑𝑑
𝑠𝑠 − 𝑎𝑎 sinh−1 𝑥𝑥 = ln �𝑥𝑥 + �𝑥𝑥 2 + 1� cosh−1 𝑥𝑥 = ln �𝑥𝑥 ± �𝑥𝑥 2 − 1� 𝑝𝑝𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞 + 𝑟𝑟 𝐴𝐴 𝐵𝐵 𝐶𝐶
ℒ(𝑒𝑒 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 cosh 𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔) = = + +
(𝑠𝑠 − 𝑎𝑎)2 − 𝜔𝜔 2 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 − 𝑒𝑒 −𝑥𝑥 𝑒𝑒 2𝑥𝑥 − 1 (𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏)(𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 + 𝑑𝑑)2 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 + 𝑑𝑑 (𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 + 𝑑𝑑)2
𝜔𝜔 tanh 𝑥𝑥 = = 𝑝𝑝𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞 + 𝑟𝑟 𝐴𝐴 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 + 𝐶𝐶
ℒ(𝑒𝑒 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 sinh 𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔) = 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑒𝑒 −𝑥𝑥 𝑒𝑒 2𝑥𝑥 + 1
(𝑠𝑠 − 𝑎𝑎)2 − 𝜔𝜔 2 1 1 + 𝑥𝑥 = +
tanh−1 𝑥𝑥 = ln (𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏)(𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑐𝑐 2 ) 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏 𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑐𝑐 2
ℒ(𝑓𝑓(𝑡𝑡 − 𝑎𝑎)𝑢𝑢(𝑡𝑡 − 𝑎𝑎)) = 𝑒𝑒 −𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 ℒ(𝑓𝑓(𝑡𝑡)) 2 1 − 𝑥𝑥 3. Solve to obtain 𝑋𝑋(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑎𝑎 cos √−𝑘𝑘𝑥𝑥 + 𝑏𝑏 sin √−𝑘𝑘𝑥𝑥 and 𝑌𝑌(𝑦𝑦) = 𝐴𝐴𝑒𝑒 2𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝑒𝑒 −𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
∴ ℒ(𝑢𝑢(𝑡𝑡 − 𝑎𝑎)) = 4. Using boundary conditions, 𝑋𝑋(0) = 𝑎𝑎 = 0, 𝑋𝑋(3) = 𝑏𝑏 sin 3√−𝑘𝑘 = 0
𝑠𝑠 Partial Differential Equation 2𝑛𝑛2 𝜋𝜋2 𝑦𝑦
𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 −𝑛𝑛2 𝜋𝜋2 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛
ℒ(𝛿𝛿(𝑡𝑡 − 𝑎𝑎)) = 𝑒𝑒 −𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑢𝑢𝑦𝑦 = 2𝑢𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 , 𝑢𝑢(0, 𝑡𝑡) = 𝑢𝑢(3, 𝑡𝑡) = 0, 𝑢𝑢(𝑥𝑥, 0) = 5 sin 4𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 5. √−𝑘𝑘 = 3 , 𝑘𝑘 = 9 , ∴ 𝑢𝑢𝑛𝑛 (𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) = 𝑏𝑏𝑛𝑛 𝑒𝑒
−
9 sin
−1 (1) 3
∴ ℒ = 𝛿𝛿(𝑡𝑡) 1. Set 𝑢𝑢(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) = 𝑋𝑋(𝑥𝑥)𝑌𝑌(𝑦𝑦), 𝑢𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 = 𝑋𝑋 ′′ (𝑥𝑥)𝑌𝑌(𝑦𝑦) and 𝑢𝑢𝑦𝑦 = 𝑋𝑋(𝑥𝑥)𝑌𝑌′(𝑦𝑦) 6. ∵ 𝑢𝑢(𝑥𝑥, 0) = 5 sin 4𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 , 𝑛𝑛 = 12
2. Substitute 𝑢𝑢, 𝑢𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 and 𝑢𝑢𝑦𝑦 into equation to obtain 7.
2
∴ 𝑢𝑢𝑝𝑝 (𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) = 5𝑒𝑒 −32𝜋𝜋 𝑦𝑦 sin 4𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋
𝑋𝑋 ′′ − 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 = 0 and 𝑌𝑌 ′ − 2𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 = 0