The Cell Cycle: Mitosis and Meiosis

Interphase
Meiosis and Mitosis
Cytokinesis
Cancer Cells
Disorders and disease related cell cycle
malfunction
Careers related to biology

General Biology 1: Cell Cycle TEACHER: BRYAN VILL’Z

 At the end of this module, you should be able to:
▪ characterize the phases of the cell cycle and their control
points;
▪ describe the stages of mitosis/meiosis given 2n=6;
▪ explain the significance or applications of mitosis/meiosis; and
▪ identify disorders and diseases that result from the
malfunction of the cell during the cell cycle.

General Biology 1: Cell Cycle TEACHER: BRYAN VILL’Z

 ▪ Cellular reproduction is
one essential process that
takes place in the cell.

General Biology 1: Cell Cycle TEACHER: BRYAN VILL’Z

 The cell cycle is the process of cell
reproduction and it was a fairly
complicated one.

General Biology 1: Cell Cycle TEACHER: BRYAN VILL’Z

 STAGES OF CELL CYCLE
Interphase
Occurs in somatic Occurs in gametes
cell or body cells or sex cells
Mitosis Cell regulation cycle or Meiosis I
Nucleus checkpoints.
Meiosis II

Cytokinesis
Cytoplasm

General Biology 1: Cell Cycle TEACHER: BRYAN VILL’Z

 STAGES OF CELL CYCLE
Interphase

GAP I Gap II

Synthesis

The stage during which cells grows, carries out cellular functions, and
replicates.

General Biology 1: Cell Cycle TEACHER: BRYAN VILL’Z

 Gap I (GI)

▪ cell grows and performs it normal

metabolic functions
▪ increase their size, as their
organelles increase in number.
▪ cells spend most of their life cycle
in this phase.

General Biology 1: Cell Cycle TEACHER: BRYAN VILL’Z

 Synthesis (S)
▪ DNA is replicated

General Biology 1: Cell Cycle TEACHER: BRYAN VILL’Z

 Gap II (GII)
▪ the cell continues to carry-out their
functions and also undergo further
growth
▪ prepares for mitosis or the division
of nucleus
▪ the stage where critical checkpoint
happens, this stage makes sure that
everything is order, correct sizing
and duplicating of DNA without
damage

General Biology 1: Cell Cycle TEACHER: BRYAN VILL’Z

 STAGES OF CELL CYCLE
Mitosis

Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase

▪ occurs in the nucleus

▪ division of nucleus and the genetic material
▪ formation of two daughter cells

General Biology 1: Cell Cycle TEACHER: BRYAN VILL’Z

General Biology 1: Cell Cycle TEACHER: BRYAN VILL’Z
General Biology 1: Cell Cycle TEACHER: BRYAN VILL’Z
 Prophase: Start of Mitosis
▪ chromatin condenses into
tightly coiled chromosomes
▪ at the end of prophase, nuclear
membrane disintegrates
▪ nucleolus disappear
▪ microtubules called spindle
fibers form in the cytoplasm
▪ centrosomes move to opposite
poles

General Biology 1: Cell Cycle TEACHER: BRYAN VILL’Z

General Biology 1: Cell Cycle TEACHER: BRYAN VILL’Z
 Metaphase: Chromosomes at the center

▪ the spindle fibers attached

to the kinetochore of the
sister chromatids facilitates
movement of chromosomes
towards the middle of the
cells
▪ the chromosomes line up
along a plane equidistant
from a micro tubule region
called metaphase plate

General Biology 1: Cell Cycle TEACHER: BRYAN VILL’Z

 Metaphase: Chromosomes at the center

▪ the spindle fibers attached

to the kinetochore of the
sister chromatids facilitates
movement of chromosomes
towards the middle of the
cells
▪ the chromosomes line up
along a plane equidistant
from a micro tubule region
called metaphase plate

General Biology 1: Cell Cycle TEACHER: BRYAN VILL’Z

 Anaphase: Chromatids to Opposite poles

▪ chromatids are tightly

paired due to centromere
and protein cohesion
▪ sister chromatids separate
from each other
▪ spindle fibers begin to
shorten to pull the sister
chromatids away from each
other toward the opposite
end of the cell

General Biology 1: Cell Cycle TEACHER: BRYAN VILL’Z

 Anaphase: Chromatids to Opposite poles

▪ chromatids are tightly

paired due to centromere
and protein cohesion
▪ sister chromatids separate
from each other
▪ spindle fibers begin to
shorten to pull the sister
chromatids away from each
other toward the opposite
end of the cell

General Biology 1: Cell Cycle TEACHER: BRYAN VILL’Z

 Telophase: Reformation of Nuclei

▪ the two complete sets of

identical chromosomes are
now positioned at each pole
of the cell, and the reverse
of the major events in
prophase happen

General Biology 1: Cell Cycle TEACHER: BRYAN VILL’Z

 Telophase: Reformation of Nuclei

▪ microtubules and spindle

fibers are no longer
needed, it disintegrates
▪ small fragments and
protein molecules scattered
in the cytoplasm rebuild
nuclear membrane around
each set of chromosomes

General Biology 1: Cell Cycle TEACHER: BRYAN VILL’Z

 Telophase: Reformation of Nuclei

▪ chromosomes begin to
uncoil or become less
condensed.
▪ the chromosome structure
is loose to allow DNA to be
accessible again.
▪ chromosomes are no
longer visible

General Biology 1: Cell Cycle TEACHER: BRYAN VILL’Z

General Biology 1: Cell Cycle TEACHER: BRYAN VILL’Z
General Biology 1: Cell Cycle TEACHER: BRYAN VILL’Z
General Biology 1: Cell Cycle TEACHER: BRYAN VILL’Z
General Biology 1: Cell Cycle TEACHER: BRYAN VILL’Z
General Biology 1: Cell Cycle TEACHER: BRYAN VILL’Z
General Biology 1: Cell Cycle TEACHER: BRYAN VILL’Z
General Biology 1: Cell Cycle TEACHER: BRYAN VILL’Z
 Common cell life span
Cell Type Approximate Life Span
Skin cell 14 days
Red blood cell 120 days
Liver cell 300-500 day
Internal lining of intestine 4-5 days

Smooth muscle of intestine 16 years

General Biology 1: Cell Cycle TEACHER: BRYAN VILL’Z

 Regulation of the Cell Cycle

▪ cell growth and division must

be coordinated all the time
▪ cells do not divide in
situations where nutrient are
in short supply

General Biology 1: Cell Cycle TEACHER: BRYAN VILL’Z

 External Factors
there are receptors found on neighboring cells binding each other
and causing the cell’s cytoplasm to form structures that can block
the signals, thus, stopping the continuous division

chemical signals released by the cell such as growth factors

provide instructions for other cells to grow

General Biology 1: Cell Cycle TEACHER: BRYAN VILL’Z

 Internal Factors

▪ come from inside the cell that includes several types

of molecules in its cytoplasm

▪ the most well studied internal factors in the eukaryotic

cell are kinases and cyclins

General Biology 1: Cell Cycle TEACHER: BRYAN VILL’Z

 ▪ Kinase is an enzyme that
transfers a phosphate group
from one molecule to the
target molecule, it
accelerates the energy of the
target molecule or change its
shape.
▪ It can be activated by a group
of proteins called cyclins.

General Biology 1: Cell Cycle TEACHER: BRYAN VILL’Z

 G1 checkpoint, prevents the
cell from starting the S stage,
until a growth-promoting
signal has been received, and
the cell has achieved optimum
size for growing daughter
cells.

General Biology 1: Cell Cycle TEACHER: BRYAN VILL’Z

 ▪ G2 checkpoint,
verifies that the
cell’s DNA has
been copied
before mitosis can
occur

General Biology 1: Cell Cycle TEACHER: BRYAN VILL’Z

 ▪ Metaphase
checkpoint,
assure that every
kinetochore and
chromatid have
been attached to
spindle fiber before
proceeding to
anaphase

General Biology 1: Cell Cycle TEACHER: BRYAN VILL’Z

 ▪ M checkpoint,
ensures that
daughter cells have
received the
correct number of
chromatids in both
nuclei

General Biology 1: Cell Cycle TEACHER: BRYAN VILL’Z

 The orderly programmed
cell death, suicide or self-
destruction is called
apoptosis, which is
different from unintentional
cell death caused by
mechanical injury or
infections among cells.

General Biology 1: Cell Cycle TEACHER: BRYAN VILL’Z

 Apoptosis
▪ the nucleus of an
apoptotic cells shrinks
▪ its chromosomes
disintegrate into small
pieces
▪ mitochondria stop
supplying energy

General Biology 1: Cell Cycle TEACHER: BRYAN VILL’Z

General Biology 1: Cell Cycle TEACHER: BRYAN VILL’Z
General Biology 1: Cell Cycle TEACHER: BRYAN VILL’Z
 STAGES OF CELL CYCLE
Interphase
Occurs in somatic Occurs in gametes
cell or body cells or sex cells
Mitosis Cell regulation cycle or Meiosis I
Nucleus checkpoints.
Meiosis II

Cytokinesis
Cytoplasm

General Biology 1: Cell Cycle TEACHER: BRYAN VILL’Z

 STAGES OF CELL CYCLE
Meiosis

Meiosis I Meiosis II
Prophase 1 Prophase 1I

Metaphase 1 Metaphase I1

Anaphase 1 Anaphase I1

Telophase 1 Telophase I1

Cytokinesis
General Biology 1: Cell Cycle TEACHER: BRYAN VILL’Z
 MEIOSIS: GAMETES OR SEX CELLS DIVISION

General Biology 1: Cell Cycle TEACHER: BRYAN VILL’Z

 MEIOSIS: GAMETES OR SEX CELLS DIVISION
▪ With the advancements in
technology, it is now possible
to select a Y-carrying (male)
or an X-carrying (female)
sperm cell, a process
referred as sperm sorting.

General Biology 1: Cell Cycle TEACHER: BRYAN VILL’Z

 Both sperm cell and egg cell are
produced in a type of cell division
called meiosis

General Biology 1: Cell Cycle TEACHER: BRYAN VILL’Z

 ▪ The sex cells produced in
meiosis are haploid cells
because they contain only
the half number of
chromosomes.

▪ A haploid cell is
represented with the
symbol n.

General Biology 1: Cell Cycle TEACHER: BRYAN VILL’Z

 ▪ Sperm cells in the testis
are formed in meiosis
through a process
called
spermatogenesis, while
in females, egg cells in
the ovary are formed in
meiosis through
oogenesis.

General Biology 1: Cell Cycle TEACHER: BRYAN VILL’Z

 ▪ During meiosis, homologous chromosomes separate, and the
haploid cells that form have only one chromosome from
each pair.

▪ Two cell divisions occur during meiosis, and a total of four

haploid cells are produced.

▪ The two cell divisions are called meiosis I and meiosis II.

General Biology 1: Cell Cycle TEACHER: BRYAN VILL’Z

 Meiosis I: Prophase 1
▪ The nuclear envelope begins
to break down, and the
chromosomes condense

▪ Centrioles start moving to

opposite poles of the cell,
and a spindle begins to form

General Biology 1: Cell Cycle TEACHER: BRYAN VILL’Z

 ▪ Homologous chromosomes
pair up, which is unique to
prophase I

▪ crossing over happens

where the homologous
chromosomes pair up with
each other and exchange
different segments of
genetic material to form
recombinant chromosomes

General Biology 1: Cell Cycle TEACHER: BRYAN VILL’Z

 Metaphase I
▪ Spindle fibers attach to the
paired homologous
chromosomes

▪ paired chromosomes line up

along the equator of the cell

▪ in metaphase of mitosis and

meiosis II, it is sister
chromatids that line up along
the equator of the cell.

General Biology 1: Cell Cycle TEACHER: BRYAN VILL’Z

 Anaphase I
▪ spindle fibers shorten, and the
chromosomes of each
homologous pair start to separate
from each other

▪ one chromosome of each pair

moves toward one pole of the cell,
and the other chromosome moves
toward the opposite pole

General Biology 1: Cell Cycle TEACHER: BRYAN VILL’Z

 Telophase I and Cytokinesis
▪ the spindle breaks down, and
new nuclear membranes form

▪ cytoplasm of the cell divides

and two haploid daughter cells
result

▪ daughter cells each have a

random assortment of
chromosomes with one from
each homologous pair

General Biology 1: Cell Cycle TEACHER: BRYAN VILL’Z

General Biology 1: Cell Cycle TEACHER: BRYAN VILL’Z
 MEIOSIS II: Prophase II
▪ the nuclear envelope breaks
down and the spindle begins
to form in each haploid
daughter cell from meiosis I.

▪ centrioles also start to

separate

General Biology 1: Cell Cycle TEACHER: BRYAN VILL’Z

 MEIOSIS II: Metaphase II
▪ spindle fibers line up the
sister chromatids of each
chromosome along the
equator of the cell.

General Biology 1: Cell Cycle TEACHER: BRYAN VILL’Z

 MEIOSIS II: Anaphase II

▪ sister Chromatids
separate and move to
opposite poles

General Biology 1: Cell Cycle TEACHER: BRYAN VILL’Z

 Telophase II and Cytokinesis
▪ spindle breaks down, and
new nuclear membranes
form

▪ cytoplasm of each cell

divides, and four haploid cells
result

▪ each cell has a unique

combination of chromosomes

General Biology 1: Cell Cycle TEACHER: BRYAN VILL’Z

General Biology 1: Cell Cycle TEACHER: BRYAN VILL’Z
 SIGNIFICANCE OF MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS
▪ Mitosis plays a significant role in the development of embryos as
well as for the growth of our bodies.

▪ When we are wounded or when our body needs healing, new cells
are created to replace those that were damaged through mitosis.

▪ To replace lost arms starfish, use mitosis.

General Biology 1: Cell Cycle TEACHER: BRYAN VILL’Z

 SIGNIFICANCE OF MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS
▪ Hydra use mitosis to produce genetically identical offspring.

▪ Meiosis plays a significant role in preparing the cells needed for

sexual reproduction. Without it, life will not perpetuate.

▪ Meiosis ensures that all organisms contain the correct number of

chromosomes which lessen the probability of birth defects or
disorders.

General Biology 1: Cell Cycle TEACHER: BRYAN VILL’Z

 CANCER CELLS
▪ Cancer refers to a group of
diseases characterized by
uncontrolled and abnormal
cell division.

General Biology 1: Cell Cycle TEACHER: BRYAN VILL’Z

General Biology 1: Cell Cycle TEACHER: BRYAN VILL’Z
General Biology 1: Cell Cycle TEACHER: BRYAN VILL’Z
General Biology 1: Cell Cycle TEACHER: BRYAN VILL’Z