See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/341780898

Analysis of Overvoltages on Power Transformer Recorded by

Transient Overvoltage Monitoring System

Chapter · May 2020

DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-5600-5_8

CITATION READS

1 247

6 authors, including:

Božidar Filipović-Grčić Bruno Jurisic

University of Zagreb Končar Electrical Engineering Institute
209 PUBLICATIONS   482 CITATIONS    45 PUBLICATIONS   113 CITATIONS   

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

Samir Keitoue Ivan Murat

Končar Electrical Engineering Institute Končar Electrical Engineering Institute
12 PUBLICATIONS   51 CITATIONS    13 PUBLICATIONS   51 CITATIONS   

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:

CIGRE WG C4.45 Technical Brochure: Measuring techniques and characteristics of fast and very fast transient overvoltages in substations and
converter stations View project

Emergent Phenomena Testbed Simulator for Improving SCADA Performance in Power System Security Management View project

All content following this page was uploaded by Božidar Filipović-Grčić on 31 May 2020.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

 Analysis of Overvoltages on Power
Author Proof

Transformer Recorded by Transient

Overvoltage Monitoring System

F
Bozidar Filipovic-Grcic, Bruno Jurisic, Samir Keitoue, Ivan Murat,

OO
Dalibor Filipovic-Grcic, and Alan Zupan

1 Abstract In this paper, an on-line transient overvoltage monitoring system (TOMS)

2 for power transformers is used for measurement of overvoltages on the transformer

PR
3 bushing tap. The focus of the paper is on the analysis of transient overvoltages caused
4 by lightning strikes recorded at the terminals of power transformer. Several recorded
5 overvoltages are analyzed and their amplitudes and frequency spectrum are presented
6 and compared with those referring to standard impulse voltages from IEC standard.
7 Collected data include number, peak and duration of recorded transient overvolt-
ED
8 ages and can be used for the assessment of the transformer insulation condition and
9 estimation of health index. Data recorded by TOMS are also of significant impor-
10 tance since the insulation system of power transformer and other equipment in the
11 substation can be damaged by lightning or switching overvoltages.
CT

12 Keywords Monitoring system · Power transformer · Lightning overvoltages ·

13 Frequency spectrum · Insulation

14 1 Introduction
E

15 Power transformers are subjected to various transients often caused by lightning or

RR

16 switching operations. Transformer insulation is tested with the standard lighting and
17 switching impulses in high voltage laboratory. However, in the operation various
18 non-standard waveforms stress insulation. Front and tail time of the overvoltages
19 at transformer terminals measured in operation differ from the standard ones, and
20 the waveshapes can be oscillatory contrary to the standard unidirectional double
CO

B. Filipovic-Grcic (B)
Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
e-mail: bozidar.filipovic-grcic@fer.hr
B. Jurisic · S. Keitoue · I. Murat · D. Filipovic-Grcic
UN

Končar - Electrical Engineering Institute Inc., Zagreb, Croatia

A. Zupan
Croatian Transmission System Operator Ltd., Kupska 4, Zagreb, Croatia

© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2020 1

B. Trkulja et al. (eds.), 5th International Colloquium on Transformer Research
and Asset Management, Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering 671,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5600-5_8

471782_1_En_8_Chapter X TYPESET DISK LE X CP Disp.:30/5/2020 Pages: 18 Layout: T1-Standard

 2 B. Filipovic-Grcic et al.

exponentials [1]. Standard lightning impulse and switching impulse test voltages
Author Proof

21

22 have been questioned as they should be based on the actual overvoltages measured
23 in service [2, 3] which can be acquired via appropriate monitoring system.
24 Many investigations have been carried out to study the electric aging of oil-paper
25 insulation, including the research on the accumulative effect of repeated lightning

OF
26 impulses in power transformers [4–11]. The work presented in [11] reveals that the
27 accumulation of repeated lightning impulses may lead to the breakdown of insula-
28 tion and thus threaten the safe operation of power system. Although many studies
29 have been focused on the influence of accumulative effect, the basic mechanism still
30 has not been clearly clarified, hence it’s necessary to study the influence of accumu-

RO
31 lative effect on property of oil impregnated paper (OIP) insulation and explore its
32 mechanisms. In [12], the research shows significant influence of repeated lightning
33 impulses on OIP samples and confirmed the existence of accumulative effect. The
34 repeated application of lightning impulses will weaken performance of OIP insula-
35 tion and could eventually lead to breakdown. During the tests, translucent gelatinous
36

37

38

39
DP
substance was detected and the colour of OIP changed on the sample surface, which
can be attributed to the variation of cellulose paper itself. With the accumulation of
repeated lightning impulses, the dielectric parameters of OIP increase significantly
in the lower frequency range, including relative permittivity, volume conductivity
40 and dielectric loss angle. The generation of polar products and translucent gelati-
41 nous substance on the sample surface and the variation of cellulose fiber itself are
TE
42 the main factors.
43 In [13], statistics of amplitudes and time parameters of the intrusive lightning
44 overvoltages into the substation have been investigated based on the measured
45 data, which were monitored at the HV bushings of the power transformers in a
110 kV air-insulated substation. Measured data indicated bidirectional oscillatory
EC

46

47 lightning waveforms. Considering the lightning stroke characteristics, structure of

48 power system and observation conditions, the majority of induced lightning surges,
49 the surge arresters, and the winding resonance in the transformer, resulted in the rela-
50 tively long time parameters of the recorded overvoltages on transformers. For the
RR

51 front time and tail time obtained in [13], the 50% values of the cumulative frequency
52 are 20.8 and 198 µs, respectively. In real operating conditions, lightning overvoltage
53 at transformer terminals can be an oscillatory waveform, due to multiple reflections
54 at the points where the impedance significantly changed. It is important to know the
55 frequency spectrum of lightning overvoltages at transformer terminals, since in case
CO

56 when dominant frequency of lightning overvoltage is close to the natural frequency

57 of the transformer winding, resonance overvoltages can occur. These overvoltages
58 may cause transformer failure, such as the cases of transformer failures described in
59 [14].
60 In this paper, an on-line TOMS for power transformers is presented. Overvoltages
are measured on the transformer bushing tap. The focus of the paper is on the anal-
UN

61

62 ysis of transient overvoltages caused by lightning strikes recorded at the terminals of

63 power transformer. To determine the origin of the recorded transient overvoltages,
64 data from TOMS are correlated with data from the lightning location system (LLS)
65 and SCADA system. Several recorded overvoltages are analysed and their frequency

471782_1_En_8_Chapter X TYPESET DISK LE X CP Disp.:30/5/2020 Pages: 18 Layout: T1-Standard

 Analysis of Overvoltages on Power Transformer … 3

spectrum is presented and compared with those referring to the standard impulse
Author Proof

66

67 voltages from the IEC standard [15]. Collected data include number, peak and dura-
68 tion of recorded transient overvoltages and can be used as the basis for the assessment
69 of the transformer insulation condition and estimation of health index. Data recorded
70 by TOMS are also of significant importance since the insulation system of power

OF
71 transformer and other equipment in the substation can be damaged by lightning or
72 switching overvoltages.

2 On-line Transient Overvoltage Monitoring System

RO
73

74 Overvoltages, as well as service voltage, are measured on a measuring tap of corre-

75 sponding bushing. The connection with the measuring tap is accomplished with a
76 specially designed adaptor while the link between the adaptor and the impedance
77

78

79

80
DP
matching circuit is carried out with a coaxial cable. The inbuilt acquisition card is
fast enough to capture transients containing frequency components up to 1 MHz. It
is important to note that the capacitive voltage divider used for the measurements
does not change the shape of the measured signal (the calibration range of frequen-
81 cies extends up to 500 kHz) which allows monitoring of fast front and slow front
82 overvoltages. In Croatia, the TOMS is currently installed in eight power transformer
TE
83 units and one shunt-reactor located in four 220/110 kV substations, one 400/110 kV
84 and one 400/220/110 kV substation. More details about TOMS measuring system,
85 matching circuit and triggering of overvoltage acquisition can be found in [16].
86 TOMS is installed in two substations which are managed by the Croatian trans-
mission system operator. The brief layout of the 110/220 kV substations and trans-
EC

87

88 mission lines are shown in Fig. 1. Measurements are performed simultaneously at

89 220 and 110 kV side of two 150 MVA autotransformers located in two 110/220 kV
90 substations as shown in Fig. 1. Surge arresters are installed in all transformer and
91 transmission line bays (surge arresters with rated voltage U r = 198 kV are installed
RR

92 at 220 kV level and with U r = 108 kV at 110 kV level).

93 Double circuit 220 kV transmission line is connecting substations 1, 2 and 3.
94 Transmission line is equipped with a single shield wire and it is situated in the area
95 with relatively high lightning activity. Also, transmission line is crossing over the
96 rocky terrain with relatively high soil resistivity, passing through mountainous area
CO

97 with relatively high tower grounding resistance. Therefore, flashovers on transmis-

98 sion line often occur due to lightning strikes, leading to short circuit and automatic
99 reclosing of circuit breakers located in transmission line bays. Three cases of faults
100 caused by lightning strikes to 220 kV double circuit transmission line are analyzed
101 in this paper, as shown in Fig. 1. TOMS successfully recorded transient overvoltages
in substations 1 and 2.
UN

102

471782_1_En_8_Chapter X TYPESET DISK LE X CP Disp.:30/5/2020 Pages: 18 Layout: T1-Standard

 4 B. Filipovic-Grcic et al.

SUBSTATION 1
Author Proof

110 kV TOMS
220 kV
busbars busbars

245 MVA
220/13.8 kV

OF
AT1 150 MVA G
110 kV 220±12x1.25%/115 kV
7 transmission lines YNa0d5
240/40 mm2 Al/St
150/25 mm2 Al/St

RO
AT2 150 MVA
220±12x1.25%/115 kV, YNa0d5 Fault 2

150 MVA
13.8/110 kV
Fault 3
G AT3

DP
150/150/50 MVA
220±12x1.25%/115/10.5 kV, YNy0d5 220 kV double circuit
transmission line
l=46 km

SUBSTATION 2
220 kV
TE
TOMS 220 kV double circuit
110 kV busbars transmission line
busbars
l=18.2 km
Fault 1

SF6 subsation
9 bays with cables AT1 150 MVA
EC

SUBSTATION 3
and transmission 220±12x1.25%/115 kV
lines YNa0d5 220 kV transmission line
l=13.7 km

220 kV transmission line

AT2 150 MVA
RR

220±12x1.25%/115 kV
YNa0d5

Fig. 1 Layout of 110/220 kV substations which are connected with 220 kV transmission lines
CO

103 3 Lightning Location System

104 At the end of 2008, a LLS was established as part of the LINET network, covering a
105 wide area of the Croatian territory. LINET is a modern LLS with a network of more
106 than 125 sensors covering most of Europe. LLS measures the VLF/LF frequency
UN

107 spectrum of electromagnetic waves which lightning strikes emit. The measurement
108 of magnetic flux is carried out through highly sensitive sensors which are arranged
109 across the area with spacing of around 150–250 km. Since the electromagnetic emis-
110 sion of the lightning spreads at the speed of light, it reaches the sensors at different

471782_1_En_8_Chapter X TYPESET DISK LE X CP Disp.:30/5/2020 Pages: 18 Layout: T1-Standard

 Analysis of Overvoltages on Power Transformer … 5

points in time. Although the difference is in the order of micro-seconds, the rela-
Author Proof

111

112 tively accurate calculation of the original emission location of the lightning strike
113 is possible. The data measured by every single sensor is transmitted to a central
114 server. The exact geographical position for all the lightning strikes measured is
115 calculated and stored in a database. This measurement method is also known as

OF
116 the “time-of-arrival” method. Application of LLS in power system control of Croa-
117 tian transmission system operator enables lightning activity tracking and time-spatial
118 correlation with incidences (faults, automatic re-closures, outages) registered by the
119 relay protection system [16].

RO
120 4 Transient Overvoltages Recorded on Power Transformers

121 Overvoltages in power network can be caused by lightning strikes to overhead trans-
122

123

124

125
DP
mission lines, circuit breaker switching operations and faults. Power transformers
can be exposed to such transient overvoltages during the operation. Transient over-
voltages with steep wave front have an impact on dielectric stresses of the insulation
of the first few winding turns or in the case of the resonance voltage built up locally
126 inside the winding. The number and amplitudes of overvoltages which stress the
127 insulation depend on various parameters such as the lightning strike density in the
TE
128 considered area, since it determines how often the transformer is stressed by light-
129 ning overvoltages. Since the overvoltage amplitudes at transformer terminals are
130 usually unknown, an on-line overvoltage transient recorder is used with the ability
131 to sample, analyze and store transients in real-time. Three cases of faults (Fig. 1)
caused by lightning strikes are analysed in more detail to investigate amplitude and
EC

132

133 frequency characteristics of lightning overvoltages recorded at power transformer

134 terminals.
RR

135 4.1 Case 1—Lightning Strike to 220 kV Transmission Line

136 Connecting Substations 2 and 3 Causing Insulator
137 Flashover in Two Phases
CO

138 Transients recorded by TOMS installed in substations 1 and 2 are shown in Figs. 2
139 and 3. The recorded transients were time-correlated with a lightning strike which
140 was detected by LLS. Lightning strike with current amplitude 115 kA occurred hit
141 tower of 220 kV transmission line connecting substations 2 and 3, at a distance of
142 11.2 km from substation 2 (7 km from substation 3). At the same time, SCADA
UN

143 system detected double phase to ground fault in phases A and C, following the auto-
144 reclosure operation of circuit breakers in the line bays in substations 2 and 3. Although
145 substation 2 is closer to the fault location compared to substation 1, overvoltages in
146 substation 2 are lower due to network topology and reflections of traveling waves,

471782_1_En_8_Chapter X TYPESET DISK LE X CP Disp.:30/5/2020 Pages: 18 Layout: T1-Standard

 6 B. Filipovic-Grcic et al.

Fig. 2 Transient
Author Proof

overvoltages recorded in
substation 1

OF
RO
Fig. 3 Transient
overvoltages recorded in
substation 2
DP
TE
EC
RR

147 coming simultaneously from both circuits of transmission line (induced and direct
148 overvoltages) and entering substation 1.
149 It is possible to extract the transient overvoltage waveforms from the recorder data
150 using the high-pass FIR filter. High-pass filter is used to obtain only high-frequency
151 components caused by lightning overvoltages and to remove low-frequency and
CO

152 power frequency components from measured waveforms. Lightning overvoltage

153 waveforms obtained after filtering out low frequency components from measure-
154 ments are shown in Figs. 4 and 5. Waveforms from Figs. 4 and 5 were transformed to
155 the frequency domain using the fast Fourier transform (FFT) and calculated frequency
156 spectrum is shown in Figs. 6 and 7.
UN

471782_1_En_8_Chapter X TYPESET DISK LE X CP Disp.:30/5/2020 Pages: 18 Layout: T1-Standard

 Analysis of Overvoltages on Power Transformer … 7

Fig. 4 Lightning
Author Proof

overvoltages recorded in
substation 1 (after filtering
out low frequency
components)

OF
RO
Fig. 5 Lightning
overvoltages recorded in
substation 2 (after filtering
out low frequency
components)
DP
TE
EC

Fig. 6 Frequency spectrum

of lightning overvoltages
RR

recorded in substation 1
CO
UN

471782_1_En_8_Chapter X TYPESET DISK LE X CP Disp.:30/5/2020 Pages: 18 Layout: T1-Standard

 8 B. Filipovic-Grcic et al.

Fig. 7 Frequency spectrum

Author Proof

of lightning overvoltages
recorded in substation 2

OF
RO
4.2 Case 2—Lightning Strike to 220 kV Transmission Line
157

158

159 Flashover in Two Phases

DP
Connecting Substations 1 and 2 Causing Insulator

160 Transients recorded by TOMS in substations 1 and 2 are shown in Figs. 8 and 9.
TE
161 Recorded transients were time-correlated with a lightning strike which was
162 detected by LLS. Lightning strike with current amplitude −75.3 kA occurred on
163 the 220 kV transmission line connecting substations 1 and 2 at a distance of 2.9 km
164 from the substation 1. At the same time, SCADA system detected double phase to
165 ground fault in phases A and B, following the auto-reclosure operation of circuit
EC

166 breakers in the line bays in substation 1 and 2. Transient overvoltages after filtering
167 out low frequency components and their frequency spectrum is shown in Figs. 10,
168 11, 12 and 13.
RR

Fig. 8 Transient
overvoltages recorded in
substation 1
CO
UN

471782_1_En_8_Chapter X TYPESET DISK LE X CP Disp.:30/5/2020 Pages: 18 Layout: T1-Standard

 Analysis of Overvoltages on Power Transformer … 9

Fig. 9 Transient
Author Proof

overvoltages recorded in
substation 2

OF
RO
Fig. 10 Lightning
overvoltages recorded in
substation 1 (after filtering
out low frequency
components)
DP
TE
EC

Fig. 11 Lightning
overvoltages recorded in
substation 2 (after filtering
RR

out low frequency

components)
CO
UN

471782_1_En_8_Chapter X TYPESET DISK LE X CP Disp.:30/5/2020 Pages: 18 Layout: T1-Standard

 10 B. Filipovic-Grcic et al.

Fig. 12 Frequency spectrum

Author Proof

of lightning overvoltages
recorded in substation 1

OF
RO
Fig. 13 Frequency spectrum
of lightning overvoltages
recorded in substation 2 DP
TE
EC

4.3 Case 3—Multiple Lightning Strike to 220 kV

RR

169

170 Transmission Line Connecting Substations 1 and 2

171 Causing Insulator Flashover in Three Phases

172 Another interesting event recorded by TOMS was caused by multiple lightning strike
CO

173 which occurred on the 220 kV transmission line route, at a distance of 16 km from
174 the substation 1 (30 km from substation 2). Parameters of multiple lightning strikes
175 are given in Table 1. Recorded transients were time-correlated with a lightning flash
176 consisting of seven subsequent lightning strikes which were detected by LLS. Three
177 lightning strikes marked in Table 1 were selected as the ones that probably caused
UN

178 recorded transients. This was done by matching the time difference between the
179 successive lightning strikes detected by LLS with the time difference between the
180 events recorded by TOMS.

471782_1_En_8_Chapter X TYPESET DISK LE X CP Disp.:30/5/2020 Pages: 18 Layout: T1-Standard

 Analysis of Overvoltages on Power Transformer … 11

Transients recorded by TOMS which were caused by strike no. 2 (current ampli-
Author Proof

181

182 tude −80.2 kA) and corresponding frequency spectrums are shown in Figs. 14, 15,
183 16, 17, 18 and 19. At the same time, SCADA system detected line to ground fault
184 in all phases, following the auto-reclosure operation of circuit breakers in the line
185 bays in substations 1 and 2. Circuit breakers interrupted short-circuit current firstly

OF
186 in substation 2. While short-circuit current was still supplied from substation 1, two
187 successive lightning strikes 13 ms apart (no. 6 and 7 from Table 1) hit transmission
188 line, and overvoltages were recorded by TOMS at power transformer terminals in
189 substation 1 (Figs. 20 and 21). These two lightning overvoltages can be clearly seen
190 in Fig. 20, while at the end of recording (around 25 ms) switching overvoltages occur

RO
191 due to opening of circuit breaker in substation 1.

Fig. 14 Transient
overvoltages recorded in
substation 1

DP
TE
EC

Fig. 15 Transient
overvoltages recorded in
substation 2
RR
CO
UN

471782_1_En_8_Chapter X TYPESET DISK LE X CP Disp.:30/5/2020 Pages: 18 Layout: T1-Standard

 12 B. Filipovic-Grcic et al.

Fig. 16 Lightning
Author Proof

overvoltages recorded in
substation 1 (after filtering
out low frequency
components)

OF
RO
Fig. 17 Lightning
overvoltages recorded in
substation 2 (after filtering
out low frequency
components)
DP
TE
EC

Fig. 18 Frequency spectrum

of lightning overvoltages
RR

recorded in substation 1
CO
UN

471782_1_En_8_Chapter X TYPESET DISK LE X CP Disp.:30/5/2020 Pages: 18 Layout: T1-Standard

 Analysis of Overvoltages on Power Transformer … 13

Fig. 19 Frequency spectrum

Author Proof

of lightning overvoltages
recorded in substation 2

OF
RO
Table 1 Parameters of multiple lightning strikes detected by LLS
Lightning strike
number

1
Time (h:min:s.ms)

01:02:12.257
DP
Lightning current
amplitude (kA)

15.5
Time difference
between subsequent
lightning strikes 1t (ms)
–
2 01:02:12.261 −80.2 4
TE
3 01:02:12.274 −20 13
4 01:02:12.293 −8 19
5 01:02:12.294 −30.3 1
6 01:02:12.306 −19 12
7 01:02:12.319 13
EC

−12.7

Fig. 20 Transient
overvoltages recorded in
substation 1 (continued)
RR

13 ms
CO
UN

471782_1_En_8_Chapter X TYPESET DISK LE X CP Disp.:30/5/2020 Pages: 18 Layout: T1-Standard

 14 B. Filipovic-Grcic et al.

Fig. 21 Frequency spectrum

Author Proof

of lightning overvoltages
recorded in substation 1
(continued)

OF
RO
5 Discussion and Future Work
192

193

194
DP
The wide variety of lightning stroke characteristics and the modifying effects of
power system components result in a diversity of intrusive lightning voltage wave-
195 shapes that stress transformers. These are not the traditional standard lightning
impulses with a waveshape of 1.2/50 µs which are used according to IEC [15]. There-
TE
196

197 fore, the applicability of the standard lightning impulse voltage to power transformer
198 testing has been questioned, and the overvoltage used in the test on transformers
199 should be as close as possible to the lightning overvoltages measured in service [13].
200 Analysis of measurement results indicated that bidirectional oscillatory over-
EC

201 voltage waveforms caused by lightning strikes appear at terminals of power trans-
202 former. Oscillatory character of recorded overvoltages is caused by multiple reflec-
203 tions of travelling waves in the substations and at the points where the system
204 impedance significantly changed. Considering the lightning strike characteristics,
205 structure of power system and observation conditions, the operation of surge arresters
RR

206 in transformer and line bays, and the winding resonance in the transformer, resulted in
207 the relatively long-time parameters of overvoltages recorded on power transformers.
208 Recorded lightning overvoltages are bidirectional oscillatory with duration of several
209 milliseconds (5–6 ms), which is quite different from standard lightning impulse
210 waveform used for testing of power transformers. Maximum recorded amplitude of
CO

211 overvoltages is 371 kV (Fig. 10) causing the operation of surge arresters installed in
212 line and transformer bay.
213 It is also important to investigate the frequency spectrum of lightning overvoltages
214 at transformer terminals, since in case when dominant frequency of overvoltage is
215 close to the natural frequency of the transformer winding, resonance overvoltages can
UN

216 occur which in some cases may cause transformer failure. FFT analysis of recorded
217 overvoltages showed that dominant frequency components are in range 1–30 kHz.
218 Frequency spectrum of measured overvoltages differs from the frequency spectrum

471782_1_En_8_Chapter X TYPESET DISK LE X CP Disp.:30/5/2020 Pages: 18 Layout: T1-Standard

 Analysis of Overvoltages on Power Transformer … 15

Fig. 22 Spectral density of

Author Proof

measured overvoltage and

standard lightning impulse
waveform 1.2/50 µs,
1050 kV

OF
RO
219 of standard impulse waveforms. Figure 22 shows comparison between spectral densi-
220

221

222

223
DP
ties of measured overvoltage (from case 2, Fig. 10, phase A) and standard lightning
impulse waveform 1.2/50 µs with amplitude 1050 kV. According to the method
described in [17], Frequency Domain Severity Factor (FDSF) can be determined
which is defined as the ratio between the spectral density of the measured over-
224 voltage and the spectral density of the standard lightning waveform used for testing
225 transformers. It considers the frequency content of the overvoltages measured in the
TE
226 substation and compares it to the frequency content of voltage waveforms for which
227 the transformer had been tested. The FDSF factor should be less than 1 to ensure that
228 the stresses arising from a particular event occurring in the system will be adequately
229 covered by dielectric tests performed in the HV laboratory.
Figure 23 shows calculated FSDF factor which was greater than 1 at frequency
EC

230

231 ranges 2.5–6.1 kHz and 9.3–10.4 kHz, meaning that at these frequencies the highest
232 electrical stress on the transformer insulation is expected. It also means that trans-
233 former tests performed with lightning waveforms do not cover adequately low
234 frequency stresses. Therefore, overvoltages measured in a substation can excite a
RR

Fig. 23 FSDF of measured

overvoltage versus frequency
CO
UN

471782_1_En_8_Chapter X TYPESET DISK LE X CP Disp.:30/5/2020 Pages: 18 Layout: T1-Standard

 16 B. Filipovic-Grcic et al.

resonance throughout the windings of transformer which is often found in the 5–

Author Proof

235

236 30 kHz range. The FDSF approach can thus be used both for design review upon
237 incoming transients and in analysis of failures. When combined with online moni-
238 toring, it can also be used as indicator of increased transient risks for a power
239 transformer.

OF
240 Some investigations presented in [12, 18] show negative accumulative effect of
241 multiple lightning impulses on insulation properties of oil-paper insulation systems.
242 The repeated application of lightning impulses will weaken the insulation perfor-
243 mance of insulation system and can eventually lead to breakdown. Lightning
244 discharges (flashes) that transfer to ground both positive and negative charges are

RO
245 termed bipolar lightning discharges. In case 3 presented in the previous section,
246 bipolar lightning flash consisting of seven subsequent lightning strikes caused tran-
247 sient overvoltages on power transformer terminals. As can be seen from this case,
248 time difference between subsequent lightning strikes varies from 1 to 19 ms. There-
249 fore, in a relatively short time period multiple transient overvoltages of different
250

251

252

253
DP
polarity may occur on transformer terminals. Experimental investigations confirm
that degradation of transformer insulation system increases significantly as time
difference between successive transient overvoltages decrease. Therefore, it is very
important to measure transient overvoltages on transformer terminals and to record
254 such events in order to assess an overall condition of transformer insulation system
255 and to include this effect in estimation of health index. The future investigations will
TE
256 consider:
257 – Automatic grouping of overvoltage types (temporary, switching, lightning) based
258 on correlation with SCADA and LLS.
259 – Statistical analysis of amplitudes, frequency spectrum and FDSF based on a larger
EC

260 number of transient overvoltages registered on a power transformer (for example

261 data collected over several years).
262 – Comparison of the measured oscillatory non-standard voltage waveforms with
263 the standard one using energy method in which oscillatory waveforms are equiva-
264 lented by double exponential waveforms with the same energy. Afterwards, front
RR

265 time, crest voltage and tail time of equivalent waveforms can be determined and
266 compared to standard impulse waveforms.
267 – Simulation of electromagnetic transients and comparison with measurements.
268 Such analysis can be used for example for validation of high-frequency power
269 transformer models or to study the interaction between power transformers and
CO

270 network.
271 – Development of method for assessment of the transformer insulation degradation
272 caused by transient overvoltages based on measured data from TOMS. This will
273 be used for estimation of power transformer health index.
274 – Use an existing TOMS for measurement of transient currents through station
UN

275 surge arresters caused by lightning or switching overvoltages. This will enable to
276 determine energy stress of station arresters directly from measurements.

471782_1_En_8_Chapter X TYPESET DISK LE X CP Disp.:30/5/2020 Pages: 18 Layout: T1-Standard

 Analysis of Overvoltages on Power Transformer … 17

6 Conclusions
Author Proof

277

278 In this paper, an on-line transient overvoltage monitoring system for power trans-
279 formers is used for measurement of overvoltages on the transformer bushing tap. The
280 focus of the paper is on the analysis of transient overvoltages caused by lightning

OF
281 strikes recorded at the terminals of power transformer. Three cases of faults caused by
282 lightning strikes to 220 kV double circuit transmission line are presented. Measured
283 overvoltages and faults were correlated with SCADA system and LLS data.
284 Recorded lightning overvoltages are bidirectional oscillatory with duration of
285 several milliseconds, which is quite different from standard lightning impulse wave-

RO
286 forms used for testing of power transformers. FFT analysis of recorded overvoltages
287 showed that dominant frequency components are in range 1–30 kHz. Frequency
288 spectrum of measured overvoltages differs from the frequency spectrum of standard
289 lightning impulse waveforms. Analysis of FSDF factor showed that transformer
290 tests performed with lightning waveforms do not cover adequately low frequency
291

292

293

294
DP
phenomena which are present in recorded overvoltages.
Bipolar lightning flash consisting of seven subsequent lightning strikes caused
transient overvoltages on power transformer terminals. Therefore, in a relatively
short time period multiple transient overvoltages of different polarity may occur
295 on transformer terminals. Experimental investigations confirm that degradation of
transformer insulation system increases significantly as time difference between
TE
296

297 successive transient overvoltages decrease. Therefore, it is very important to measure

298 transient overvoltages on transformer terminals and to record such events in order
299 to assess an overall condition of transformer insulation system and to include this
300 effect in estimation of health index.
EC

301 References
RR

302 1. Darveniza M (1988) The generalized integration method for predicting impulse volt-time
303 characteristics for non-standard wave shapes-a theoretical basis. IEEE Trans Electr Insul
304 23(3):373–381
305 2. Okabe S, Takami J (2008) Evaluation of breakdown characteristics of oil-immersed trans-
306 formers under non-standard lightning impulse waveforms—method for converting non-
307 standard lightning impulse waveforms into standard lightning impulse waveforms. IEEE Trans
CO

308 Dielectr Electr Insul 15(5):1288–1296

309 3. Berlijn S, Garnacho F, Gockenbach E (1999) Today’s problems with the evaluation methods
310 of full lightning impulse parameters as described in engineering. In: Proceedings of the
311 international conference on high-voltage engineering, London, UK, 1999, pp 49–52
312 4. Standring WG, Hughes RC (1956) Breakdown under impulse voltages of solid and liquid
313 dielectrics in combination. IEE Proc Power Eng 103:583–597
5. Liu Q, Wang ZD (2011) Streamer characteristic and breakdown in synthetic and natural éster
UN

314

315 transformer liquids under standard lightning impulse voltage. IEEE Trans Dielectr Electr Insul
316 18:285–294
317 6. Kaufhold M, Borner G, Eberhardt M, Speck J (1996) Failure mechanism of the interturn
318 insulation of low voltage electric machines fed by pulse-controlled inverters. IEEE Electr Insul
319 Mag 12(5):9–16

471782_1_En_8_Chapter X TYPESET DISK LE X CP Disp.:30/5/2020 Pages: 18 Layout: T1-Standard

 18 B. Filipovic-Grcic et al.

7. Yin W (1997) Failure mechanism of winding insulations in inverter-fed motors. IEEE Electr
Author Proof

320

321 Insul Mag 13(6):18–23

322 8. Bellomo JP, Lebey T, Oraison JM, Peltier F (1996) Electrical aging of stator insulation of low
323 voltage rotating machines supplied by inverters. In: IEEE international symposium on electrical
324 insulation, pp 210–213
325 9. Vandermaar AJ, Wang M, Neilson JB, Srivastava KD (1994) The electrical breakdown char-

OF
326 acteristics of oil-paper insulation under steep front impulse voltages. IEEE Trans Power Del
327 9:1926–1935
328 10. Balaji SP, Merin Sheema IP, Krithika G, Usa S (2011) Effect of repeated impulses on transformer
329 insulation. IEEE Trans Dielectr Electr Insul 18:2069–2073
330 11. Okabe S (2006) Voltage-time and voltage-number characteristics of insulation elements with
331 oil-filled transformers in EHV and UHV classes. IEEE Trans Dielectr Electr Insul 13:436–444

RO
332 12. Sima W, Sun P, Yang Q, Yuan T, Lu C, Yang M (2014) Study on the accumulative effect of
333 repeated lightning impulses on insulation characteristics of transformer oil impregnated paper.
334 IEEE Trans Dielectr Electr Insul 21(4)
335 13. Sima W, Lan X, Yang Q, Yuan T (2015) Statistical analysis on measured lightning overvoltage
336 surges in a 110 kV air-insulated substation. IET Sci Measur Technol 9(1):28–36. https://doi.
337 org/10.1049/iet-smt.2013.0235
338

339

340

341

342
DP
14. CIGRE Joint Working Group A2/C4.39, “Electrical transient interaction between transformers
and the power system, Part 2: Case studies”, CIGRE brochure 577B, April 2014
15. IEC 60060-1 (2010) High voltage test techniques, Part I: General definitions and test
requirements
16. Filipović-Grčić B, Franc B, Uglešić I, Pavić I, Keitoue S, Murat I, Ivanković I (2017) Monitoring
343 of transient overvoltages on the power transformers and shunt reactors—field experience in the
344 Croatian power transmission system. Procedia Eng 202:29–42
TE
345 17. CIGRE technical brochure, “Electrical transient interaction between transformers and the
346 power system, Part 1—Expertise”, Joint Working Group A2/C4.39, April 2014
347 18. Sun P, Sima W, Yang Q, Yuan T, Lan X, Lu C (2013) Accumulative effect of oil-paper insulation
348 system under multiple lightning impulse voltage. In: 2013 annual report conference on electrical
349 insulation and dielectric phenomena, Shenzhen, pp 202–205
EC
RR
CO
UN

471782_1_En_8_Chapter X TYPESET DISK LE X CP Disp.:30/5/2020 Pages: 18 Layout: T1-Standard

View publication stats