Ch: 2

Push-Pull and Forward

Converter Topologies
 B-H Curve and
Transformer Designing
Relationships
 (Weber) Re = 0
R=0 Φ
I
I I
+
DC Source
EMF + MMF
FAN
V
-
- (SI Unit:
Ampere-Turn)
 (Weber) Re = 0
I (A) V Φ
Φ
I + I+
MMF V = N dΦ/dt MMF MMF
p p
(Ampere-Turn) V .dt = N .dΦ
p p Vp Np Ns Vs
MMF = N I p
Flux Linkage (Ψ) - -
Ψ = Li = NΦ
V = L di/dt

Push-Pull Converter
 (Weber) Re = 0
I (A) V Φ
Flux Linkage Φ
I+ I+
MMF Vp = NpdΦ/dt MMF MMF
(Ampere-Turn) Vp.dt = Np.dΦ Vp Np Ns Vs
MMF = Np I
F.L = Li = NΦ - -
V = L di/dt

Magnetizing Force, H Magnetic Field Strength, B

B = Φ/Ac
H = MMF/L (Oersteds‘Oe’)
Ac = Unit Area Core
L = Per unit Length
Unit: Weber/m2 or Tesla B Saturation
Core Unit of Φ: Webber Retentivity
H occurs per unit length of core, but in that -H H
length, actually it is not a single complete magnet. Coercivtiy
Actually, that length contains the number of
-B
small magnets (di-poles - area concept)
Saturation

Push-Pull Converter
 (Weber) Re = 0
Φ
Φ
+
I I+
MMF MMF
Vp N N s
Vs
p

N->S
- (di-poles) has their own -
Small magnets
natural directions. NOW, More dipole
aligned in one direction. More, flux lines
Magnetizing Force, HareMagnetic
in one direction,
Field itStrength,
means more B flux
(Φ) in one Bdirection,
= Φ/Ac more flux per unit
H = MMF/L area gives rise to more strength in
L = Per unit Length Core
magnetic field (B).
B Saturation
Core Remember: It is a ferro-magnetic
Retentivity
material, not permanent magnetic such
-H
that you can Guide the flux lines H
according to your control (desire).
Coercivtiy

So, who will align theseSaturation

flux lines, -B
Obviously some force and that force is H.
Push-Pull Converter
 (Weber) Re = 0
Φ
Φ
I+ I+
MMF MMF
Vp Np Ns Vs
- -
AC Source
Transformer B Saturation
+ Core
+
Retentivity
Φm
-H H
Vp Vs
Coercivtiy
Core
Np Ns Saturation -B

Magnetizing Force, H Magnetic Field Strength, B

B = Φ/Ac
H = MMF/L
Ac = Unit Area
L = Per unit Length
Unit: Weber/m2 or Oersteds (Oe)
Push-Pull Converter Unit of Φ: Webber orTesla
 (Weber) Re = 0
Φ
Φ
I+ I+
MMF MMF
Vp Np Ns Vs
- -
AC Source
Transformer B Saturation
+ Core
+
Retentivity
Φm
-H H
Vp Vs
Coercivtiy
Core
Np Ns Saturation -B

Magnetizing Force, H Magnetic Field Strength, B

B = Φ/Ac
H = MMF/L
Ac = Unit Area
L = Per unit Length
Unit: Weber/m2 or Oersteds (Oe)
Push-Pull Converter Unit of Φ: Webber or Tesla
 (Weber) Re = 0
Φ
Φ
I+ I+
MMF MMF
Vp Np Ns Vs
- -
AC Source
Transformer B Saturation
+ Core
+
Retentivity
Φm
-H H
Vp Vs
Coercivtiy

Np Ns Saturation -B

Magnetizing Force, H Magnetic Field Strength, B

B = Φ/Ac
H = MMF/L
Ac = Unit Area
L = Per unit Length
Unit: Weber/m2 or Oersteds (Oe)
Push-Pull Converter Unit of Φ: Webber or Tesla
 (Weber) Re = 0
Φ
Φ
I + I+
MMF MMF
Vp Np Ns Vs
- -
AC Source
Transformer B Saturation
+ Core
+
Retentivity
Φm
-H H
Vp Vs
Coercivtiy

Np Ns Saturation -B

Magnetic Force, H Magnetic Field Strength, B

B = Φ/Ac
H = MMF/L
Ac = Unit Area
L = Per unit Length
Unit: Weber/m2 or Oersteds (Oe)
Push-Pull Converter Unit of Φ: Webber or Tesla
 (Weber) Re = 0
Φ
Φ
I + I+
MMF MMF
Vp Np Ns Vs
- -
AC Source
Transformer B Saturation
+ Core
+
Retentivity
Φm
-H H
Vp Vs
Coercivtiy

Np Ns Saturation -B

Magnetic Force, H Magnetic Field Strength, B

B = Φ/Ac
H = MMF/L
Ac = Unit Area
L = Per unit Length
Unit: Weber/m2 or Oersteds (Oe)
Push-Pull Converter Unit of Φ: Webber or Tesla
 (Weber) Re = 0
Φ
Φ
I + I+
MMF MMF
How much response B will Vp Np Ns Vs
give to H. It depends upon - -
the permeability of the core
AC Source
-> B = µ H Transformer MMF=NI B Saturation
The width of B-H curve+ Core
+
Retentivity
Φm H = MMF/L = NI/L
depends upon permeability -H H
Vp Vs
Coercivtiy
B/µ = H = MMF/L = NI/L
Np Ns Saturation -B
Φ/(Ac.µ) = B/µ = H = MMF/L = NI/L
Magnetic Force,
NI/(Re.Ac.µ) H Magnetic
= Φ/(Ac.µ) = B/µ = HField Strength,
= MMF/L = NI/L B
H = MMF/L
L = Per unit Length

Push-Pull Converter
 B Saturation
Saturation
Np2 Ns2 Retentivity
Retentivity
DC Source -H
-H H
H
+
Coercivtiy
- Np1 Ns1 Coercivtiy

Saturation
-B
Saturation -B

AC Source
Transformer B Saturation
+ Core
+
Retentivity
Φm
-H H
Vp Vs
Coercivtiy

Np Ns Saturation -B
AC Source
Transformer B Saturation

- Core Retentivity
Φm
-H H
Vp Vs
- Coercivtiy

Np Ns -B
Push-Pull Converter
Saturation
 B Saturation
Saturation
Np2 Ns2 Retentivity
Retentivity
DC Source -H
-H H
H
+
Coercivtiy
- Np1 Ns1 Coercivtiy

Saturation
-B
Saturation -B

AC Source
Transformer B Saturation
+ Core
+
Retentivity
Φm
-H H
Vp Vs
Coercivtiy

Np Ns Saturation -B
AC Source
Transformer B Saturation

- Core Retentivity
Φm
-H H
Vp Vs
- Coercivtiy

Np Ns -B
Push-Pull Converter
Saturation
 B Saturation
Saturation
Np2 Ns2 Retentivity
Retentivity
DC Source -H
-H H
H
+
Coercivtiy
- Np1 Ns1 Coercivtiy

Saturation
-B
Saturation -B

AC Source
Transformer B Saturation
+ Core
+
Retentivity
Φm
-H H
Vp Vs
Coercivtiy

Np Ns Saturation -B
AC Source
Transformer B Saturation

- Core Retentivity
Φm
-H H
Vp Vs
- Coercivtiy

Np Ns -B
Push-Pull Converter
Saturation
 B Saturation
Saturation
Np2 Ns2 Retentivity
Retentivity
DC Source -H
-H H
H
+
Coercivtiy
- Np1 Ns1 Coercivtiy

Saturation
-B
Saturation -B

AC Source
Transformer B Saturation
+ Core
+
Retentivity
Φm
-H H
Vp Vs
Coercivtiy

Np Ns Saturation -B
AC Source
Transformer B Saturation

- Core Retentivity
Φm
-H H
Vp Vs
- Coercivtiy

Np Ns -B
Push-Pull Converter
Saturation
Power Transformer Design
Relationships

1. Core Selection (Ferrite)

Ch. 7
2. Max Ton of Power Transistor
with regard to Input Vdc
Max Ton with minimum Vdc
Link B-H Curve
3. Primary Turn Selection
Core Losses vs Np No of Turns Vp = NpdΦ/dt
B = Φ/Ae
Vp = NpdB Ae/dt

SW2

Np2 Ns2 Cout RL

+
-
Np1 Ns1

SW1
3. Primary Turn Selection
Vp = NpdΦ/dt
B = Φ/Ae
Vp = NpdB Ae/dt

SW2

Np2 Ns2 Cout RL

+
-
Np1 Ns1

SW1
 3. Primary Turn Selection

4. Primary Peak Current

• Needs to Calculate RMS Current

• RMS Current comes from Peak Current
• Primary Peak Current is considered as
Peak Flat-Top Current (Ipft)

• Note: Keep in mind the Single Winding (Np1). Same

is applicable as it is for the other Winding (Np2).
 80%
4. Primary Peak Current SW2

Np2 Ns2 Cout RL

+
-
Po = 0.8 (V x I x TON/T Np1 Ns1

Po = 0.8 (Vdc x I x 0.8T/T)

SW1

• Why TON = 0.8T, why not 0.8T/2. Because we are

working on Total Power of High Frequency
Transformer. Note: Po = 0.8Pin.
• The single winding value will be resolved, when we
calculate RMS current.

Po = 0.8 (Vdc x Ipft x 0.8)

Ipft = 1.56 Po/Vdc
4. Primary RMS Current
Ipft = 1.56 Po/Vdc
5. Circular Mils
6. Secondary Side
Ipeak, Irms,
Circular Mills

=Idc