The P5: Phantastic Physics Phormulae & Phacts Phlyer

RIGHT TRIANGLE TRIG VECTOR ADDITION (2) FORCES: INCLINED PLANE

SOHCAHTOA Add Forces A and B acting at origin .
H FN
y
Ff
q N
x
A Fp
opp y ø
H =x +y
2 2 2
sin q = = W E
hyp H
adj x opp y
cos q = = tan q = = S ø W
hyp H adj x B
W = Weight of Block
ANY TRIANGLE TRIG FN = Normal Force
A Express all angles in polar form.
SFx = (cos30°)( A ) + (cos 240°)(B) Fp = Force parallel to plane
a b c c SFy = (sin30°)(A ) + (sin 240°)(B) Ff = Force of friction
= = b
sin A sin B sin C R= SF 2x + SF2y
B a C SFy
q resultan t = arctan Ff = mFN Fp = mgsin q
c = a 2 +b 2 - 2abcosC SFx

TENSIONS COMPUTING TENSIONS

WEIGHT & 2nd LAW 90°
T = mg + ma T = mg - ma
mass
g = 9.8 m/s2 g = 32 ft/s2 mass T T
moving
moving
downward m
weight (W) = m g
upward m T1
T2 150°
30°
m 180° 0°
T2
F F Ff m2 T3
a
a = net T1 T1 Block
m T2
m1
W=mg supported by
Get Your Mass Moving M1 three cables
M2 T1 = m1g - m1a SF x + SF y = 0
Fnet = Fapplied - Ffriction
T2 = m2a + Ff 270°
F Ff = mFN If m2 > m1
Ff = µkFN Place a free body diagram
Fy = F sinq T1=m1g + m1a
FN = m2g on a coordinate system and
M q FN =W - Fy T2=m2g - m2a express all angles in polar form.
m1 g - Ff
m 2 g - m1g a= SFx = (cos30°)(T1 ) + (cos150°)(T 2 ) + (cos270°)(T 3 ) = 0
F x = F cosq a= m1 + m2
m1 + m2 SFy = (sin30°)(T1 ) + (sin150° )(T 2 ) + (sin 270°)(T 3 ) = 0

IMPULSE & MOMENTUM CIRCULAR MOTION

ride, it’s always uphill and against the wind.
First Law of Bicycling: No matter which way you

ENERGY
Totally Elastic Collision
1 m 1 v 1 o + m 2 v 2 o = m 1 v 1 f + m 2 v 2 fT 1 2p r 1 2p r
Ek mv2 m PE = 1000 J v f T
2 KE = 0 J Before Collision After
f T T v
m2
Ep mgh m1
Fc m ac v
h = 10 m
W Fd v1o v2o v1f v2f ac
v2
Totally Inelastic Collision ac
W r r
P m
PE = 0 J m 1 v 1 o + m 2 v 2 o = v f (m 1 + m 2 )
t KE =100J
Before Collision After
m1 m2
KE i PEi KE f PEf 4p 2 r m 4p 2 r
ac Fc
1 1 m1 + m2 T2 T2
v1o v2o
m v2i m ghi mv2f m ghf mv
2
2 2 Dp = mDv J = FDt FDt = mDv Fc
r
Physics 1
 The P5: Phantastic Physics Phormulae & Phacts Phlyer
REFRACTION MEASUREMENT Vector Addition
mega (M) 106 K = C + 273
normal Consider a + b
i normal
n1 r ----------- 105 F = 1.8 C + 32
----------- 104 C = F - 32
n2 kilo (k) 103 1.8 a b
r i C = K - 273
hecto (h) 102
n2 > n1 m Connect the tail of b t o the head
deka (da) 101 D=
n1 sinq 1 = n2 sinq 2 100
v of a
Base Unit b
deci (d) 10-1
n2 < n1 s = a + b s
r = 90° centi (c) 10-2
n2 Refracted
milli (m) 10-3
not accurate or precise
n 10-4 a
1 ----------- precise and accurate
ØC Reflected
----------- 10-5 precise not accurate
The sum of the vectors
micro (µ) 10-6
Error = accepted value - experimental value points from the tail of a
n
sin qc = 2 q c = critical angle Error
n1 %Error =
accepted value
x 100% to the head of b.

REFLECTION & REFRACTION KINEMATICS VARIABLES KINEMATICS EQUATIONS

normal Uniformly Accelerated Motion
Uniformly Accelerated Motion
q1 q
'
v x = vix + ax t 1
1 n1 x = (vix + vx )t
Air x Component Variable y Component
2
1 2
Glass x = vix t + at v 2x = v 2ix + 2ax x
n2 x Displacement y 2 x
q2
ax Acceleration ay 1
v y = viy + ay t y= (viy + v y )t
q 1 = the angle of incidence vx Final vy 2
q 2 = the angle of refraction nthe= speedof
c/v where v is Velocity 1
light y = viyt + a yt 2 v 2y = v 2iy + 2ay y
q '1 = the angle of reflection in the medium. vix Initial viy 2
Law of reflection: q1 = q1
'
Velocity
Law of refraction: n 1 sinq 1 = n2 sin q2 t Elapsed Time t
Snell’s Law m ft
n = index of refraction of g = -9.8 g = -32
the medium (dimensionless)
186,000 mi/s is not only a s2 s2
good idea, it’s the law.

ROTATIONAL MECHANICS WAVES AND VIBRATIONS SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION

Moment of Inertia 1
2 1 2 v fl T f
1
I sphere m r 2 I cyl m r 2 I hoop m r f T
5 2
l
I hoop
1
m r 2 I rodcg
1
m L2 I rodend
1
mL2 v l
2 12 3 T = 2p
q l g
Torque

t Fd d F v vo
v = speed of sound
vo = vel. of observer
Translational Equilibrium f fo
v vs
vs = velocity of source T v=0
F up F down fo = actual frequency U = max
f = perceived frequency KE = 0
Rotational Equilibrium vo is (+) if observer moves toward source v=0 mgsin q mg mgcosq
vo is (-) if observer moves away from source
U = max v = max
t c w t ccw KE = 0 U = min
vs is (+) if source moves toward observer
Angular Momentum I 1 w1 I 2 w2 KE = max
L mv r L Iw conservation vs is (-) if source moves away from observer equilibrium position

Physics 2
 The P5: Phantastic Physics Phormulae & Phacts Phlyer
Mechanics
1. Weight (force of gravity) decreases as you move away from
the earth by distance squared.
2. Mass and inertia are the same thing.
3. Constant velocity and zero velocity means the net force is
zero and acceleration is zero.
4. Weight (in newtons) is mass x acceleration (w = mg).
Mass is not weight!
5.Velocity, displacement [s], momentum, force and acceleration
are vectors.
6. Speed, distance [d], time, and energy (joules) are scalar
quantities.
7. The slope of the velocity-time graph is acceleration.
8. At zero (0) degrees two vectors have a resultant equal to
their sum. At 180 degrees two vectors have a resultant equal to
their difference. From the difference to the sum is the total
range of possible resultants.
9. Centripetal force and centripetal acceleration vectors are
toward the center of the circle- while the velocity vector is
tangent to the circle.
10. An unbalanced force (object not in equilibrium) must produce
acceleration.
11. The slope of the distance-tine graph is velocity.
12. The equilibrant force is equal in magnitude but opposite in
direction to the resultant vector.
13. Momentum is conserved in all collision systems.
14. Magnitude is a term use to state how large a vector quantity
is.
Magnetism
1. The direction of a magnetic field is defined by the direction a
compass needle points.
2. Magnetic fields point from the north to the south outside the
magnet and south to north inside the magnet.
3. Magnetic flux is measured in webers.
4. Left hands are for negative charges and right hands are for
positive charges.
5. The first hand rule deals with the B-field around a current
bearing wire, the third hand rule looks at the force on charges
moving in a B-field, and the second hand rule is redundant.
6. Solenoids are stronger with more current or more wire turns
or adding a soft iron core.
By making things absolutely clear,
people will become confused.
Geometric Optics
1. Real images are always inverted.
2. Virtual images are always upright.
3. Diverging lens (concave) produce only small virtual
images.
4. Light rays bend away from the normal as they gain speed
and a longer wavelength by entering a slower (n) medium
{frequency remains constant}.
5. The focal length of a converging lens (convex) is shorter
with a higher (n) value lens or if blue light replaces red.
2nd Law of Location: You always find
something in the last place you look.
Energy
1. Mechanical energy is the sum of the potential and kinetic
energy.
2 .Units:
a = [m/sec2]
F = [kg•m/sec2] (newton)
work = pe= ke = [kg•m2/sec2] (joule)
3. An ev is an energy unit equal to 1.6 x 10-19 joules
4. Gravitational potential energy increases as height increases.
5. Kinetic energy changes only if velocity changes.
6. Mechanical energy (pe + ke) does not change for a free
falling mass or a swinging pendulum. (when ignoring air
friction)
7. The units for power are [joules/sec] or the rate of change
of energy.
Checkout’s Axiom:The other line
will always move faster.
Wave Phenomena
1. Sound waves are longitudinal and mechanical.
2. Light slows down, bends toward the normal and has a shorter
wavelength when it enters a higher (n) value medium.
3. All angles in wave theory problems are measured to the normal.
4. Blue light has more energy. A shorter wavelength and a higher frequency
than red light (remember- ROYGBIV).
5. The electromagnetic spectrum (radio, infrared, visible.
Ultraviolet x-ray and gamma) are listed lowest energy to highest.
6. A prism produces a rainbow from white light by dispersion (red bends the
least because it slows the least).
7. Light wave are transverse (they can be polarized).
8. The speed of all types of electromagnetic waves is 3.0 x 108 m/sec in a
vacuum.
9. The amplitude of a sound wave determines its energy.
10. Constructive interference occurs when two waves are zero (0) degrees
out of phase or a whole number of wavelengths (360 degrees.) out of
phase.
11. At the critical angle a wave will be refracted to 90 degrees.
Modern Physics
1. The particle behavior of light is proven by the photoelectric
effect.
2. A photon is a particle of light {wave packet}.
3. Large objects have very short wavelengths when moving and
thus can not be observed behaving as a wave. (DeBroglie
Waves)
4. All electromagnetic waves originate from accelerating charged
particles.
5. The frequency of a light wave determines its energy (E = hf).
6. The lowest energy state of a atom is called the ground state.
7. Increasing light frequency increases the kinetic energy of the
emitted photo-electrons.
8. As the threshold frequency increase for a photo-cell (photo
emissive material) the work function also increases.
9. Increasing light intensity increases the number of emitted
photo-electrons but not their KE.
Physics
Electricity
1. A coulomb is charge, an amp is current [coulomb/sec] and a
volt is potential difference [joule/coulomb].
2. Short fat cold wires make the best conductors.
3. Electrons and protons have equal amounts of charge
(1.6 x 10-19 coulombs each).
4. Adding a resistor in parallel decreases the total resistance of
a circuit.
5. Adding a resistor in series increases the total resistance of a
circuit.
6. All resistors in series have equal current (I).
7. All resistors in parallel have equal voltage (V).
8. If two charged spheres touch each other add the charges
and divide by two to find the final charge on each sphere.
9. Insulators contain no free electrons.
10. Ionized gases conduct electric current using positive ions,
negative ions and electrons.
11. Electric fields all point in the direction of the force on a
positive test charge.
12. Electric fields between two parallel plates are uniform in
strength except at the edges.
13. Millikan determined the charge on a single electron using his
famous oil-drop experiment.
14. All charge changes result from the movement of electrons
not protons (an object becomes positive by losing electrons)
Interchangeable parts ...won’t.
Wave Phenomena con’t:
12. According to the Doppler effect a wave source moving toward you
will generate waves with a shorter wavelength and higher frequency.
13. Double slit diffraction works because of diffraction and interference.
14. Single slit diffraction produces a much wider central maximum than
double slit.
15. Diffuse reflection occurs from dull surfaces while regular reflection
occurs from mirror type surfaces.
16. As the frequency of a wave increases its energy increases and its
wavelength decreases.
17. Transverse wave particles vibrate back and forth perpendicular to
the wave direction.
18. Wave behavior is proven by diffraction, interference and the
polarization of light.
19. Shorter waves with higher frequencies have shorter periods.
20. Radiowaves are electromagnetic and travel at the speed of
light (c).
21. Monochromatic light has one frequency.
22. Coherent light waves are all in phase.
Nuclear Physics
1. Alpha particles are the same as helium nuclei and have
the symbol . a
2. The atomic number is equal to the number of protons
(2 for alpha)
3. Deuterium is an isotope of hydrogen
4. The number of nucleons is equal to protons + neutrons
(4 for alpha)
5. Only charged particles can be accelerated in a particle
accelerator such as a cyclotron or Van Der Graaf generator.
6. Natural radiation is alpha, beta, and gamma (high energy
x-rays)
7. A loss of a beta particle results in an increase in atomic
number.
8. All nuclei weigh less than their parts. This mass defect is
converted into binding energy. (E=mc2)
3
 The P5: Phantastic Physics Phormulae & Phacts Phlyer
MIRROR SIGN CONVENTIONS
m1 UNIVERSAL GRAVITATION
Focal Length (f)
m2
f is + for a concave mirror
F F Gm1 m 2
f is - for a convex mirror
F =
Object Distance (do) r2
do is + if the object is in front of the mirror (real object)
do is - if the object is behind the mirror (virtual object) r
Image Distance (di) This is Newton's Law of Gravity (or more formaly Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation). It was
discovered by Newton in 1665 (327 before 1992) when he was only 23 years old. It states that any two
di is + if the image is in front of the mirror (real image) point masses attract one another with a force that is directly proportional to the product of their masses
di is - if the image is behind the mirror (virtual image) and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. This equation is exact only for
point masses or sperical masses of uniform density. It's also exact for spherical masses of non-uniform
Magnification (m) density if the density of the spherical mass varies as a function of radius only. If the density of the
spherical mass varies as a function of lattitude or longitude (or both) then this equation does not apply
m is + for an image that is upright with respect to the exactly. The constant of proportionality, G, which is called the Universal Gravitational Constant, was
object
m is - for an image that is inverted with respect to the found by experiment to be equal to 6.6732E-11 NT-M2/KG2. The determination of this constant, first done
object by the English physicist Henry Cavendish in 1797, is known as "the Cavendish experiment" and is also
called "weighing the Earth".

SERIES CIRCUIT PARALLEL CIRCUIT PARALLEL CAPACITORS

R1

C1

+
R3 R2 R1
R T = R1 + R 2 + R 3 R2

- C2
1 1 1 1
R3 = + +
Adding a resistor in series increases the total R T R 1 R2 R3
resistance of a circuit. Adding a resistor in parallel decreases C3
the total resistance of a circuit.
All resistors in series have equal current (I).

V All resistors in parallel have equal CT = C1 + C2 + C3 + ......

it = voltage (V).
Friends come and go, Any tool dropped while repairing a car
RT will roll underneath to the exact center.
but enemies accumulate.

Nuclear Physics cont: DOPPLER EFFECT [SOUND]

9. Isotopes have different neutron numbers and atomic
Source Obse rv e r
masses but the same number of protons (atomic numbers).
v + vo
fo = fs
10. Geiger counters, photographic plates, cloud and bubble
chambers are all used to detect or observe radiation.
v - vs
vs vo
11. Rutherford discovered the positive nucleus using his
famous gold-foil experiment. s
12. Fusion requires that hydrogen be combined to make
helium.

13. Fission requires that a neutron causes uranium to be split No matter how long or hard you
into middle size atoms and produce extra neutrons.
fo = frequency heard by observer shop for an item, it will be on sale
14. Radioactive half-lives can not be changed by heat or somewhere cheaper.
pressure.
f = frequency of wave generated by source
v = speed of sound in medium
15. One AMU of mass is equal to 931 meV of energy vo = velocity of observer (+ if moving toward source)
(E = mc2). ( - if moving away from source)
16. Nuclear forces are strong and short ranged.
vs = velocity of source (+ if moving toward observer
Leakproof seals will. ( - if moving away from observer)

Physics 4
 The P5: Phantastic Physics Phormulae & Phacts Phlyer
CAPACITANCE COULOMB’S LAW CURRENT
2 q1
- + W = 1 CV q2 q q
- + 2
- + + + -
- + + + + F F - -- Wire
- + + ++++ ---
- A + +
-
+
+ C = eo + q
- + d r i=
q k q1 q 2 t
C = F =
V
The capacitance of a capacitor is defined r 2 Electric current is the flow of charge
as the amount of charge on either of its through a solid, liquid, gas, or vacuum. It
k = 9 x 109 Nm2/C2 is the amount of charge passing a certain
two plates divided by the magnitude of
the potential difference (voltage) cross section divided by the time it takes
Unlike : At t ra ct
between the two plates. The SI unit of to pass. The SI unit of current is the
capacitance is the coulomb/volt. It has - + Ampere. An ampere is the rate of charge
been given the name farad, in honor of flow equal to one coulomb per second.
Like : Repell
Michael Faraday, the 19th century
English experimentalist. + +

ELECTRIC FIELD STRENGTH OHM’S LAW RESONANCE

16 V V
I =
Va Vb
R
E
C
L
d 2a V
F
E= 2 Ω
q
The strength of an electric force field Ohm discovered that the electric current 1
is determined by measuring the through a wire (the rate of charge flow) is
directly proportional to the difference in electric
f=
force on a test charge placed in the
potential between the ends of the wire and
2p LC
field. The quantity 'Electric Field inversely proportional to the resistance of the
Strength' is thus 'Force/Charge'. The wire through which the charge flows. The This formula gives the resonace
unit of measurement is the electrical resistance of a wire depends on its frequency of an LC circuit
Newton/Coulomb in the MKS system length, cross-sectional area, and the type of
of units. material (usually metal) of which it is made.

TRANSFORMER EQUATIONS B NEAR A STRAIGHT WIRE

B
P rima ry Se condary
W inding W inding I r

wire
AC Loa d

1 = primary m0 I Tm
I ron 2 = secondary B= m0 = 4p x 10 -7
N = turns 2pr A
I = current
V = voltage m0 = permeability of free space
V1 N1 I1 N2
= V1 I 1 = V 2 I =
V2 N2 2 I2 N1 This equation gives the magnitude
of the magnetic field at a distance r
from a straight wire.

Physics 5
 The P5: Phantastic Physics Phormulae & Phacts Phlyer
ORBITAL RADIUS OF A SOLENOID B
CHARGED PARTICLE SERIES CAPACITORS
IN A MAGNETIC FIELD L
x x x x x x x x
B B B 1 1 1 1
x x x x x x x x = + + + .....
v CT C1 C2 C3
x x x x x x x x
+ I
x x x x xF x q x
x x x x x x x x
B
B =µ 0N I
B
x x x x x x x x L
B is into the page C1 C2 C3
This equation gives the magnetic field
r = mv strength at the center of a long solenoid.
qB
F would point to the right for a
negative charge

TORQUE KEPLER”S LAWS ROTATIONAL KINEMATICS

Top The trip from 1
A to B takes as w = w i + at q = (w i + w )t
F A 2
t F sin Ø long as the trip
. r Ø 1 2
Sun from C to D. D q = w it + a t w = w i2 + 2aq
2

a 2
Top planet focus focus q = Displacement
4p 2 a3 C
Torque (t)is the product of the length of the lever B T2 = w = final velocity
arm and the component of the force causing the GM t = time
torque that is perpendicular to the lever arm. a = semimajor axis a = acceleration
1. Planets revolve the sun in elliptical
t = r F sin Ø orbits w i = initial velocity
2. The segment joining the planet and
Side the Sun sweeps out equal areas in equal UNITS
time intervals radians
t radians
r 3. T2 is proportional to a3 w= a=
F sin Ø s 2
s
M = mass of Sun -11 Nm
2
Side G = 6.67 x 10 q = radians t=s
axis 2
kg 1 rev = 2π radians
SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION SIMPLE MACHINES
a=-max a=0 a=max P E =max PE=0 P E= max f F

A A A A
x=-A x=0 x=A x=-A x=0 x=A
Hydraulic Press Equation
a =- k x 1
SHM-Acc. (a) SHM-PE PE = kx2 f
=
F
m 2 a A
v=0 v = - max v=max v=0
T

F f

A A A A
x=-A x=0 x=A
R r
x=-A x=0 x=A
SHM-Velocity FR =f r
m k 2
SHM-Per. (T) T =2! v = ( A2 - x )
k m FORCE on a LEVER

Physics 6
 The P5: Phantastic Physics Phormulae & Phacts Phlyer
BRAGG EQUATION IRRADIANCE
incident ray

reflected rays 50 W a t t s P
I =
Ø Ø
A

d 5 m2
2 d sin Ø plane o f atoms
10 W /m 2
Irradiance is power per unit area.
n l = 2 d sin Ø Irradiance is also called radiant
flux density. The more power per
When a beam of monochromatic X-rays strikes a plane of atoms in a crystal, part of the beam is unit area the greater the
reflected and part is transmitted through the plane. At certain angles of incidence, more X-rays are 50 W a t t s irradiance.
reflected than at other angles due to constructive interference. Specifically, Sir William Bragg
found in 1913 that the condition for constructive interfernce is met when the distance between
successive crystal planes along the path of the incident X-ray is an integer multiple of the X-ray's
wavelength (in symbols, nL). Using a little trigonometry you can find that the distance between 1 m2
successive crystal planes along the path of the incident X-ray in terms of the incident angle and
the distance between crystal planes is 2d sin Ø. 50 W /m 2

Size of Image
CONVEX LENSES Object Image Image Image Orientation
Case#
parallel ray
refracted rays Position Position Type Relative to Relative to
intersection gives
image location on Object Size Object
object fo f
ca f principal axis
Infinite
lp
oi
nt
cen
ter p image I Beyond 2F’
At F Real Reduced Inverted
ra oint
y ray

m = - di Finite Between
II Beyond 2F’ F & 2F
Real Reduced Inverted
do 1 1 1
+ = Same size
m = hi d o di f Converging III At 2F’ At 2F Real Inverted
Lenses as object
ho
Between
do is + if the object is in front of the lens IV 2F’ & F’
Beyond 2F Real Enlarged Inverted
do is - if the object is in back of the lens
di is + if the image is in back of the lens V At F’ No Image No Image No Image No Image
di is - if the image is in front of the lens
f is + for a converging lens Between Same side
(sometimes called a convex or positive lens)
VI F’ & O as object
Virtual Enlarged Erect
f is - for a diverging lens
(sometimes called a concave or negative lens) Diverging Anywhere Same side
Lenses
All Cases in Front as object
Virtual Reduced Erect

CONCAVE MIRRORS Size of Image

Object Image Image Image Orientation
Case#
Position Position Type Relative to Relative to
Object Size Object

C F A I Infinite
At F Real
Reduced to
Inverted
Beyond C a point at F
Finite Between
II Beyond C C&F
Real Reduced Inverted

Same size
Concave III At C At C Real
as object
Inverted
CONVEX MIRRORS Mirrors
Between
IV C&F
Beyond C Real Enlarged Inverted

A V At F No Image No Image No Image No Image

F C
O i Between Behind
VI F&A Mirror
Virtual Enlarged Erect

Convex All Cases

Anywhere Behind
Virtual Reduced Erect
Mirrors in Front Mirror

Physics 7
 The P5: Phantastic Physics Phormulae & Phacts Phlyer
ARCHIMEDES PRINCIPLE
ROTATIONAL DYNAMICS GAS LAWS (BUOYANT FORCE)
Charles Law (constant volume)
sp < 1
P1 P2 B = d Vg
= sp =1
r r T1 T2
sp =1
Boyle’s Law (constant temperature) sp >1
sphere ring
I = 2/5 mr2
P1 V1 = P2 V2
I = mr2 PRESSURE in a LIQUID
Ideal Gas Law Po P = Po + d g h
l
r PV = nRT
Combined Gas Law h
P1V1T2 = P2V2T1 Ph
disk rod
I = 1/2 mr2 I = 1/12 ml2 T is in Kelvins 1 = old
2 = new

PROJECTILE MOTION Physics Price List

Answers to Physics Problems......$1.00
Ground to Ground
Y Answers requiring thought.......... $3.00
2 Answers, correct.......................$5.00
vy [v sin q ]
H= o Words of wisdom............... .......Free
2g Absolute Truths..............not available
Dumb looks........................Still Free

vx  !’s r round
vy v 2v sinq
o vx = vo cos ø T= o Conservation of Filth:
g
vy = vo sin ø
Inorder for something to
ø vx become clean, something else
X vo2 sin[2q ] must become dirty.
vx is constant tup = tdown R=
g ∆L = k L ∆T T1 T2
ay = constant
vy = 0 at max height g = -32 ft/s2 g = -9.8 m/s2 L ∆L
Phizz6 Phlyer makes it EZ as π Linear Expansion

18
A=πr2 r
Sphe re
13 14 15 16 17
C=πd
C=2πr V = 4 !r3
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 3
r

V = ! r 2h
h

m
1N = 1kg
s2 A = 1/2bh
cm
1Dyne = 1g 2
s
-b ± b 2 - 4a c
x =
2a
Physics 8
 The P5: Phantastic Physics Phormulae & Phacts Phlyer
Mechanics Symbols Electricity & Magnetism Symbols
v(avg) = s/t a = acceleration F = kq1q2/r2 B = flux density
vf = vi + at r = dist. between centers E = F/q F = force
s = 1/2 ( vo + v) t F = force V = W/q k = electrostatic constant
E = V/d V = electric potential difference
s = vot + 1/2 at2 g = accelertion due to gravity I = q/t E = electric field
V = IR q = charge
vf2 = vi2 + 2as G = universal gravitation constant
P = VI = I2R = V2/R
F = ma J = impulse
w = mg m = mass W = Pt = VIt = I2Rt
F = qVB
F = (Gm1m2)/r2 p = momentum
V = Blv v = velocity
p = mv s = displacement F = BIl l - length of conductor
J = Ft t = time
Ft = mv v = velocity Series Circuits
T=mg ± ma T = tension
Fk = µkFN w = weight It = I1 = I2 = I3 =..... I = current
Fs = µsFN h = height Vt = V1 + V2 + V3 +..... R = resistance
Fnet = Fapplied- Ffriction Fc = centripetal force Rt = R1 + R2 + R3 + ..... V = electric potential difference
FN = normal force
Energy Fk = force of kinetic friction Parallel Circuits
Fs = force of static friction The toughest thing
It = I1 + I2 + I3 +..... in business is
W = Fscosø µk = coefficient of kinetic friction
Vt = V1 = V2 = V3 = .... minding your own.
P = W/t = Fs/t = Fv µs = coefficient of static friction
1/Rt = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3 + ....
PE = mgh k = spring constant
KE = 1/2 mv2 PE = potential energy
F = kx KE = kinetic energy Transformers Ip = current in primary coil
PEs = 1/2 kx2 P = power
Is = current in secondary coil
PEs = PE stored in spring Np/Ns = Vp/Vs Np = # of turns of primary coil
Internal Energy W = work VpIp = VsIs Ns = # of turns of secondary coil
x = change in spring length Vp = voltage of primary
Q = mc∆T c = specific heat
Qf = mHf Hf = heat of fusion Vs = voltage of secondary
Qv = mHv Hv = heast of vaporization Modern Physics
Q = amount of heat
∆T = change in temperature Wo = hfo Wo = work function
Ephoton = hf c = speed of light in vacuum
Solids, Liquids, Gases KEmax = hf - Wo f = frequency
p = h/l fo = threshold frequency
D = m/v D = density Ephoton = Ei - Ef h = Planck’s constant
P = F/A P = pressure F = force p = momentum
stress = F/A A = cross sectional area l = wavelength
strain = ∆L/L ∆L = change in length KE = kinetic energy
Y = FL/A∆L L = original length
Ph = Dgh Y = Young’s modulus
T1/2 = 0.693/l N = atoms remaining after time t
Fb = DgV Ph = hydrostatic pressure
F1/A1 = F2/A2 Fb = buoyant force N = Noe-lt No = original number of atoms
P1V1T2 = P2V2T1 V = volume l = decay constant
∆L = aL∆T T = temperature t = time
∆V = bV∆T ∆V = change in volume
PV = nRT a = coefficient of linear expansion
Nuclear Energy
b = coefficient of volume expansion
R = gas constant E = mc2 m = mass
Waves and Optics E = energy

T = 1/f c = speed of light in a vacuum Circular/Periodic Motion

v = fl d = distance between slits
n = c/v f = frequency
sinøc = 1/n L = distance from slit to screen ac = v2/r r = radius
n1sinø1 = n2sinø2 n = index of refraction Fc = mv2/r Fc = centripetal force
n1v1 = n2v2 T = period v = 2πr/T v = velocity
l/d = x/L v = speed T = 2π (l/g)1/2 [pendulum] ac = centripetal acceleration
1/do + 1/di = 1/f x = distance from center to 1st max
M = hi/ho = - di/do l = wavelength of light g = GM/d2 T = period
di = image distance vescape=[2GME/re]1/2
do = object distance Tsatellite = 2π[(r3/GME)]1/2
1st Law of Location: f = focal length
No matter where you M = magnification
hi = image height
go, there you are.
ho = object height The harder you try the stronger the opposition becomes.

Physics 9
 The P5: Phantastic Physics Phormulae & Phacts Phlyer
Fundamental Constants Useful Physical Data

Quantity Symbol Value Earth Gravity 9.8 m/s2 or 32.2 ft/s2

Atm. Pres (sea level) 1.013 x 105 Pa = 14.70 lb/in2
Density of air (STP) 1.29 kg/m3
Avogadro’s number NA 6.02 x 1023 Speed of sound in air (20°C) 343 m/s
Electron Charge e 1.6 x 10-19
Water
Planck’s Constant h 6.63 x 10-34 J s
Density (4°C) 1.000 x 103 kg/m3
Mass of electron me 9.1 x 10-31 kg
Hf 3.35 x 105 J/kg
Mass of neutron mn 1.67 x 10-27 kg
Hv 2.26 x 106 J/kg
Mass of proton mp 1.67 x 10-27 kg c 4186 J/kg °C
Speed of light (vacuum) c 3 x 108 m/s Earth
Universal Gravitational G 6.67 x 10-11 N m2/kg2 Mass 5.98 x 1024 kg
Universal Gas Constant R 8.314 J/mol K Radius (eq) 6.38 x 106 m
Electrostatic Constant k 9.0 x 109 N m2/C2 Earth-Sun Dist 1.50 x 1011 m
Moon
Mass 7.35 x 1022 kg
Some Useful Conversion Factors Radius 1.74 x 106 m
Earth-Moon Dist 3.85 x 10 8 m
Length Work and Energy Sun
Mass 1.99 x 1030 kg
1 in = 2.54 cm 1 J = 0.7376 ft lb = 107 ergs Radius 6.96 x 108 m
1 ft = 0.3048 m 1 kcal = 4186 J
1 mi = 5280 ft = 1.609 km 1 Btu = 1055 J
1 m = 3.281 ft 1 kWh = 3.60 x 106 J Basic Mathematical Formulae
1 km = 0.6214 mi 1 ev = 1.602 x 10-19 J
1 angstrom = 1 x 10-10 m Area of circle = πr2
Area of rectangle =l x w
Mass Power Circumference of circle = 2πr = πd The chance of a
Surface area of a sphere = 4πr2 piece of bread
1 slug = 14.59 kg 1 hp = 550 ft lb/s = 745.7 W Volume of a sphere = 4/3 πr3
falling with the
1 kg = 1000 g = 6.852 x 10-2 slug 1 W = 1 J/s = 0.7376 ft lb/s buttered side down
Pythagorean Theorem: h2 = ho2 + ha2 is directly
1 amu (u) = 1.66 x 10-27 kg
1 kg = 2.205 lb
Sine of an angle: sin ø = ho/h proportional to the
Cosine of an angle: cos ø = ha/h cost of the carpet.
Time Pressure Tangent of an angle: tan ø = ho/ha
Law of cosines: c2 = a2 + b2 - 2ab cos ø
1 day = 24 h = 1440 min = 1 atm = 1.013 x 105 Pa = 1.013 bar Law of sines: a/sin A =b/sin B = c/sin C
8.64 x 104 s = 14.7 lb/in2 = 760 Torr = 760 mm Hg
Quadratic Formula:
1 yr = 365.24 days =3.156 x 107 s
2
-b ± b - 4ac
If ax2 + bx + c = 0, then x=
Speed Volume 2a
1 mi/hr = 1.609 km/hr = 1.476 ft/s = 1 L = 10-3 m3 = 1000 cm3 = 0.0353 ft3
0.4470 m/s
Vectors Components
1 ft3 = 0.02832 m3 = 7.481 US gal
1 km/hr = 0.6214 mi/hr = 0.2778 m/s 1 US gal = 3.785 x 10-3 m3 = Vectorx = (Vector) cos ø ø = angle between vector an x-axis
= 0.9113 ft/s 0.1337 ft3 Vectory = (Vector) sin ø

Force Angle
SI Base Units
1 lb = 4.448 N 1 radian = 57.30°
1 N = 105 dynes = 0.2248 lb 1° = 0.01745 radian Quantity Unit Abbr. Apparatus

Prefixes Denoting Multiples of Ten length meter m ruler

mass kilogram kg balance
Prefix Symbol Factor time second s stopwatch
amount of
Tera T 1012 substance mole mol ............
temperature kelvin K thermometer
Giga G 109 electric current ampere A ammeter
while repairing a car

106 luminous
will roll underneath

Mega M
to the exact center.

intensity candela cd light meter

Any tool dropped

Kilo k 103
Hecto h 102 y
Deka da 101 Right Triangle Trigonometry Vector Resolution
Deci d 10-1 A2 + B2 = C2 A
Centi c 10-2 sin ø = A/C
C
Milli m 10-3 A x
cos ø B/C
Micro µ 10-6 Ax = A cos ø
Nano n 10-9 ø tan ø = A/B Ay = A sin ø
Pico p 10-12 B

Physics 10
 1 18
1 Alkalai Metals 2
H He
1 1.0001

3
2
4
Alkaline Earth Metals
Transition Metals
Periodic Table 13
5
14
6
15
7
16
8
17
9
4.00
10
Li Other Metals B C F Ne
2 6.94
Be
9.01 Nonmetals 10.81 12.01
N
14.01
O
15.99 18.99 20.18

11 12 Noble Gases 13 14 15 16 17 18
Mg S
3 Na
22.99 24.31 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Al
26.98
Si
28.09
P
30.97 32.06
Cl
35.45
Ar
39.95
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti Mn Fe Co Cu Zn Ga Br Kr
4 39.1 40.08 44.96 47.88
V
50.94
Cr
51.99 54.94 55.85 58.93
Ni
58.69 63.55 65.39 69.72
Ge
72.61
As
74.92
Se
78.96 79.90 83.80

37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
5 Rb
85.5
Sr
87.62
Y
88.91
Zr
91.22
Nb
92.91
Mo
95.94
Tc
98
Ru
101.07
Rh
102.91
Pd
106.42
Ag
107.87
Cd
112.41
In
114.82
Sn
118.71
Sb
121.75
Te
127.60
I
126.91
Xe
131.29

55 56 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
6 Cs
132.9
Ba
137.33
57-70
*
Lu
174.97
Hf
178.49
Ta
180.95
W
183.85
Re
186.21
Os
190.2
Ir
192.22
Pt
195.08
Au
196.97
Hg
200.59
Tl
204.38
Pb
207.2
Bi
208.98
Po
209
At
210
Rn
222
87 88 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 114 116 118
7 Fr
223
Ra
226.03
89-102 Lr
260
Rf Db
262.1
Sg Bh Hs Mt Uun Uuu Uub Uuq Uuh Uuo
** 261.1 263.1 264.1 265.1 [268] [269] [272] [277] [289] [289] [293]

57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70
*lanthanides La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb
138.91 140.12 140.91 144.24 145 150.36 151.96 157.25 158.92 162.50 164.93 167.26 168.93 173.04

89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102

**actinides Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No
227.03 232.04 231.04 238.03 237.05 244 243 247 247 251 252 257 258 259

1 Hydrogen H 31 Gallium Ga 61 Promethium Pm 91 Protactinium Pa Dmitri Mendeleyev-developed first periodic table

Periodic Law - The properties of elements are a periodic
2 Helium He 32 Germanium Ge 62 Samarium Sm 92 Uranium U function of their atomic numbers.
Moseley-Discovered atomic numbers by bombarding atoms
3 Lithium Li 33 Arsenic As 63 Europium Eu 93 Neptunium Np with x-rays.
Atomic Number (Z) -The number of protons in the nucleus.
4 Beryllium Be 34 Selenium Se 64 Gadolinium Gd 94 Plutonium Pu Atomic Mass Number (A) - No. of Protons + No. of Neutrons.
A-Z = No. of Neutrons. A
5 Boron B 35 Bromine Br 65 Terbium Tb 95 Americium Am X
Z
X = Element Symbol
Isotopic Symbol
6 Carbon C 36 Krypton Kr 66 Dysprosium Dy 96 Curium Cm Atomic Weight-The average weight(mass) of an atom of an
element as determined from naturally occuring mixture of the
7 Nitrogen N 37 Rubidium Rb 67 Holmium Ho 97 Berkelium Bk elements
Carbon-12 - The isotope of carbon used as a standard for
8 Oxygen O 38 Strontium Sr 68 Erbium Er 98 Californium Cf atomic weights. One atom of carbon-12 has a mass of exactly
12.0000000 amu’s.
9 Fluorine F 39 Yttrium Y 69 Thulium Tm 99 Einsteinium Es AMU- Atomic Mass Unit

10 Neon Ne 40 Zirconium Zr 70 Ytterbium Yb 100 Fermium Fm Ionization Energy- Energy needed to remove the most loosely
bound electron from an atom.
11 Sodium Na 41 Niobium Nb 71 Lutetium Lu 101 Mendelevium Md X + I.E. ------> X+1 + 1e-
12 Magnesium Mg 42 Molybdenum Mo 72 Hafnium Hf 102 Nobelium No Electron Affinity- Energy released when an atom accepts an
electron into its valence shell.
13 Aluminum Al 43 Technetium Tc 73 Tantalum Ta 103 Lawrencium Lr
X + 1e- ------> X-1 + Energy
14 Silicon Si 44 Ruthenium Ru 74 Tungsten W 104 Rutherfordium Rf
Electronegativity- The ability of an atom to attract electrons in
15 Phosphorus P 45 Rhodium Rh 75 Rhenium Re 105 Dubnium Db a bond.
Shielding (Screening)- The ability of the kernel electrons to
16 Sulfur S 46 Palladium Pd 76 Osmium Os 106 Seaborgium Sg reduce the attraction of the nucleus for the valence electrons.
Covalent Atomic Radius- Half the distance between two
17 Chlorine Cl 47 Silver Ag 77 Iridium Ir 107 Bohrium Bh identical nuclei in a covalent bond.
VAN der Walls Radius- Half the distance between two adjacent
18 Argon Ar 48 Cadmium Cd 78 Platinum Pt 108 Hassium Hs nuclei in a crystal in which they are not sharing electrons.
Trends of the Periodic Table (based on increasing At. No.)
19 Potassium K 49 Indium In 79 Gold Au 109 Meitnerium Mt Row Group

20 Calcium Ca 50 Tin Sn 80 Mercury Hg 110 Ununnillium Uun Ionization energy Increases Decreases
Electronegativity Increases Decreases
21 Scandium Sc 51 Antimony Sb 81 Thallium Tl 111 Unununium Uuu Metallic Properties Decreases Increases
Nonmetallic Prop. Increases Decreases
22 Titanium Ti 52 Tellurium Te 82 Lead Pb 112 Ununbium Uub Atomic Radius Decreases Increases

23 Vanadium V 53 Iodine I 83 Bismuth Bi 113 ******** Group Names & Characteristics

Group 1- Alkali Metals -Very Reactive
24 Chromium Cr 54 Xenon Xe 84 Polonium Po 114 Ununquadium Uuq Group 2 -Alkaline Earth Metals - Reactive
Group 17- Halogens - Contains solids, liq. & gases Active
25 Manganese Mn 55 Caesium Cs 85 Astatine At Group 18- Noble Gases-All monatomic. Unreactive
115 ******** Groups 3 to11-Transition Metals - Incomplete d sublevels,
26 Iron Fe 56 Barium Ba 86 Radon Rn colored compounds, variable ox. nos.
116 Ununhexium Uuh
27 Cobalt Co 57 Lanthanum La 87 Francium Fr Metals- Left of stairs, Solids except Hg, malleable,ductile,good
117 ******** conductors.
28 Nickel Ni 58 Cerium Ce 88 Radium Ra Nonmetals- Right of stairs, Tend to be molecular, covalent
118 Ununoctium Uuo bonding, gases or soft liguids, some are diatomic (HOFBrINCl)
29 Copper Cu 59 Praseodymium Pr 89 Actinium Ac Metalloids-have both metllic and nonmetallic properties,
119 ******** Si,Ge,As,and Sb are used extensively in the electronics
60 Neodymium Nd industry to make semiconductors.
30 Zinc Zn 90 Thorium Th 120 ********