10/13/2021

Friction

Objectives Students must be able to

• Utilize theory of dry friction
– Describe theory of dry friction
– Describe physical meanings of frictional effects
– Describe and differentiate between static and
kinetic coefficients of friction
– Describe the angles of frictions
– Add friction into the analyses of objects and
structures in equilibrium

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Dry Friction
Force of resistance acting on a body which prevents
or retards slipping of the body relative to a surface
with which it is in contact.
Friction
exists?

roughnesses of the contacting surfaces.

Magnitude: friction’s magnitude limitation will be discussed later

Direction: tangent to the contacting surface and
opposed to the relative motion or tendency for motion
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Line of Action (Point of application): contact surface

a/2 a/2

Motion P
h
F
x
N N
• Slipping / Sliding
– Relative sliding (translation motion) between two
surfaces

• Toppling / Tippling
– Fall over (rotation) about the edge
– Topple, tipping, rolling, tumble, trip

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Experiment for determining Friction

mg

m P FBD P

F
“impending motion”’ N
(on the verge of motion)
Static friction
F (no motion) Object at rest (no motion)
Fk = kN  Fs  S N
 S : coefficient of static friction
Kinetic friction
(motion) Object with motion (steady state)
P  Fk  k N
Fs:max = sN k : coefficient of kinetic friction


k , s s  k (generally) 8
: constant on 2 certain contacting surfaces

no change in  k
Angle of Friction however P, mg are
Not depend on N
Fk  k N Fk
not depend on P,v,a
 k  tan 1
N
 tan 1 k k

 k = arctan(k) = angle of kinetic friction

 k  k (object in motion)
mg

Fs  S N ? tan 1 (  s )
s P
S N
F

  Fs max  tan 1 
F 
 s  tan s 1
tan 1
N
R
N N
s

 s = arctan(s) = angle of (max) static friction P  Fs 

s 
s  s (object at rest) 9

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Dry Friction
Dry Friction Characteristics

• Frictional force acts tangentially to the contacting surfaces,

opposing the relative or tendency for motion.

• Fs is independent of the area of contact, provided that the

normal pressure is not very low nor great enough for
deformation of the surfaces.

• In equilibrium:
Impending slipping:  = s
Slipping:  = k
Very low velocity: k s

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Dry Friction Impending Motion

Static Friction Typical Values

Contact Materials μs

Metal / ice 0.03 – 0.05

Wood / wood 0.30 – 0.70
Leather / wood 0.20 – 0.50
Leather / metal 0.30 – 0.60
Aluminum / Aluminum 1.10 – 1.70

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Ex1 Determine the maximum angle  which

the adjustable incline may have before the
block of mass m begins to slip. The
coefficient of static friction between the block
and the inclined surface is s.
 F
 Fx  0 : F  mg sin   0
W=mg  Fy  0 : N  mg cos   0
y

x F  Fmax  s N

H/2

“Impending Fmax  s N  s ( mg cos  max )
x Slip”:
F mg sin  max  s ( mg cos  max )
N
 max  tan 1 s (for slipping) Ans
H
Three force member x  tan 
2
Possibility of toppling?
[ M  0 ]
L
H
 mg cos  ( x )  mg sin  ( )  0 x  
  H tan  
  
H 2
 2 
2
x  tan 
2 W=mg  L/2 
 max,toppling  tan 1   12
  x 3 eq. , 3 unknowns  H /2

Dry Friction
Example

Will this crate slide or topple

over?

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  Fx  0  PF 1st Eq.

4 Unknowns: P, F, N, x
  Fy  0  W  N 2nd Eq.

  M  0  Ph  xN 3rd Eq. Two possibilities

Known : W , h,  s 1) about to slip 2) about to tip
4th Eq.
F  s N x
b 4th Eq.
2
use Pmin as answer
It’s time
P*   sW
bW
consuming, P† 
Better to know it 2 h
N*  W exactly
N W
†

x*   s h F† 
bW
2 h
b
Check
condition: x*  ? Check
F † ?  s N †
s
2 condition:

Inequality:
Dry Friction’s Problem hard to deal

F  s N
    static friction
F  0 M O 0
+ or

Equilibrium eq. F  k N
kinetic friction

fricitional eq.
Friction

• Kinetic motion is known. Moving at constant vel.

   
F  0 M O 0 + F  k N
Equilibrium eq. Kinetic friction

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   
F  0 M 0 F  s N
O
+ Static friction

not
In static equilibrium assuming friction can Static
“impending support
No. of unknown equilibrium?
must =
motion” equilibrium
No. of Equilibrium eq.
Assume:
static equilibrium.
F  s N (usually) : can't be used

Solve for F (and also N)

    Only equilibrium
using only equilibrium eq.
F  0  MO  0 eq. can be used to
determine
Equilibrium eq.
unknown values.
Assumption Checking F  s N
Friction is determined by equilibrium eq’s. Static friction

If F  Fmax    s N  O.K.
F  s N However, F  Fmax Assumption is not true!
F must <=  20
Static friction Motion occurs. F = kN

500N and Equilibrium?

100N
Ex: Determine the friction force acting on the
block shown if P = 500N and P = 100N. The
block is initially at rest.
s  0.2
k  0.17 Equilibrium state Assume: Body in equilibrium
is unknown
(not assuming the impending motion)
2 Eq ,
2 unknown  Fx  0 : P cos   F  mg sin   0
 Fy  0 : N  P sin   mg cos   0

impending motion F ?  s N F  s N

P=500N F  134 .3 N N  1093N OK ! Friction must be

enough to
| F |   s N  0.2(1093)  219 N
Assumption Checking:
Correct?
maintain
P=100N F  242 N N  956 N equilibrium

Object not in Equilibrium Contradict! | F |   s N  0.20(956)  191.2 N

 Fx  0 : Not valid! N  P sin   mg cos   0
 Fy  0 : still valid! N  956 N F  k N  0.17(956)  162.5N 22

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Dry Friction
Example

The uniform crate has a mass of 20 kg. If a force P = 80 N is

applied to the crate, determine whether it remains in equilibrium.
The coefficient of static friction = 0.3.

Equilibrium State
is not known

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Dry Friction
Example

The coefficient of static friction

between the two boxes and
between the lower box and the
inclined surface is s. What is
the largest angle  for which the
lower box will not slip.

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Dry Friction
Example

The rod with weight W is about to slip

on rough surfaces at A and B. Find
coefficient of static friction.

Direction of N?

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Dry Friction
Example

Impending slip
FA  s N A
FB  s NB
3 equilibrium equations,
3 unknowns (N A , NB , s )

  Fx  0    s N A  s NB cos 30  NB sin 30  0 (1)

  Fy  0    N A  W  NB cos 30  s NB sin 30  0 (2)
  M A  0   NB l  W cos 30(l / 2)  0 (3)
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Dry Friction
Example

From (3) NB  0.4330W

From (1) & (2) 0.2165 s2  s  0.2165
s  0.228 #

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Ex. For a 200 jaw opening, what is

the minimum coefficient of static
friction between the jaws and the
tube which will enable tongs to grip
the tube with out slipping

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Ex. Find the maximum value which P may

have before any slipping takes place.
?
Possible ways to slip
1) Middle object is going to move lonely.
2) Middle + buttom object is going to move together.

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42

Determine the minimum coefficient of static

A B friction at each point of contact so that the pile
does not collapse. weight W, radius r
C D

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