Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Direction
of force
Friction Friction
Weight
Tension in string
Thrust in rod
Resolving forces into components
Why do some cricket bowls
bounce higher than others? A A CH means v v cos
v
v cos C H
O O SH
means v v sin
vv
sin S H
v
When you intend to resolve forces, you can use the following notation:
5N 16 N 8N
R 8 3 5N
R 16 5 11N
3N
F ma
If the resultant force is zero,
the object will not move
Eg 6kg block is being pulled by a
cable with tension 12N. Eg a 70kg skydiver is falling at
The surface exerts a resistance of 4N. terminal velocity. Write down the force
Find the acceleration of the block caused by air resistance
a m s-2 FN
4N 12 N
6kg 0 m s-2
R 70 g F 70 0
4
R 12 4 6a a m s-2 F 70 g
3 70 g N Now try Ex3A, Q7-10
Particles on slopes
One of the common scenarios you
encounter is a particle on a slope. mg cos
mg
By resolving the weight into components
acting parallel and perpendicular to the slope
before applying Newton’s law F = ma, the
mg sin
acceleration of the particle can be determined.
Eg a block released on a
Eg a block released on a smooth slope
rough slope with friction F N
mg sin mg sin
R mg sin ma R mg sin F ma
mg sin F
a g sin a
m
Normal reaction
The normal reaction is the force which acts perpendicular to a surface when
an object is contact with the surface. This must be equal to the resultant
force an object is applying to the surface, as the object is not accelerating.
mg cos
mg
mg
R R mg cos 0 R R T sin mg 0
R mg cos R mg T sin
Friction
The coefficient of friction, μ measures the roughness of 2 surfaces
in contact. The larger the value of μ, the greater the friction.
As the applied force increases, so does the force of friction resisting movement,
up to a limiting value. If the applied force exceeds this limit, the block will move.
Hence F R
Will it move?
R
A block of mass 5kg lies at rest on a rough 0.4
surface with a coefficient of friction of 0.4
A horizontal force of P N is applied to the block 5kg
P
Find the size of the frictional force and where F
applicable, acceleration of the block when P is:
a) 10N b) 19.6N c) 30N
5g
a) R R 5 g Fmax 2 g 19.6 N
R P is less than F , so the block will not move
max
b) P is equal to Fmax, so the block will not move but is in limiting equilibrium
The weight of the block has components acting parallel & perpendicular to the slope
The slope in turn applies a normal reaction equal to the perpendicular component
Weight R R
Reaction
Friction mg cos
Acceleration mg
mg sin
Eg A particle P of mass 3 kg is projected up a line of greatest slope of a rough plane
inclined at an angle of 30° to the horizontal. The coefficient of friction between P and
the plane is 0.4. The initial speed of P is 6 m s-1. Find
(a) the frictional force acting on P as it moves up the plane,
6 ms -1
R R 3 g cos 30 3 23 g
R
F R 3 3
5 g 10 N (2sf)
F 30 3 g cos 30
3g
30 3 g sin 30
(b) the distance moved by P up the plane before P comes to instantaneous rest.
R F 3 g sin 30 3a R v 2 u 2 2as
g 3 g sin 30
3 3 0 6 2 2 8.294... s
a 5
3 62
s 2.170.. m
8.294... 2 8.294...
WB10 The diagram above shows a boat B of mass 400 kg held at rest on a slipway
by a rope. The boat is modelled as a particle and the slipway as a rough plane
inclined at 15° to the horizontal. The coefficient of friction between B and the slipway
is 0.2. The rope is modelled as a light, inextensible string, parallel to a line of greatest
slope of the plane. The boat is in equilibrium and on the point of sliding down the
slipway.
(a) Calculate the tension in the rope.
R
R R 400 g cos 15 B T
F R 80 g cos 15 50 m
F
30° 2g
R R 24 sin 30 2 g cos 30
R 3 g 12
F R 2
5
3 g 12
R 24 cos 30 2 g sin 30 F 2 a
a 21 12 3 g 52 3 g 12 4.5 ms -2
(2sf)
The rope now breaks. The parcel slows down and comes to rest.
(b) Show that, when the parcel comes to this position of rest, it
immediately starts to move down the plane again.
R R 2 g cos 30 3g
R
F R Fmax R g 6.78...N F3 0 °
2 3
5
W
R W 2 g sin 30 g 9.8N
W Fmax 30° 2g
R W F 2 a
a 1
2
g 2 3
5
g 1.5 ms -2 (2sf)
Q1) R 1
2 g sin 20 21 a g
½k
a g sin 20
3.4 ms -2 (2sf) 20
R 20 cos 2 g sin 2 a 5
3
4
sin 3
20 54 2 g 35
5
a 1
2 cos 4
5
4
2.1 ms (2sf)
-2
Q5) R R 2 g cos 20
g
Fmax 2 g cos 20 (1) 2k
R ?
2 g sin 20 Fmax 2 1.5 (2)
20
(1) + (2) 2 g sin 20 2 g cos 2 3
2 g sin 20 3
0.20 (2sf)
2 g cos 20
Q6) R R 4 g cos 25 30 N
Fmax 4 g cos 25 (1)
4 kg
R 30 4 g sin 25 Fmax 4 2 (2)
(1) + (2) 30 4 g sin 25 4 g cos 25 8 25
22 4 g sin 25
0.15 (2sf)
4 g cos 25
Q3) R R 40 g cos 20 kg
40
Fmax 4 g cos 20
0.1
R 40 g sin 20 Fmax 40 a
20
a 401 40 g sin 20 4 g cos 20
2.430... ms -2
R v 2 u 2 2as 0 2 2 2.430... 5
v 4.9 ms -1 (2sf)
Q4) v u at 21 0 6a a 3.5 kg
20
R 25
R 10 g cos 25
Fmax 10 g cos 25 (1)
Fmax 154 mg B
31
R mg sin Fmax ma
A
35 mg 154 mg ma tan 3
5 4
a 35 154 g 13
15 g
3
sin 3
5
cos 4
5
v 2 u 2 2as 4
0 2 20 2 2 13
15 g s
20 2
s 23.547... m
2 15 g
13
20
v u at 0 20 13
15 gt t 13 2.4 m (2sf)
15 g
Finding the value of μ
If no other forces but friction and weight are acting on a particle, the coefficient
of friction can be determined by raising a slope until the block slides
R R mg cos 0 1
R R
R mg sin R 0 2
1 R mg cos
mg sin mg cos
2 tan
mg
R
mg sin
tan 45 1
WB12 A particle P of mass 0.4 kg is moving
under the action of a constant force F newtons.
Initially the velocity of P is (6i – 27j) m s–1 and 4 s
later the velocity of P is (-14i + 21j) m s–1.
(a) Find, in terms of i and j, the acceleration of P.
F ma 0.4 5i 12 j 2i 4.8 j N
F 22 4.8 2 5.2 N
Connected particles moving in the same direction
Problems concerning connected particles moving in the same direction
should usually be solved by considering the particles separately
Find the acceleration of each particle and the tension in the string
For Q: (1) + (2) 40 85 g 8a
R T 35 g 3a (1) a 1
8
40 85 g 3.0 ms -2 (2sf)
For P: Sub in (1) T 3a 3
5 g 15 N (2sf)
R 40 g T 5a (2)
Q2 200
For P: R 200 5 g R T 5 1.2 (1)
P 5 kg
For Q: R T 5 g R 5 1.2 (2)
R T 1.2 m s -2
5g
(1) (2) 200 10 g 2 R 12 T
R 1
2
200 10 g 12 45 N Q 5 kg
T T
500 kg 1500 kg 10000
1000 3000
T
T
15° 1500 N
300 N
v 2 u 2 2as 0 2 6 2 2 31 s
900 g
s 362 3 54m
(d) State whether, when the towbar breaks, the normal reaction of the road on the
car is increased, decreased or remains constant. Give a reason for your answer.
R
Before
After
T
The vertical component of T
15° is no longer present, so the
normal reaction increases
2T 24
5 mg
WB13 A particle A of mass 0.8 kg rests on a horizontal table and is attached to one
end of a light inextensible string. The string passes over a small smooth pulley P
fixed at the edge of the table. The other end of the string is attached to a particle B of
mass 1.2 kg which hangs freely below the pulley, as shown in the diagram above.
The system is released from rest with the string taut and with B at a height of 0.6 m
above the ground. In the subsequent motion A does not reach P before B reaches
the ground. In an initial model of the situation, the table is assumed to be smooth.
Using this model, find
(a) the tension in the string before B reaches the ground,
a 35 g T
4
g
Sub in (1) T 4.7N (2sf)
5
a m s-2
B
0 .6 m
6
5 g
(b) the time taken by B to reach the ground.
s ut 21 at 2 0.6 21 35 gt 2
a m s-2
0 .6 2
t 0.45 s 2sf R
5 g
3
T
P
A
In a refinement of the model, it is R
assumed that the table is rough
and that the coefficient of friction T
4
5 g
between A and the table is 15
a m s-2
Using this refined model, B
(c) find the time taken by B to
reach the ground. 0 .6 m
6
g
R
R 54 g Fmax 254 g 5
For A:
R T 254 g 54 a 1
For B: R 5 g T 5 a 2 s ut 21 at 2 35 21 13 2
6 6
25 gt
1 2 56 g 254 g 54 a 56 a t
3
5
0.49 s (2sf)
2a 26
g a 13
1
13
g
25 g
25 2 25
WB14 A particle A of mass 4 kg moves on the inclined face of a smooth wedge.
This face is inclined at 30° to the horizontal. The wedge is fixed on horizontal
ground. Particle A is connected to a particle B, of mass 3 kg, by a light inextensible
string. The string passes over a small light smooth pulley which is fixed at the top of
the plane. The section of the string from A to the pulley lies in a line of greatest slope
of the wedge. The particle B hangs freely below the pulley, as shown in the diagram
above. The system is released from rest with the string taut. For the motion before A
reaches the pulley and before B hits the ground, find
(a) the tension in the string,
a m s-2
For A: R T 4 g sin 30 4a 1 T
For B: R 3 g T 3a 2 A (4 k g ) T
T
30
30
T T
A (4 k g ) T
2T cos 30 B (3 k g )
2T cos 30 44 N 2sf 30
R
-2
1
gms
2
5 g T 2
25 g 5 1 .4 m
T
T B (0 .4 k g )
(b) Find the tension in the string. 1
g m s-2
5
A (m k g )
Using (a) 2
5 g1 m
mg
T 52 g 252 g 8
25 g 3.1N 2sf 30
16
(c) Prove that m = 35
v 2 u 2 2as 2
m
P
21 g m s-2 5
v 2 0 2 2 51 g 1 2
5 g ms -1
v 2
5 g 2.0 ms -1 (2sf)
16
35 g
(f) Show that A comes to rest as it reaches P.
-1 v 2 u 2 2as
When B hits the floor, A is moving at 2
g ms
v 2 52 g 2 21 g 52 0
5
v 2 u 2 2as 0 2 5.6 2 g s s 72 m
Total height gained by B = 2 72 m
a
Q5 For A: R T g 5a 1
5
2
R
5g
For B: 3 g T 3a 2
A T
1 2 1
2 g 8a a 1
16 g 5 kg
0.61 ms -2 (2sf) 5
2 g T
5g 3kg B a
Sub a 0.6125 in (1): T 52 g 5 0.6125
T 28 N (2sf) 3g
T
F 2T 2 39 N (2sf)
T F
Q6 For P: R T mg sin ma 1
For Q: R mg T ma 2 a 2m
v 2 0 2 2 51 g 2
v 2.8 ms -1 (2sf)
tan 3
5 4
3
sin 3
5
cos 4
5
4
Q7
a T R
T
Q a
m m P
1
2 R
mg
30
mg 60
For P: R R mg cos 60
R mg sin 60 T 21 R ma 1
sin 30 1
For Q: R T mg sin 30 ma 2 2
sin 60 3
cos 30 2
3
2
3
g 21 g 41 g 2a cos 60 1
2
a 4
3
38 g 0.57 ms -2 (2sf)
Sub in (2): T m 4
3
g 38 g mg sin 30
1 28 3 mg
Q8 For the whole system:
a 12000
tan 3
5 4
3
sin 3
5
cos 4
5
4
Q9 For Q: R 3 g T 3 2.5 2.5
T 3 g 7.5 R
T
P T
For P: R R 2 g cos 30 2kg 3kg Q 2.5
R T R 2 g sin 30 2 2.5 R
3g
2g
T 2 g sin 30 5
R 30
3 g 2 g sin 30 12.5
2 g cos 30
0.42 (2sf)
T
30
30
T
2T cos 30 38 N (2sf)
2T cos 30
a
Q10 For whole system:
R 2400 1200 a
T T
a 2 ms -2
300 kg 900 kg 2400
v 2 u 2 2as
0 2 20 2 2 2 s
20 2
s 100 m
4
Ex 3F Q4
3kg
4 kg B
A
Q5
A
5 kg
3kg B
Q6
P
m m Q
Q7
Q
m m P
30 60
Q8 12000
k g
9 00
0 kg
50
Q9
P
2kg 3kg Q
30
Q10
R R mg cos 1 R
R
R mg sin R 72 m 2 m
5 g
0.30 (2sf)
tan 3
5 4
3
sin 3
5
cos 4
5
4
Review Exercise 1, Q45 0
R PN R
R 50 g P sin 30 0
R 50 g P sin 30 1
30 50 kg
R
3
R
P cos 30 35 R 0 5
R 53 P cos 30 2 50 g
50 g
P 520 N (2sf)
5
3 cos 30 sin 30
Review Exercise 1, Q47
a
A 5m B
v u 2as
2 2
10 k
g
8 10 2 a 5
2 2
20 C
a 8 2 10 2
10
3.6 ms -2
R R 10 g cos 20 0
R 10 g cos 20
R 10 g sin 20 10 g cos 20 36
1010g sin 20 36
g cos 20
0.75 (2sf)
v 2 u 2 2as
0 2 10 2 2 3.6 s
.
s 10 2
23.6
13. 8 m
Momentum
The momentum of a body of mass m kg which is moving with velocity v ms -1 is mv N
By Newton’s 3rd law, when two bodies collide, each exerts an equal and
opposite force on the other. By the impulse – momentum principle, these forces
are equal & opposite, hence the total momentum of the system is unchanged.
This is called the principle of conservation of momentum
Eg A railway truck P of mass 2000 kg is moving along a straight horizontal track with
speed 10 m s-1. The truck P collides with a truck Q of mass 3000 kg, which is at rest
on the same track. Immediately after the collision Q moves with speed 5 m s-1.
Calculate the speed of P immediately after the collision,
Before 10 ms -1 0 ms -1
Conservation of momentum
2000 10 3000 0 2000 v 3000 5
P Q
I 2000 kg 3000 kg I 20000 2000 v 15000
5000 2000v
After
v ms -1 5 ms -1 v 2.5 ms -1
Impulse
If a constant force F acts for time t then we define the impulse of the force to be Ft
v u
Substituting a in F ma gives Ft mv u
t
This is called the impulse - momentum principle
Before 10 ms -1 0 ms -1 I mv u
P
For Q: I 3000 5 0
Q
I 2000 kg 3000 kg I 15000 Ns
NB: the impulse Q exerts on P
After must be the equal and opposite
2.5 ms -1 5 ms -1
For P: I 2000 2.5 10
15000 Ns
Eg A railway truck P of mass 2000 kg is moving along a straight horizontal track with
speed 10 m s-1. The truck P collides with a truck Q of mass 3000 kg, which is at rest
on the same track. Immediately after the collision Q moves with speed 5 m s-1.
Calculate the speed of P immediately after the collision,
Before 10 ms -1 0 ms -1
Conservation of momentum
2000 10 3000 0 2000 v 3000 5
P Q
I 2000 kg 3000 kg I 20000 2000 v 15000
5000 2000v
After
v ms -1 5 ms -1 v 2.5 ms -1
I 0.12 3 0 0.36 Ns
3 ms -1 0 ms -1
Before
A B
I 0.12kg 0.08 kg I Immediately after the particles collide,
the speed of A is 1.2 m s-1, its direction
After of motion being unchanged.
1.2 ms -1 v ms -1 (b) Find the speed of B immediately
after the collision.
Conservation of momentum
(c) Find the magnitude of the impulse 0.12 3 0.08 0 0.12 1.2 0.08 v
exerted on A in the collision.
0.36 0.144 0.08v
I 0.12 3 1.2 0.216 Ns
0.216 0.08v
v 2.7 ms -1
WB18 A particle P of mass 2 kg is moving with speed u m s–1 in a straight line on a
smooth horizontal plane. The particle P collides directly with a particle Q of mass 4 kg
which is at rest on the same horizontal plane. Immediately after the collision, P and Q
are moving in opposite directions and the speed of P is one-third the speed of Q.
(a) Show that the speed of P immediately after the collision is 51 u ms -1
Before u ms -1 0 ms -1
Conservation of momentum
P Q
2 u 4 0 2 v 4 3v
2kg 4kg 2u 10v
v 51 u ms -1
After
v ms -1 3v ms -1
After the collision P continues to move in the same straight line and is
brought to rest by a constant resistive force of magnitude 10 N. The distance
between the point of collision and the point where P comes to rest is 1.6 m.
(b) Calculate the value of u.
For P: R 10 2a v 2 u 2 2as
a 5 ms 2 0 51 u 2 5 1.6
2
u 2 16 u 25 16 20 ms
-1
1
25
WB19 Two trucks A and B, moving in opposite directions on the same horizontal
railway track, collide. The mass of A is 600 kg. The mass of B is m kg. Immediately
before the collision, the speed of A is 4 m s–1 and the speed of B is 2 m s–1.
Immediately after the collision, the trucks are joined together and move with the
same speed 0.5 m s–1. The direction of motion of A is unchanged by the collision.
Find
(a) the value of m,
4 ms -1 2 ms -1
Before After
A B A&B
I 600 kg m kg I 600 m kg
0.5 ms -1
Conservation of momentum
(b) the magnitude of the impulse
600 4 m 2 600 m 0.5 exerted on A in the collision.
2400 2m 300 21 m
I 600 4 0.5 2100 Ns
2100 2 21 m
m 840 kg
Now do Ex 3I, Q1,3,7,14,15
0 ms -1 0 ms -1
Before
Conservation of momentum
Q1 Gun Bullet
4 m kg m kg 0 m 200 4 m 5
0 200m 20 5m
After
5 ms -1 200 ms -1 20
m 394 kg
195
4 m 4 394 kg
2u ms -1 u ms -1
Before
Conservation of momentum
Q3 P Q 6mu 4mu 4mv
3m kg 4m kg
2u 4v
After
0 ms -1 v ms -1 v 21 u ms -1
I mv u
14 ms -1
Driver
After
Conservation of momentumR
1000 kg
Pile driver 1000 14 1200v
v ms -1
1200 kg
Pile v 353
0 ms -1
200 kg
a 90.2
Pile driver
a 1200 kg
35
3 ms -1 v 2 u 2 2as
0 2 353 2 90.2 s
2
353 2
1200 g s 180.4 0.75m (2sf)
Before 3 ms -1 4 ms -1
Conservation of momentum
Q14 P Q 1.5 3 2.5 4 1.5 2.5 2.5 v
1.5 kg 2.5 kg
5.5 3.75 2.5v
5.5 3.75
After
v ms -1
v 0.7 ms -1
2.5 ms -1 2.5
Speed 0.7 ms -1
As v <0, direction is unchanged
-1
For P: I 1.5 3 2.5 8.25 Ns
2u ms u ms -1
Before
Q15 A
Conservation of momentum
B
m kg km kg 2um kum m km 32 u
After 2um kum 32 um 32 kum
A&B
m km kg 34 53 k
k 54
2
3 u ms -1
Assignment 4, Q2
Before 2u 3u
I mv u
A B
For A: 7 mu2 2mv A 2u I
2m m I
R T Fmax 94 mg F
mg
T
2m B 4
g
10
9 mg mg mg 4
9
9
109 94 2
3
2mg
v u 2as v gh
2 2 2 8 a 8
9 gh
9
R 32 mg ma a 32 g
m
F
Giving Information : u gh, a 32 g , s 31 h
2 8
9
v 2 u 2 2as v 89 gh 94 gh 94 gh v
2 2
3 gh
Assignment 4, Q4
R
R 49 N P
49 cos 6 g sin 30 2kg
cos 6 g sin 30
49
3
5
R 30 6g
R 6 g cos 30 49 sin 90 N (2sf)
tan 3
5 4
3
sin 3
5
cos 4
a 4 5
P
49 N 2kg
30
30 6g
R 49 cos 30 6 g sin 30 6a
a 2.2 ms -2 2sf