IGCSE BIOLOGY

SECTION 2 LESSON 5
 Content

Section 2
a) Levels of organisation
b) Cell structure
Structures c) Biological molecules
and d) Movement of substances
functions into and out of cells
in living e) Nutrition
organisms f) Respiration
g) Gas exchange
h) Transport
i) Excretion
j) Coordination and response
 Content
h) Transport
2.49 understand why simple, unicellular organisms can
Lesson 5 rely on diffusion for movement of substances in and out
of the cell
2.50 understand the need for a transport system in
multicellular organisms
h) Transport
Flowering plants
2.51 describe the role of phloem in transporting
sucrose and amino acids between the leaves and
other parts of the plant
2.52 describe the role of xylem in transporting water
and mineral salts from the roots to other parts of the
plant
2.53 explain how water is absorbed by root hair cells
2.54 understand that transpiration is the evaporation of
water from the surface of a plant
2.55 explain how the rate of transpiration is affected
by changes in humidity,wind speed, temperature and
light intensity
2.56 describe experiments to investigate the role of
environmental factors in determining the rate of
transpiration from a leafy shoot
 Content
h) Transport

Lesson 5 Humans
2.57 describe the composition of the blood: red blood cells, white
blood cells, platelets and plasma
2.58 understand the role of plasma in the transport of carbon
h) Transport dioxide, digested food, urea, hormones and heat energy
2.59 explain how adaptations of red blood cells, including shape,
structure and the presence of haemoglobin, make them suitable for
the transport of oxygen
2.60 describe how the immune system responds to disease using
white blood cells, illustrated by phagocytes ingesting pathogens and
lymphocytes releasing antibodies specific to the pathogen
2.61 understand that vaccination results in the manufacture of
memory cells, which enable future antibody production to the
pathogen to occur sooner, faster and in greater quantity
2.62 understand that platelets are involved in blood clotting,
which prevents blood loss and the entry of micro-organisms
2.63 describe the structure of the heart and how it functions
2.64 explain how the heart rate changes during exercise and under
the influence of adrenaline
2.65 describe the structure of arteries, veins and capillaries and
understand their roles
2.66 understand the general structure of the circulation system to
include the blood vessels to and from the heart, the lungs, the liver
and the kidneys.
Diffusion in living organisms
 Diffusion in living organisms

In:

Food

oxygen
 Diffusion in living organisms

In: Out:

Food Carbon
dioxide

oxygen
Waste
products
 Diffusion in living organisms
Eg. movement of oxygen in Amoeba
 Diffusion in living organisms
Eg. movement of oxygen in Amoeba

High oxygen Low oxygen

concentration concentration
 Diffusion in living organisms
Eg. movement of oxygen in Amoeba

High oxygen Low oxygen

concentration concentration

Oxygen will move from a high concentration outside the

cell to a lower concentration inside the cell. It is moving
from high to low – i.e. down a concentration gradient.
Diffusion in living organisms
Fine for single-celled
organisms
 Diffusion in living organisms
Fine for single-celled
organisms

But for bigger organisms

……….
 Diffusion in living organisms
Fine for single-celled
organisms

But for bigger organisms

……….

Multi-cellular organisms
(both plants and animals)
need transport systems.
 Transport in flowering plants

Water and
mineral
salts.

Roots
 Transport in flowering plants

Water and Sucrose and

mineral amino acids.
salts.
Leaves
Products of
photosynthesis

Roots
 Transport in flowering plants
XYLEM PHLOEM

Water and Sucrose and

mineral amino acids.
salts.
Leaves
Products of
photosynthesis

Roots
 Transport in flowering plants
XYLEM

Water and
mineral
salts.

Roots
Water (and mineral) movement into the
root
Water (and mineral) movement into the
root
More concentrated solution
inside

Less concentrated solution

outside (more DILUTE)
 Water (and mineral) movement into the
root
More concentrated solution
inside

WATER
WATER

Less concentrated solution

outside (more DILUTE)
R

ER
E
AT

T
WA
W
 Water (and mineral) movement into the
root
More concentrated solution
inside

WATER
WATER

Less concentrated solution

outside (more DILUTE)
R

ER
E
AT

T
WA
W

In root hair cells water moves

from the surrounding soil into
the cell by osmosis, along a
concentration gradient
Water (and mineral) movement into the root

Root hair cell with a high

concentration of nitrate ions.

Soil with a lower concentration of

nitrate ions.
Water (and mineral) movement into the root

When substances are moved into a cell where

there is already a higher concentration, then
ENERGY from respiration will be required.
Root hair cell with a high
concentration of nitrate ions.

Soil with a lower concentration of

nitrate ions.
Water (and mineral) movement into the root

When substances are moved into a cell where

there is already a higher concentration, then
ENERGY from respiration will be required.
Root hair cell with a high
concentration of nitrate ions.

Energy will be used to ‘pull’

nitrate ions from the
surrounding soil into the cell

Soil with a lower concentration of

nitrate ions.
Water (and mineral) movement into the root

When substances are moved into a cell where

there is already a higher concentration, then
ENERGY from respiration will be required.
Root hair cell with a high
concentration of nitrate ions.

This is Active Transport

Energy will be used to ‘pull’

nitrate ions from the
surrounding soil into the cell

Soil with a lower concentration of

nitrate ions.
 Water (and mineral) movement into the root

When substances are moved into a cell where

there is already a higher concentration, then
ENERGY from respiration will be required.
Root hair cell with a high
concentration of nitrate ions.

This is Active Transport

Energy will be used to ‘pull’

nitrate ions from the
surrounding soil into the cell
Root hairs provide
roots with a much
Soil with a lower concentration of
greater surface nitrate ions.
area.
 Water movement through the plant
Water (and
dissolved mineral
salts) are moved
from the roots up
through the plant
in xylem vessels.
 Water movement through the plant
Water (and
dissolved mineral
salts) are moved
from the roots up
through the plant
in xylem vessels.
 Water movement through the plant
Water (and
dissolved mineral
salts) are moved
from the roots up
through the plant
in xylem vessels.
 Water movement through the plant
Water (and
dissolved mineral
salts) are moved
from the roots up
through the plant
in xylem vessels.

Xylem vessels contain

a strengthening
material called lignin
and are dead. Water
movement is ‘passive’.
 Leaf structure
Cross section through a leaf
 Leaf structure
Cross section through a leaf

Vascular bundle
containing xylem
vessels and
phloem tubes
 Leaf structure
Cross section through a leaf

Xylem
Vascular bundle
containing xylem
vessels and
phloem tubes

Phloem
Water movement through the plant
 Water movement through the plant
1. Water evaporates from the
internal leaf cells through the
stomata (TRANSPIRATION)
 Water movement through the plant
1. Water evaporates from the
internal leaf cells through the
stomata (TRANSPIRATION)

2. Water passes from xylem

vessels in the stem to leaf cells
by osmosis.
 Water movement through the plant
1. Water evaporates from the
internal leaf cells through the
stomata (TRANSPIRATION)

2. Water passes from xylem

vessels in the stem to leaf cells
by osmosis.

3. This ‘pulls’ the water up

through the xylem to replace
that being lost.
 Water movement through the plant
1. Water evaporates from the
internal leaf cells through the
stomata (TRANSPIRATION)

2. Water passes from xylem

vessels in the stem to leaf cells
by osmosis.

3. This ‘pulls’ the water up

through the xylem to replace
that being lost.

4. Water enters the xylem

vessels in the stem from root
tissue to replace the water that
has moved upwards.
 Water movement through the plant
1. Water evaporates from the
internal leaf cells through the
stomata (TRANSPIRATION)

2. Water passes from xylem

vessels in the stem to leaf cells
by osmosis.

3. This ‘pulls’ the water up

through the xylem to replace
that being lost.

4. Water enters the xylem

vessels in the stem from root
tissue to replace the water that
has moved upwards.

5. Water enters the root hair

cells by osmosis to replace water
which has entered the xylem.
 Water movement through the plant
1. Water evaporates from the
internal leaf cells through the
stomata (TRANSPIRATION)

2. Water passes from xylem

vessels in the stem to leaf cells Evaporation of
by osmosis. water from the leaf
results in water
3. This ‘pulls’ the water up being drawn through
through the xylem to replace the plants from the
that being lost. roots = the
TRANSPIRATION
4. Water enters the xylem STREAM
vessels in the stem from root
tissue to replace the water that
has moved upwards.

5. Water enters the root hair

cells by osmosis to replace water
which has entered the xylem.
 Water loss from the leaf

Stoma
Water loss from the leaf

H2O
Water evaporates
H2O from the stomata ( =
H2O
TRANSPIRATION)
Water loss from the leaf

H2O
The Stomata can open
H2O and close in order to
H2O
control the amount of
water lost.
Water loss from the leaf

H2O
If the plant loses too
H2O much water then it will
H2O
wilt
Water loss from the leaf

H2O
If the air around the
H2O leaf is very humid then
H2O
less water will be lost.
Water loss from the leaf

H2O
On a windy day more
H2O water will be lost from
H2O
the leaf surface.
Water loss from the leaf

H2O
On a hot day more
H2O water will be lost from
H2O
the leaf surface.
Water loss from the leaf

H2O
As light intensity
H2O increases, the stomata
H2O
open more, so more
water is lost.
Sucrose and amino acid movement through
the plant
Sucrose and amino
acids are made in
the leaves. They
are transported to
all parts of the
plant in phloem
tubes.
Sucrose and amino acid movement through
the plant
Sucrose and amino
acids are made in
the leaves. They
are transported to
all parts of the
plant in phloem
tubes.
Sucrose and amino acid movement through
the plant
Sucrose and amino
acids are made in
the leaves. They
are transported to
all parts of the
plant in phloem
tubes.
Sucrose and amino acid movement through
the plant
Sucrose and amino
acids are made in
the leaves. They
are transported to
all parts of the
plant in phloem
tubes.
The cross walls do not
completely break
down, but instead
from sieve plates.
Sucrose and amino acid movement through
the plant
Sucrose and amino
acids are made in
the leaves. They
are transported to
all parts of the
plant in phloem
tubes.
Phloem tubes are
living, and the
movement of sucrose
and amino acids is
thought to be an
active process.
 Content
h) Transport
2.49 understand why simple, unicellular organisms can
Lesson 5 rely on diffusion for movement of substances in and out
of the cell
2.50 understand the need for a transport system in
multicellular organisms
h) Transport
Flowering plants
2.51 describe the role of phloem in transporting
sucrose and amino acids between the leaves and
other parts of the plant
2.52 describe the role of xylem in transporting water
and mineral salts from the roots to other parts of the
plant
2.53 explain how water is absorbed by root hair cells
2.54 understand that transpiration is the evaporation of
water from the surface of a plant
2.55 explain how the rate of transpiration is affected
by changes in humidity,wind speed, temperature and
light intensity
2.56 describe experiments to investigate the role of
environmental factors in determining the rate of
transpiration from a leafy shoot
 Content
h) Transport

Lesson 5 Humans
2.57 describe the composition of the blood: red blood cells, white
blood cells, platelets and plasma
2.58 understand the role of plasma in the transport of carbon
h) Transport dioxide, digested food, urea, hormones and heat energy
2.59 explain how adaptations of red blood cells, including shape,
structure and the presence of haemoglobin, make them suitable for
the transport of oxygen
2.60 describe how the immune system responds to disease using
white blood cells, illustrated by phagocytes ingesting pathogens and
lymphocytes releasing antibodies specific to the pathogen
2.61 understand that vaccination results in the manufacture of
memory cells, which enable future antibody production to the
pathogen to occur sooner, faster and in greater quantity
2.62 understand that platelets are involved in blood clotting,
which prevents blood loss and the entry of micro-organisms
2.63 describe the structure of the heart and how it functions
2.64 explain how the heart rate changes during exercise and under
the influence of adrenaline
2.65 describe the structure of arteries, veins and capillaries and
understand their roles
2.66 understand the general structure of the circulation system to
include the blood vessels to and from the heart, the lungs, the liver
and the kidneys.
Transport in Humans
Transport in Humans
 Transport in Humans
PLASMA –
Straw coloured liquid.
• transports CO2 from
the tissues to the lungs.
• transports soluble
products of digestion
from small intestine to
the organs and tissues
• transports other
wastes, such as urea,
from the liver to the
kidneys.
• transports hormones
around the body
• carries heat away from
organs and tissues
 Transport in Humans
PLASMA – RED BLOOD CELLS (RBCs) –
Straw coloured liquid. • transport oxygen from the
• transports CO2 from lungs to organs and tissues
the tissues to the lungs. • contains haemoglobin, a
• transports soluble red pigment
products of digestion • haemoglobin combines with
from small intestine to oxygen to form
the organs and tissues oxyhaemoglobin
• transports other • biconcave in shape
wastes, such as urea, • no nucleus
from the liver to the • Large surface area
kidneys.
• transports hormones
around the body
• carries heat away from
organs and tissues
 Transport in Humans
PLASMA – WHITE BLOOD CELLS –
Straw coloured liquid. • two main forms,
• transports CO2 from granulocytes and
the tissues to the lungs. agranulocytes.
• transports soluble • granulocytes have a lobed
products of digestion nucleus and engulf microbes
from small intestine to • agranulocytes have a
the organs and tissues rounded nucleus and
• transports other produce antibodies to
wastes, such as urea, attack microbes
from the liver to the
kidneys.
• transports hormones
around the body
• carries heat away from
organs and tissues
 Transport in Humans
PLASMA –
Straw coloured liquid. PLATELETS –
• transports CO2 from Fragments of cells, used
the tissues to the lungs. in the blood clotting
• transports soluble process to close wounds.
products of digestion
from small intestine to
the organs and tissues
• transports other
wastes, such as urea,
from the liver to the
kidneys.
• transports hormones
around the body
• carries heat away from
organs and tissues
White cells and immunity
White cells and immunity
Micro-organisms

White blood
cell
White cells and immunity

The white blood cell

begins to surround
the micro-organisms
White cells and immunity

The micro-organisms
are ingested by the
white blood cell and
are destroyed.
White cells and immunity
The agranulocytes produce
antitoxins which neutralise
harmful toxins (poisons)
produced by micro-
organisms.
 White cells and immunity
Micro-organisms that invade our bodies are
called pathogens. Once inside the body these
pathogens (eg. viruses) reproduce inside cells and
damage them, and produce toxins. Cell damage
and toxins cause the symptoms of infectious
diseases.
 White cells and immunity
Micro-organisms that invade our bodies are
called pathogens. Once inside the body these
pathogens (eg. viruses) reproduce inside cells and
damage them, and produce toxins. Cell damage
and toxins cause the symptoms of infectious
diseases.

Pathogens contain specific chemicals called

antigens that are detected by white blood cells.
The white blood cells produce antibodies which
latch onto the antigens and destroy the
pathogens.
White cells and immunity
ANTIGEN

WHITE BLOOD
CELL
White cells and immunity

Antibodies produced by
the white blood cell
White cells and immunity

Antibodies attach to the

antigens, causing them to
clump together, and they
are then destroyed.
White cells and immunity

It can take a little time for

the antibodies to be
produced, so we may feel ill
for a time.
White cells and immunity

The production of
antibodies is much faster
if we have already had the
infectious disease. The
white blood cells ‘recognise’
the antigen, respond
rapidly and give us natural
immunity.
 Artificial immunity
We can acquire immunity to a particular
disease by being vaccinated.
 Artificial immunity
We can acquire immunity to a particular
disease by being vaccinated.
 Artificial immunity
We can acquire immunity to a particular
disease by being vaccinated.
 Artificial immunity
We can acquire immunity to a particular
disease by being vaccinated.
Our circulatory system
Our circulatory system
LUNGS

HEART

BODY
Our circulatory system
LUNGS

HEART

BODY
 Our circulatory system
LUNGS

Deoxygenated Oxygenated
HEART
blood blood

BODY
 Our circulatory system
LUNGS
Pulmonary Pulmonary
artery vein

HEART

Vena cava Aorta

BODY
The Heart
 The Heart

Right Left
The Heart
 The Heart
Blood to the
lungs
(pulmonary
artery)

Blood from the

body (Vena
cava)

Right atrium

Semi-lunar
valve
Tricuspid valve
Right ventricle
 The Heart
Blood to the Blood from the
lungs lungs
(pulmonary (pulmonary
artery) vein)

Blood from the Blood to the

body (Vena body (Aorta)
cava)

Right atrium Left atrium

Semi-lunar Semi-lunar
valve valve
Tricuspid valve Bicuspid valve
Right ventricle Left ventricle
The Heart
From
body From
lungs

Ventricular diastole
(relaxation)
 The Heart
From
When the body From
ventricular lungs
muscle relaxes,
blood flows into
the left and right
atria, through
veins, from the
lungs (left) and
from the body
(right)

Ventricular diastole
(relaxation)
 The Heart
From
When the body From The right and
ventricular lungs left atria then
muscle relaxes, contract, forcing
blood flows into open the bicuspid
the left and right and tricuspid
atria, through valves, and
veins, from the squeezing blood
lungs (left) and into the
from the body ventricles.
(right)

Ventricular diastole
(relaxation)
 The Heart
To the
lungs To the
body

Ventricular systole
(contraction)
 The Heart
To the
lungs To the
body
When the
ventricular
muscle contracts
blood is forced
through the semi
– lunar valves into
the arteries,
taking blood to
the lungs and
body

Ventricular systole
(contraction)
 The Heart
To the
lungs To the
body
When the The valves
ventricular prevent the blood
muscle contracts from flowing in
blood is forced the wrong
through the semi direction. The
– lunar valves into cardiac cycle is a
the arteries, repeating
taking blood to sequence of
the lungs and contraction and
body relaxation.

Ventricular systole
(contraction)
Heart rate and exercise
As we exercise, our
heart rate increases.
The more intense the
level of exercise, the
faster our heart
beats.
 Heart rate and exercise
As we exercise, our
heart rate increases.
The more intense the
level of exercise, the
faster our heart
beats.

The faster our heart beats, the more oxygen can

be transported to our muscles, and waste
products can also be removed more quickly.
Heart rate and adrenaline
Adrenaline is a hormone secreted by our adrenal glands.
The hormone is secreted when the body anticipates
strenuous exercise, or when we are in a stressful situation.
Adrenaline is carried in the blood and stimulates the heart
to beat faster. More oxygen is therefore pumped to the
muscles.
Heart rate and adrenaline
Adrenaline is a hormone secreted by our adrenal glands.
The hormone is secreted when the body anticipates
strenuous exercise, or when we are in a stressful situation.
Adrenaline is carried in the blood and stimulates the heart
to beat faster. More oxygen is therefore pumped to the
muscles.

Adrenaline is known as the

‘fight or flight’ hormone and
prepares the body by
increasing the oxygen supply,
energy levels, and raising blood
pressure.
The Blood Vessels
 The Blood Vessels
ARTERIES

Very thick elastic and

muscular layers which
enable the artery to cope
with the high blood pressure

Small LUMEN (space

through which the blood
passes)

Other features: no valves

needed (high blood
pressure). Carry blood away Substances cannot pass
from the heart (all from the blood through the
oxygenated, except the artery walls.
Pulmonary Artery).
 The Blood Vessels
VEINS Valve

Much thinner elastic and

muscular layers (blood is
carried at much lower
pressure)

Large LUMEN (compared to

the thickness of the walls)

Other features: valves

needed (low blood pressure).
Carry blood towards the Substances cannot pass
heart (all de-oxygenated, from the blood through the
except the Pulmonary Vein). veins’ walls.
 The Blood Vessels
CAPILLARIES

Narrow, very thin-walled

vessels, just one cell thick

Microscopic, just enough

room for blood cells to pass
through.

Connect arteries to veins Exchange of substances

(oxygen, glucose, waste)
between the blood and the
surrounding tissues takes
place here.
 The Blood Vessels
Capillary network in a muscle

cell

Arteries branch into

tiny one cell thick
Artery rich capillaries which pass Vein rich in
in oxygen and close to each cell carbon
food before re-uniting to dioxide and
form a vein. waste
 Glucose
Deoxygenated red
Blood capillary
blood cells

Energy

Glucose + Oxygen  Carbon dioxide + Water

Muscle cell
Glucose and oxygen Energy is used
Carbon dioxide and
diffuse from the for muscle water diffuse from
blood into the muscle contraction the muscle cell into
cell the blood
 Content
h) Transport

Lesson 5 Humans
2.57 describe the composition of the blood: red blood cells, white
blood cells, platelets and plasma
2.58 understand the role of plasma in the transport of carbon
h) Transport dioxide, digested food, urea, hormones and heat energy
2.59 explain how adaptations of red blood cells, including shape,
structure and the presence of haemoglobin, make them suitable for
the transport of oxygen
2.60 describe how the immune system responds to disease using
white blood cells, illustrated by phagocytes ingesting pathogens and
lymphocytes releasing antibodies specific to the pathogen
2.61 understand that vaccination results in the manufacture of
memory cells, which enable future antibody production to the
pathogen to occur sooner, faster and in greater quantity
2.62 understand that platelets are involved in blood clotting,
which prevents blood loss and the entry of micro-organisms
2.63 describe the structure of the heart and how it functions
2.64 explain how the heart rate changes during exercise and under
the influence of adrenaline
2.65 describe the structure of arteries, veins and capillaries and
understand their roles
2.66 understand the general structure of the circulation system to
include the blood vessels to and from the heart, the lungs, the liver
and the kidneys.
 End of Section 2 Lesson 5

In this lesson we have covered:

Transport in flowering plants

Transport in humans