Transportation: Function

TRANSPORTATION
“INTRODUCTION TO THE TOPIC”

Transportation is the movement of meterials form one part to another, usually form the region of
their availability to the region of their use, storage of elimination. Transportation occurs in all
organisms, from icroscopic ones to large sized trees and animals.
 Function.
1. Food. It is available at particular points, e.g., leaves in plants, alimentary canal in animals.
Food has to be transported to every living cell of the body for extraction of energy and
materials. Excess food is taken to storage organs.
2. Metabolic Gases. Oxygen and carbon dioxide are two metaboilic gases. Oxygen is required
by every living cell for cellular respiration. It has to be transported from outside envionment
first to the respiratory surfaces and then to individual cells in animals or directly to cells in
plants. Carbon dixide is formed as a by-product. It is passed out for elimination.
3. Waste products. Toxic waste producets are produced during metabolism. They have to be
excreted. For this they are first taken to kidneys for separation, translocated to urinary
bladder for storage and from urinary bladder to the region of elimination.
4. Water. Plants absorb water from soil with the help of their roots. It is transported to all
parts.
5. Hormones. They are formed in particular regions from where they are transported to the
areas of their functioning.
TRANSPORTATION IN PLANTS
Plant transport system moves energy stored from leaves and raw materials from roots. These two
pathway are constructed as conducting tubes - xylem, which moves water, minerals obtained from
the soil; and phloem which transports products of photosynthesis from the leaves where they are
synthesised to toher plants of the plant.
Both plants and animals have transport systems to transport materials from one part of the body to
another. The plants have two modes of transport systems, namely,
1. To absorb and transport water and minerals from the roots to the leaves : The plants carry
a special tissue for this function, that is, xylem.
2. To distribute food manufactured in the leaves to all parts of the plant : To perform this
function, the plants have a tissue known as phloem.
The transportation system is necessary in plants because of the following reasons:
1. It is the soil in which the water and minerals remain present and hence could be absorbed
easily. So, the absorption of these materials occur through a part of the plant which is in
direct contact with the soil, that is, roots.
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Class - 10 TRANSPORTATION
2. For higher distances between roots (soil contacting part) and leaves (chlorophyll containing
organs meant for manufacturing food), diffusion processes could not be sufficient for
providing raw materials in leaves and energy in roots. These processes could have been
sufficient in shorter plants.
3. The plants never move and they contain a large amount of dead cells in their body. Hence,
they need lesser amount of energy as compared to the animals due to their locomotion
nature. As a result, the plants need a slow transport system.
Because of the above reasons, the plants developed a proper system of transportation.
Nitrogen is an essential element for all the plants due to its requirement for the synthesis of proteins
and other compounds. It is taken up by the plants through any of the two modes:
(a) From soil where it is occurring in the form of nitrates or nitrites
(b) As organic compounds prepared by atmosphoric nitrogen fixing bacteria which remain
associated with the plant itself.
Difference between Xylem and Phloem
Xylem Phloem
Tissue. Xylem is water or sap conducing
1. It is food conducting plant tissue.
plant tissue.
Living Cells. Xylem has only one type of
2. It has three types of living cells.
living cells.
Dead Cells. Xylem has three types of dead Phloem has only one type of dead cells, i.e..,
3.
cells- fibres, tracheids and vessel elements. phloem fibres.
Conducting Elements. There are two types
There are only one type of conducting elements,
4. of conducting elements, tracheids and
i.e., sieve tubes.
vessels.
Sieve tubes have porous septa called sieve
5. Septa. Vessels do not possess septa.
plates.
Metabolic Inhibitors. Conduction is not
6. influenced by metabolic inhibitors like heat, Conduction is inhibited by heat, cold and poison.
cold or poison.
Pressure. Transport occurs due to presence Transport takes place due to presence of
7.
of negative pressure. positive pressure.
TRANSPORT OF WATER IN PLANTS

The root hairs always help in absorption of water along with dissolved minerals. The water along
with minerals absorbed by root hairs moves to the xylem of the root from where it reaches the leaves
via stem. The transport of water and minerals can be described in the plants on the basis of following
two phenomena:
1. Transpiration pull : The roots always absorb water and minerals for the whole plant from the soil.
The leaves loose water in the form of water vapours through stomata by a process known as
transpiration. Continuous transpiration in the leaves creates a tension (stress or suction) in the
water column of the xylem elements and it reaches upto the roots (Fig.). As the tension is developed

due to transpiration, it is called as transpiration pull. Due

to the tension created by transpiration, the water column
of the plant is pulled up (like a suction pump) from below
to the top of the plant like a rope.
2. Cohesive and adhesive forces: Tracheids and vessels are

present in the xylem of root, stem and leaves. Xylem of
root, stem and leaves are continuous. Vessels and
tracheids are filled with water absorbed by the roots.
Water molecules are held together from mesophyll of leaf
to root hair (Figure 1.30) because of cohesive (water-
water molecules) and adhesive (water and xylem cells)
forces.
INFO BIT
Water in soil 
 Roof hair   Endodermis of root 
 Xylem of root 
 Upward
movement through xylem of root and. stem 
 Leaf 
 Transpiration
Thus, it can be said that water moves upwards due to transpiration pull and cohesive-adhesive
forces of water molecules.
 Functions of Transpiration :
Transpiration is considered, a necessary evil for the plants as it can’t be avoided. Simultaneously, it
performs the following important functions for the plants:
(i) It helps in the absorption and upward movement of water and dissolved minerals from the
roots to the leaves.
(ii) It regulates temperature as it cools the leaves, an important effect particularly in hot
conditions.
(iii) The succulent plants like cacti retain water by reducing transpiration. This saves the plants
from high temperatures and strong sunlight.
 Transport of Food and Other Substances

Photosynthates are the energy-rich carbon compounds which are synthesised in the leaves through
photosynthesis. Those compounds are also needed by other plant parts for growth, development
and repair of tissues. Hence, they are transported with the help of a special tissue called phloem.
The transportation of organic solutes in the plants is also called translocation.
• Translocation is the movement of organic nutrients from the region of source or supply to
the region of sink or utilisation or it can also be defined as the movement of organic matter
from the place of its synthesis to other parts of the plant through the special conducting
tissue, the phloem. The phloem also transports amino acids and other substances.

• Translocation of food and other substances is necessary because all the cells need food to
carry out their vital functions. The translocation occurs in upward as well as downward
directions or to the storage organs of roots, fruits, seeds and to growing organs.
• Sucrose is the principal form of organic solute (or carbohydrate) that is translocated from
leaf to the non-photosynthetic plant organs (mainly roots).
• Phloem (sieve tubes or sieve cells) is the pathway for translocation.
Principle of Translocation: Organic substances are translocated in the sieve tubes from the region
of high osmotic concentration (leaf) to the region of low concentration (root) in a mass flow due to
the occurrence ot pressure gradient. Unlike water transportation occurring by simple physical forces
through xylem, the translocation in phloem makes use of ATP.
Various steps of translocation are:
• To understand the translocation of organic solutes, take the leaves as the supplying cells
and the roots as the receiving cells of any plant. The connecting link between leaves and
roots can be represented by xylem and phloem tissues.
• In plants, carbohydrates are continuously synthesised in mesophyll cells of leaves. The suction
pressure of these cells increases due to which water from adjoining cells is absorbed. This
allows movement of dissolved food into sieve tubes of phloem.
• Since the food is actively transported, it requires energy in the form of ATP. During active
transport, sieve tubes of phloem tissues are loaded at the source (leaf) and unloaded at the
sink (root) or consumption end

DRILL - 1
1. Name the conducting tissue of plants.
2. Name the constituents of xylem.
3. Describe briefly about vessels and tracheids.
4. Write functions of xylem.
5. What is transpiration ?
6. Phloem bears two types of cells side by side. Name them.
7. Name the tissues responsible for transportation of:
(i) water and minerals in a plant.
(ii) food in a plant.
8. Name the conducting tissue in plants mainly made up of :
(i) living cells (ii) dead cells.
BLOOD
Blood is a fluid connective tissue. It consists of :
(i) Three types of cells, i.e.,
 Oxygen-Bearing Red blood cells;

 Disease-Fighting White blood cells;
 Blood-Clotting Platelets.
Basophils
Neutrophils Eosinophils
(ii) The blood cells are carried through blood
vessels in a liquid called plasma. Plasma is
yellowish and consists of water (95%), salts,
proteins, vitamins, minerals, hormones,
dissolved gases and fats. Lymphocytes Platelets
Monocytes Erythrocytes
The level of salts in plasma is about equal to
that of sea water.
 Functions of Blood
1. Transport of Nutrients. Sugars, amino acids, minerals and Vitamins are picked up by blood from
intestine and transported to different parts of the body for storage and assimilation.
2. Transport of Oxygen. It transports oxygen from the respiratory surface to the tissues for utilisation
in respiration.
3. Transport of Carbon Dioxide. Carbon dioxide formed during respiration is taken by blood to the
respiratory surface for elimination.
4. Transport of Waste Products. It carries nitrogenous wastes from various parts of the body to the
kidneys for separation and elimination.
5. Transport of Hormones. Endocrine glands pour their hormones into blood for transport to target
tissues.

6. Maintenance of Water Balance. Circulating blood provides water and inorganic salts in the region
of deficiency and removes the same in the area of excess.
7. Regulation of Body Temperature. Blood distributes heat to all parts of the body.. It also conducts
heat to the surface for dissipation.
8. Maintenance of pH. Blood maintains the phi of tissue fluids with the help of various buffers.
9. Body Defence. Blood contains phagocytic leucocytes, and immunocytes for defence against germs.
10. Plugging Areas of Injury. In the region of injury the blood coagulates and seals the region to prevent
loss of body fluids and check the entry of germs.
BLOOD VESSELS
Three types of blood vessels (fig.) form a complex network of tubes throughout the body:
 Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart. Arteries have thicker walls than veins to
withstand the pressure of blood being pumped from the heart.
 Veins carry deoxygenated blood towards the heart. Blood in the veins is at a lower pressure, so
veins have one-way valves to prevent blood from flowing backwards away from the heart.
 Capillaries are the tiny links between the arteries and the veins where oxygen and nutrients diffuse
to body tissues. Capillaries, the smallest of blood vessels, are only visible by microscope - ten
capillaries lying side by side are barely as thick as a human hair.
The major differences among various blood vessels have been given in Table.
To the From the heart

heart
Vein Artery
Tissues Outer Layer

Inner
Layer Muscle
products
Waste
Venules Arterioles
Capillaries
 Components and Functions of the Circulatory System

The heart, blood and blood vessels (intricate network of arteries, veins and capillaries) are the three
structural elements that make up the circulatory system or cardiovascular system or transportation
system. These structures work together to circulate blood throughout the body so that the life-
preserving oxygen and nutrients could be transported to various tissue cells and the waste products
could be removed.

S.No. Features Arteries Veins Capillaries
1. Lummen Narrow Wide Very small

Present all along the
Semilunar
2. Absent length to prevent back Absent
valves
flow of blood
Take the blood away Bring the blood towards Blood flows from
Direction of
3. from heart to different the heart from various arterioles (capillaries
blood flow
parts of body. body parts. to venules.
Pressure is extremely
4. Blood pressure Pressure is high Pressure is low.
low.
Blood flows rapidly Blood flows smoothly Blood flows smoothly
5. Blood flow
with jerks without jerks without jerks
Oxygenated blood Deoxygenated blood Blood changes from
6. Kind of blood except in pulmonary except in pulmonary oxygenated to
artery. vein. deoxygenated.
From a network all
7. Location Mostly deep seated Mostly superficial. over the body and in
the organs.
DRILL - 2
1. Which component of blood imparts red colour to blood ?
2. Which metallic ion is present in haemoglobin of RBCs?
3. Give the technical term for red vascular connective tissue.
4. Name two types of proteins present in the blood plasma.
5. Define RBC count.
6. Which instrument is employed to determine RBC count ?
7. State the condition with fall in RBC count.
8. Define erythropoeisis.
9. Which leucocytes produce the antibodies and provide immunity ?
10. What is function of blood platelets ?
11. Give the main function of blood plasma.
12. What are components of human blood ? List the composition of blood plasma.
13. List the functions of blood plasma.
14. List the functions of various types of blood corpuscles.
15. Differentiate between RBCs and WBCs.

HEART
The heart is the engine of the circulatory system. It is a hollow, four-chambered muscular organ
that is specialized for pumping blood through the vessels of the body. During each hearbeat, about
60 to 90 mL of blood is pumped out from the heart. If the heart stops pumping, death usually occurs
within four to five minutes. It weighs about 225 grams in the female and 310 grams in the male,
accounting for about 5% of the body weight.
 Internal structure of the human heart is described below:
• The heart is surrounded by a tough fibrous membrane called the pericardium.
• The heart is a four-chambered double pump. It consists of upper right and left atria that pulse
together, and lower right and left ventricles that also contract together. Since ventricles have
to pump blood to various parts of the body, they have thicker muscular walls as compared to
the atria. The atria (singular atrium) are also called auricles.
• The walls of these, chambers are made of a special muscle called myocardium, which contracts
continuously and rhythmically (recurring at regular intervals) to pump blood.
• The atria are separated by the thin, muscular interatrial septum, while the ventricles are
separated by the thick, muscular interventricular septum.
• Two atrioventricular valves (AV valves), the bicuspid and tricuspid, are located between the
chambers of the heart, and semilunar valves are present at the bases of the two large vessels
(the pulmonary trunk and the aorta) that leave the heart. The valves are meant for preventing
the backward flow of blood when the atria or ventricles contract.
 Working of Heart: The flow of blood through the heart is shown in Figure and described as below:
• Blood fills both atria (right and left) and begins to flow into both ventricles( right and left). Next,
the atria contract, emptying the remaining blood into the ventricles. The ventricles then contract,
forcing blood into the ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk.
• The contraction of heart chambers is called systole and the relaxation of heart chambers is
called diastole.
• During atrial contraction, the atrioventricular valves are open and the semilunar valves are
closed; during ventricular contraction, the reverse is true. The louder ‘lub’ or first sound, is
produced by the closing of the AV valves. The softer ‘dub’ or second sound is produced by the
closing of the semilunar valves.

BLOOD CIRCULATION
The arteries, veins and capillaries are divided into systemic and pulmonary circulation.
• The systemic circulation carries oxygenated blood from the heart to all the tissues in the body
except the lungs andreturns deoxygenated blood carrying waste products, such as carbon dioxide,
back to the heart.
• The pulmonary circulation carries this spent blood from the heat to the lungs. In the lungs, the
blood releases its carbon dioxide andabsorbs oxygen. The oxygenated blood then returns to the
heart before transferring to the systemic circulation.
The blood circulates within blood vessels in the following order :
(a) heart  pulmonary artery  lungs  pulmonary veins  heart (Pulmonary)
(b) heart  aorta  arteries  capillaries  veins  heart (Systemic)
Together (a) and (b) make up a double circulation.
Course of Blood Circulation : The right atrium (RA) receives deoxygenated blood from the upper
and lower parts of the body through superior and inferior vena cava respectively. The deoxygenated
blood from the right atrium goes into the right ventricle (RV). The right ventricle then pumps out its
blood into the lungs via pulmonary artery where it is purified. During purification, the deoxygenated
blood gives off carbon dioxide and picks up oxygen. The oxygenated blood from the lungs is collected
into the left atrium (LA) via four pulmonary veins. Thereafter, the oxygenated blood from the left
atrium goes into the left ventricle (LV) from where it goes to various body parts via aorta.

INFO BIT
DRILL - 3
1. Deoxygenated blood is carried by which blood vessel ?
2. Oxygenated blood is carried by which blood vessel ?
3. What do you mean by pulmonary circulation ?
4. What are heart sounds ?
5. What do you mean by systole and diastole ?
6. Name the valves present in the heart.
7. Name the major blood vessels present in the heart.
8. What is the difference between AV valve and semilunar valve?
BLOOD CLOTTING
At the site of injury of the blood vessels, the platelets induce blood coagulation through the release of
thromboplastin (thrombokinase). Thromboplastin changes prothrombin of blood plasma into throm-
bin. Thrombin converts soluble protein fibrinogen to insoluble fibrin. Fibrin forms a network which
entangles RBCs and blood platelets to form plug or clot over the inured area. Blood clotting is usu-
ally completed within 2-3 minutes.
 Blood Pressure
Blood pressure is the pressure against the walls of the blood vessels (arteries). It is produced by the
discharge of blood into the blood vessels during contractions of the left ventricle. The pressure in the
arteries rises with each contraction of the heart and falls during relaxation of the heart. The temporary
rise in blood pressure during contraction of the heart is called systolic pressure. The temporary fall
in blood pressure during relaxation of the heart is known as diastolic pressure.
Blood pressure is generally measured by determining the millimetres of mercury (Hg) displaced in a
pressure gauge called sphygmomanometer. The normal systolic pressure is about 120 mm of Hg
and diastolic pressure is 80 mm of Hg. It is expressed as the ratio of the systolic pressure over the
diastolic pressure or 120/80 mmHg.

INFO BIT
 Hypertension : A persistent increase in blood pressure is called hypertension or high blood pressure.
It is caused by narrowing of arterial lumen and reduced elasticity of arterial walls in old age. It can
cause rupturing of an artery or capillaries and hence internal bleeding. It is a silent killer as it has
almost no noticeable symptoms.
Hypotension is abnormally low blood pressure, especially in the arteries of the systemic circulation.
It is best understood as a physiologic state, rather than a disease.
 Lymph
• The fluid present in the spaces between the cells in the tissues is called tissue fluid. It bathes all
the cells of the body. All chemical exchanges between blood and cells occur by diffusion through
the medium of the tissue fluid. During exchange, the cells releasetheir wastes into the tissue
fluid, a small amount of which keeps returning back into the capillaries.
• Most of the tissue fluid (about 99%) is reabsorbed into the blood capillaries, but a small amount
(rest 1%) of it passes into the lymphatic capillaries. Tissue fluid after its entry into lymphatic
capillaries is called lymph.
• Lymph drains into lymphatic capillaries from the intercellular spaces, which join to form large
lymph vessels that finally open into larger veins.
Tissue fluid  Lymphatic capillaries (Lymph)


Heart  Veins  Lymph vessels

• The composition of lymph is very similar to that of blood plasma, except that it lacks plasma
proteins to which the capillary walls are not permeable.
Lymphatic circulation in human body

• Lymph is a colourless fluid connective tissue carrying out following functions:
(i) It returns tissue fluid from the interstitial spaces into the blood.
(ii) Lymph capillaries of intestinal villi called lacteals help in absorption of fats from the intestine
and conducting these to the blood circulation.
(iii) It collects carbon dioxide, waste products and metabolites from tissues via tissue fluid.
(iv) With the help of lymphocytes (WBCs), the lymph provides immunity to the body and fights
against the invading organisms.

DRILL - 4
1. Which instument is used in the measurement of blood pressure ?
2. Give a note on systolic and distolic pressure.
3. What is a normal average value of blood pressure in adults ?
4. Define hypertension.
5. Define hypotension.

HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT
ASSIGNMENT - 1
1. Differentiate between blood plasma and serum.
2. What is the structure and function of blood capillaries?
3. Describe the various components of phloem.
4. How does negative pressure develop in xylem channels?
5. What is the advantage of having four chambered heart?
6. What are the components of the transport system in highly organized plants?
7. Draw a flow chart showing double circulation in human.
8. What is cardiac volume? How it is calculated?
9. Draw a diagram showing relationship between blood, lymph, tissue fluid and tissue.
10. Why do we call our heart myogenic?
11. Expand SA node. Why it is called pace maker of heart?
12. Define cardiac cycle and cardiac output.
13. Draw a standard ECG and explain different segments in it.
14. Describe lymphatic system in detail.
15. Name the blood vessel that transports hormones from hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary.
16. Explain why xylem transport is unidirectional and phloem transport bidirectional?
17. Explain pressure flow hypothesis of translocation of sugars in plants.
18. How root/shoot ratio affects transpiration?
19. A plant is transpiring rapidly, will it show root pressure also.
20. Differentiate between :
(i) Blood and lymph. (ii) Systole and Diastole
(iii) Arteriosclerosis and Atherosclerosis. (iv) SA node and AV node.
ASSIGNMENT - 2
1. ................... is the fluidy matrix of blood.
2. Blood transports oxygen in the form of................
3. ...................... vein is the only vein with oxygenated blood.
4. Distributing chambers of human heart are called..................................... .
5. Heart muscles show ........................... contraction.
6. Systolic blood pressure is ................... , while diastolic blood pressure is .................. .
7. A condition of persistent high blood pressure is called ....................... .
8. Transportation of water and minerals occurs in ................. in plants.
9. ........................... is responsible for transport of food in plants.

ASSIGNMENT - 3
1. Give the technical term for the streaming movements of cytoplasm.
2. Which component of blood imparts red colour to blood ?
3. Which metallic ion is present in haemoglobin of RBCs?
4. Give the technical term for red vascular connective tissue.
5. Name two types of proteins present in the blood plasma.
6. Define RBC count.
7. Which instrument is employed to determine RBC count ?
8. State the condition with fall in RBC count.
9. Define erythropoeisis.
10. Which leucocytes produce the antibodies and provide immunity ?
11. What is function of blood platelets ?
12. Give the main function of blood plasma.
13. Which artery carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lung ?
14. Which are the thinnest blood vessels ?
15. Define pericardium.
16. Name four chambers of human heart.
17. What are the properties of cardiac muscles of heart ?
18. Why is left ventricle thickest chamber of heart ?
19. What is the effect of atrial systole on the flow of blood ?
20. Name two types of circulation found in man.
21. Give the composition of lymph.
22. What is main function of lymph ?
23. Name two types of blood pressure.
24. Give the value of blood pressure in a normal adult man.
25. Which disorder is commonly called silent killer ?
26. Define hypotension.
ASSIGNMENT - 4
27. What are components of human blood ? List the composition of blood plasma.
28. List the functions of blood plasma.
29. List the functions of various types of blood corpuscles.
30. Name three types of blood vessels. How do arteries and veins differ from each other ?
31. Differentiate between auricles and ventricles of human heart.
32. Define blood pressure. How do systolic pressure and diastolic pressure differ from each other ?
33. Define hypertension. List its causes and ill-effects.
34. Differentiate between RBCs and WBCs.
35. Name the conducting tissue from where transport of water and minerals take place in plants.
Discuss the elements present in xylem.
36. How can you demonstrate experimentally that transport of water and minerals occur through
xylem ?

37. Name the conducting tissue, from where transport of food and other substances occurs in plants.
Discuss the structure of phloem.
ASSIGNMENT - 5
38. Enumerate the composition of human blood and list main functions of it.
39. Draw a neat and labelled diagram to show internal structure of heart.
40. Describe various stages of heartbeat and direction of blood flow in them.
41. Write short notes on :
(i) Lymph (ii) Double circulation
42. Define blood pressure. Differentiate two types of blood pressure.
43. Write short notes on :
(i) Hypertension (ii) Haemodialysis.
44. Discuss the mechanism for transport of water and minerals in plants.
45. Describe the structure and functions of xylem and phloem in plants.

MCQ EXERCISE - I 7. The carbohydrates synthesized in the leaves are

1. Osmosis is the movement of : transported through sieve tubes most
commonly in the form of
(a) solute particles from higher concentration
to lower concentration (a) glucose
(b) solvent particles from higher water (b) starch
potential to lower water potential through (c) sucrose
a semi permeable membrane
(d) cellulose
(c) solute particles from higher concentration
8. In a closed circulatory system, blood is
to lower concentration through a
completely enclosed with in
semipermeable membrane
(a) sinuses
(d) solvent particles from lower water
potential to higher water potential. (b) vessels
2. The ultimate cause for the movement of water (c) heart
against the gravity in a tree is (d) skeleton
(a) osmosis 9. An artery is a vessel that carries blood
(b) transpiration (a) with high concentration of oxygen
(c) imbibitions (b) with high concentration of CO2
(d) photosynthesis (c) away from the heart
3. Which one of the following is connected with (d) both A & C
transport of water in plants ?
10. Valves are found in veins to check the backflow
(a) Phloem of blood flowing under
(b) Xylem (a) low pressure
(c) Epidermis (b) high pressure
(d) Cambium (c) no pressure
4. Which of the following contributes most to (d) atmospheric pressure.
transport of water from the ground to the leaves
11. The phenomena non of uptake of water at the
of a tall tree ?
expense of energy by the cells and usually
(a) Breakdown of ATP against the osmotic gradient is known as
(b) Capillary rise of water is xylem (a) active absorption
(c) Cohesion of water and transpiration pull (b) passive absorption
(d) Root pressure. (c) osmosis
5. The process of transpiration in plants helps in (d) diffusion
(a) opening of stomata 12. Water will be absorbed by root hair when
(b) absorption of CO2 from atmosphere (a) concentration of solutes in the cells sap in
(c) upward conduction of water and high
minerals (b) plant in rapidly respiring
(d) absorption of O2 from atmosphere (c) they are separated from soil by a permeable
6. Opening and closing of stomata is due to membrane
(a) pressure of gases inside the leaves (d) concentration of salts in the soil in high.
(b) changes of turgor pressure in guard cells
(c) effect of hormones
(d) their genetic constitution

13. Root cap has no role in water absorption 17. Removal of calcium from freshly collected blood
because will
(a) it has no direct connection with the (a) result in clotting
vascular system
(b) prevent clotting
(b) it has no cells containing chloroplasts
(c) prevent oxidation of hemoglobin
(c) it has root hairs
(d) cause hemolysis
(d) it has loosely arranged cells.
18. In the cardiac cycle, diastole is
14. Which of the following is used in measuring
(a) the number of heart beats per minute
transpiration ?
(b) the relaxation period after contraction of
(a) Ganong’s Photometer
the heart
(b) Cobalt chloride paper
(c) the forceful pumping action of the heart
(c) Bell - jar
(d) the contraction period after relaxation of
(d) None of the above the heart.
15. Translocation of solutes primarily takes place 19. One of the difference between blood and lymph
through is that
(a) phloem (a) blood has RBCs and WBCs while lymph
(b) xylem has Lymphocytes.
(c) cortex (b) blood has RBCs while lymph has no WBCs
(d) pith. (c) blood has WBCs while lymph has RBCs
16. A mature human erythrocyte has the typical (d) blood has dissolved organic salts while
characteristic of lymph has no such inorganic salt.
(a) a eukaryotic cell 20. Blood vessel carrying blood from lung to heart
(b) a prokaryotic cell through
(c) both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell (a) Pulmonary artery
(d) neither eukaryotic nor prokaryotic cell (b) Pulmonary vein

(c) Coronary artery
(d) None of these.
ANSWER KEY
1. (b) 2. (b) 3. (b) 4. (c) 5. (c) 6. (b) 7. (c) 8. (b)
9. (d) 10. (a) 11. (a) 12. (a) 13. (a) 14. (a) 15. (a) 16. (b)
17. (b) 18. (b) 19. (a) 20. (b)

MCQ EXERCISE - II (c) Movemnet of contents in vacuole
1. Colour of blood of man is red due to presence (d) Upward and downward movement of
of : food materials.
(a) Haemoglobin in plasma 10. The largest leucocyte with kidney shaped
(b) Myoglobin in muscles nucleus is -
(c) Haemoglobin in RBCs (a) Lymphocyte (b) Neutrohils
(d) Haemoglobin in WBCs (c) Basophils (d) Monocytes
2. Blood corpuscles which help in blood clotting 11. The largest artery is
at the site of injury are : (a) Vene cava (b) Pulmonary artery
(a) RBCs (b) WBCs (c) Aorta (d) Pulmonary vein
(c) Platalets (d) All of these 12. The graveyard of RBC is
3. One of the following is called white vascular (a) Liver (b) Gall bladder
connective tissue :
(c) Bone marrow (d) Spleen
(a) Lymph (b) Blood
13. The left auricle opens into left ventricle through
(c) Serum (d) Plasma an aperture guarded by
4. Instrument used to measure the blood pressure (a) Tricuspid valve (b) Bicuspid valve
is :
(c) Mitral valves (d) Both (b) and (c)
(a) Haemocytometer
14. The normal blood pressure of man in systolic/
(b) Haemometer diastolic pressure is
(c) Sphygmomanometer (a) 100/80 mm Hg (b) 100/120 mm Hg
(d) Stethoscope (c) 80/120 mm Hg (d) 120/80 mm Hg
5. Which of the following receives oxygenated 15. Which of the following statement(s) wrong
blood from the lungs ? with regard to heart?
(a) Right auricle (b) Left auricle A. Left atrium receives oxygenated blood
(c) Right ventricle (d) Left ventricle from different parts of the body while
right atrium receives deoxygenated blood
6. A two-layered sac surrounding the heart is
from the lungs.
called :
B. Left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to
(a) Pericardium (b) Perichondrium
different body parts while right ventricle
(c) Periosteum (d) Pleura pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs.
7. Transportation of water and minerals in plants C. Right atrium receives deoxygenated blood
occurs in : from different body parts while left
(a) Xylem (b) Phloem ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to
different parts of the body.
(c) Mesophyll (d) Parenchyma
D. Pulmonary vein carries deoxygenated
8. Transportation of food and other substances
blood to the lungs and pulmonary artery
takes place in :
brings oxygenated blood towards the
(a) Phloem (b) Xylem heart.
(c) Sclerenchyma (d) Fibres (a) A and C (b) C only
9. Ascept of sap means (c) Both A and D (d) D only
(a) Upward movement of water and minerals 16. How many chambers are present in human
in plants heart?
(b) Downward movement of organic (a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 6
nutrients

17. Where is tricuspid value found in human heart? (c) right ventricle (d) left ventricle
(a) Between two atria 27. Lymphatic capillaries. Joins to form _____ that
(b) Between two ventricles finally open into large _____
(c) Between right atrium and right ventricle (a) large vein, large vessel
(d) Between left atrium and left ventricle (b) Artery, Vein
18. In which part of the body blood gets purified (c) Lymph vessel, large vein
(Becomes oxygenate)? (d) None
(a) Heart (b) Lungs 28. The thinest blood vessel:
(c) Atrium (d) Ventricle (a) arterilites (b) arterioles
19. In which part of the body, the blood is purified? (c) capillaries (d) none of these
(a) Heart (b) Atrium 29. Which tissue is associated with the transport
(c) Lungs (d) Ventricle of water in higher plants?
20. Which Valve constitutes its presence between (a) Phloem (b) Xylem
Left Atrium and Left Ventricle of human heart? (c) Parenchyma (d) Collenchyma
(a) Bicuspid Valve 30. How many ventricle are there in the structure
(b) Semi-circular Valve of human heart?
(c) Tricuspid Valve (a) Two (b) Three
(d) None of the given three (c) Four
21. Which of the following brings oxygenated blood (d) There are no ventricle
into Left Atrium in heart ? 31. The valve of heart for____.
(a) Superior Venacava (a) preventing unidirectional flow
(b) Inferior Venacava (b) bidirectional flow
(c) Pulmonary Artery (c) helping backward flow
(d) Pulmonary Vein (d) operating unidirectional flow
22. _____ is called transporting protein in blood. 32. In the tall tress which system is present for
(a) Thromboplastin (b) Haemoglobin transportation?
(c) Fibrinogen (d) Thrombin (a) Absorption system
23. What is the colour of lymph? (b) Movement system
(a) Red (b) Dark Yellow (c) Xylem phloem-vascular system
(c) Colourless (d) uncertain (d) Excretory system
24. Which blood cells contains haemoglobin? 33. Which tissue transports substances synthesized
during photosynthesis to different part of the
(a) Erythrocytes (b) Leucocytes
plants?
(c) Thrombocytes (d) Blood platelets
(a) Phloem tissue (b) Xylem tissue less
25. Arteries carry blood............
(c) Parenchyma tissue
(a) the heart
(d) Collenchyma tissue
(b) away from the heart
34. From where do substances obtain energy for
(c) towards kidneys translocation?
(d) None of these (a) From NADP
26. Deoxygenated blood from body reaches (b) From excretory substances
to.............
(c) From simple substances
(a) right atrium (b) left atrium
(d) From ATP
35. In which direction the flow of food in phloem 42. How birds and mammals are known with
tissue takes place? respect to temperature of the blood?
(a) From higher osmotic pressure to lower (a) Pokiothermic
osmotic pressure
(b) Varying temperature
(b) From lower osmotic pressure to higher
(c) Isothrermic
osmotic pressure
(d) Exothermis (worm blooded)
(c) In any direction
43. How are the walls of arteries?
(d) From leaf to petiole only
(a) Thin and elastic
36. What is blood?
(b) Thick and nonelastic
(a) Dead, red coloured liquid connective tissue
(c) Thin and nonelastic
(b) Living, red coloured liquid connective tissue
(d) Thick and elastic
(c) Solid connective tissue
44. Which structure carries blood to all the
(d) Semisolid connective tissue
individual cells?
37. Which is the liquid medium of blood?
(a) Artery (b) Veins
(a) Plasma (b) Water
(c) Capillaries (d) Blood vessels
(c) Blood cells (d) Platelets
45. In angiospermic plants, what structures are
38. Which gases are transported in heart? present for the transport of Water?
(a) N2, O2 (b) CH4, CO2 (a) Lymphocyte (b) WB.C.
(c) N2, H2 (d) O2, CO2 (c) Blood Platelets (d) R.B.C.
39. Which structure separates atrium and 46. Where are the antigens for the blood group
ventricles from each other? located ?
(a) Value (b) Pore (a) Lymphocyte (b) WB.C.
(c) Tissue (d) Septa (c) Blood Platelets (d) R.B.C.
40. Through which structure deoxygenated blood 47. Which cells produce Immunoglobulins ?
is received by the right atrium?
(a) Erythrocytes (b) Blood platelets
(a) Superior vena cava
(c) Lymphocyte (d) Blood Corpuscles
(b) Inferior vena cava
48. Which type of blood always flows through all
(c) both a and b arteries ?
(d) Superior and inferior vena cava (a) Pure
41. Left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the (b) Impure
lungs through_____
(c) With Nitrogenous waste
(a) Pulmonary veins (b)superior vena cava
(d) Under pressure
(c) inferior vena cava (d) pulmonary artery
ANSWER KEY
1. (c) 2. (c) 3. (a) 4. (c) 5. (b) 6. (a) 7. (a) 8. (a)
9. (a) 10. (d) 11. (c) 12. (d) 13. (d) 14. (d) 15. (c) 16. (d)
17. (c) 18. (b) 19. (c) 20. (a) 21. (d) 22. (b) 23. (c) 24. (a)
25. (b) 26. (a) 27. (c) 28. (c) 29. (b) 30. (a) 31. (d) 32. (c)
33. (a) 34. (d) 35. (c) 36. (b) 37. (a) 38. (d) 39. (a) 40. (c)
41. (a) 42. (a) 43. (d) 44. (c) 45. (a) 46. (d) 47. (c) 48. (a)


Transportation: Function

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Transportation: Function

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TRANSPORTATION

“INTRODUCTION TO THE TOPIC”

IIT ASHRAM Page # 43

TRANSPORT OF WATER IN PLANTS

IIT ASHRAM Page # 44

due to transpiration, it is called as transpiration pull. Due

2. Cohesive and adhesive forces: Tracheids and vessels are

 Transport of Food and Other Substances

IIT ASHRAM Page # 45

IIT ASHRAM Page # 46

 Oxygen-Bearing Red blood cells;

IIT ASHRAM Page # 47

To the From the heart

Tissues Outer Layer

 Components and Functions of the Circulatory System

IIT ASHRAM Page # 48

S.No. Features Arteries Veins Capillaries

1. Lummen Narrow Wide Very small

IIT ASHRAM Page # 49

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Tissue fluid  Lymphatic capillaries (Lymph)

IIT ASHRAM Page # 53

Lymphatic circulation in human body

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MCQ EXERCISE - I 7. The carbohydrates synthesized in the leaves are

IIT ASHRAM Page # 59

(c) both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell (a) Pulmonary artery

(d) neither eukaryotic nor prokaryotic cell (b) Pulmonary vein

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