SESSION 4 : FRICTION ANGLE OF FRICTION Φ

Friction acts parallel to the contact surface. The direction of this frictional force on any of the surfaces of CASE A : STATIC (IMPENDING MOTION)
contact will be opposite to the direction of movement of the contact surface. It is also an actual force that Defined as the angle which is made between the resultant of normal reaction and the direction of force
arise to oppose relative motion between contacting surface. In other words, friction is an impediment to of friction or frictional force.
motion. This exist due to the roughness of the surface where the contact occurred.

When a stiff body comes in contact with the horizontal surface, four possibilities can occur.

when the block is on the verge of sliding, the normal force N and frictional force Fs combine to create a
resultant Rs, The angle Φs (phi “sub” s) that Rs makes with N is called the angle of static friction which
No Friction No motion Motion Impending Motion
makes the equation of:
(𝑃𝑥 =0) (𝑃𝑥< 𝐹) (𝑃𝑥 =𝐹 ) (𝑃𝑥 > 𝐹 )

1. No motion/ Static Case. If there is no relative motion between two surfaces that are in
contact, the normal force N and the friction force F satisfy the following relationship.
CASE B : DYNAMIC (IN MOTION)
If the magnitude of P acting on the block is increased so that it becomes slightly greater than Fs, the
µs is known as the coefficient of static friction. The coefficient of static friction is an frictional force at the contacting surface will drop to a smaller value Fk, called the kinetic frictional force.
experimental constant that depends on the composition and roughness of the contacting
surfaces.

2. Impending Sliding. For this condition, the surfaces are on the verge of sliding, a condition
known as impending sliding. When sliding impends, the surfaces are at rest relative to each
other. However, any change that would require an increase in the friction force would cause
sliding. Fmax is the maximum static friction force that can exist between the contacting surface.

3. Dynamic Case Motion. If the two contact surfaces are sliding relative to each other, the friction
force F is postulated to be

µk, is called the coefficient of kinetic friction. the resultant force at the surface of contact, Rk, has a line
where N is the contact normal force; µk is an experimental constant called the coefficient of
of action defined by Fk. This angle is referred to as the angle of kinetic friction, where:
kinetic friction; and Fk is referred to as the kinetic, or dynamic friction force.

ENGR. BRENZ EDUARD C. ILAGAN

BELT FRICTION IMPENDING TIPPING

The transmission of power varies on each bending belts or rope drives or the braking of large loads In the preceding discussions, we restricted our attention to sliding and the possibility of tipping was
process depend upon the frictional resistance and it developed the belt and the driving or resisting neglected.
surface. If with constant no frictional resistance exist it developed no driving torque but perfectly smooth
driving pulley it will have the same value on both sides of the pulley the tension in the belt will vary
throughout the length of contact, the difference in the belt tensions being caused by the frictional
resistance.

Consider again a homogeneous block on a friction surface being pushed by a force P. We assume that
the weight W of the block, and the dimensions b, h, and d are known. We wish to determine the magnitude
of P that will cause impending motion of the block, either impending sliding or impending tipping. From
the FBD of the block, we see that there are four unknowns: the applied force P, the resultant normal force
N, the friction force F, and the distance x that locates the line of action of N. If we assume impending
Formula: sliding, the additional equation is F = Fmax = μsN. On the other hand, if impending tipping about corner A
is assumed, the additional equation is x = b/2, because N acts at the corner of the block when tipping
𝑻𝟏 impends.
= ⅇ𝝁𝜷 Situation 1: The wight of a block is 20kN resting on a flat horizontal surface. The coefficient of
𝑻𝟐 static and kinetic friction are 0.4 and 0.2 respectively. Determine the following: a.) If a horizontal P = 5kN
is applied, determine the frictional force and the state of the body. b.) Horizontal force P to cause
Where: impending motion to the right. C.) if P = 10kN, determine the frictional force and the state of the body.
𝑻𝟏 , 𝑻𝟐 - tensions on tight & slack sides (5kN Static Condition, 8 kN, 4kN Dynamic Condition)

𝝁 - coefficient of friction between belt & pulley

𝜷- angle of wrap in radians

The formula can be applied for impending condition for problems involving:

1. Flat belt passing over a fixed cylindrical drum

2. Ropes/Belt wrapped around a post or capstan or pulleys
3. Belt drives, both pulley and belt rotate

Condition for impending slip for belt about to slide toward right (T1>T2)

T1 = Tension in the belt that pulls

T2 = Tension in the belt that resist

ENGR. BRENZ EDUARD C. ILAGAN

Situation 2: Compute the value of a horizontal force P that will cause motion to impend up the
30° inclined on a 200lb block with a coefficient of friction of 0.20. (176lb)

Situation 3: Find the least value of P required to cause the system of block to have impending
motion to the left. The coefficient of friction under each block is 0.20. (125lb, 11.31°)

ENGR. BRENZ EDUARD C. ILAGAN

Situation 4: Block A weighs 120lb and B weighs 200lb and the cord at A is parallel to the incline.
If the coefficient of friction for all surfaces in contact is 0.60 and Ꝋ is 30°, what force P applied to B acting
down and parallel to the inclined will start motion? What is the tension in the cord attached to A? (128.6lb,
122.4lb)

Situation 5: A horizontal bar 6ft long and of negligible weight rests on a rough inclined planes
as shown. If the angle of friction Is 15°, how close to B may the 200lb force be applied before motion
impends. (3.5’)

ENGR. BRENZ EDUARD C. ILAGAN

Situation 6: A uniform plank of weight W and total length 2L is placed as shown with its end in
contact with the inclined planes. The angle of friction is 15°. Determine the maximum value of the angle
α at which slipping impends. (36.2°)

Situation 7: Mass of block A is 30kg and mass of wedge B is 5kg. Coefficient of friction between
all the contacting surfaces is 0.28. Determine the following: a.) Magnitude of F necessary to start the
wedge B moving to the left. b.) Resultant reaction at A and B. c.) Resultant reaction between wedge B
and the horizontal plane. (27.75kg, 377N, 404N)

ENGR. BRENZ EDUARD C. ILAGAN

Situation 8: In the figure shown, the homogenous bars AB and BC are identical, each having a
mass of 100kg. The coefficient of static friction between the bar at C and the horizontal plane is 0.50.
Determine the following: a.) Which of the following most nearly gives the smallest value of P for which the
system will be in static equilibrium. b.) Largest value of P for which the system will be in static equilibrium.
and c.) reaction at A if P is of largest. (27.75kg, 377N, 404N)

Situation 9: The man is trying to move a packing crate across the floor by applying a horizontal
force P. The center of gravity of the 250N crate is at its geometric center. A.) If the P = 60N and coefficient
of friction between the floor and crate is 0.3, determine if the crate is in Static Equilibrium. B.) Calculate
the force P required to cause tipping, determine also its minimum coefficient of static friction. (Crate will
not slide, 83.3N, 0.3333)

ENGR. BRENZ EDUARD C. ILAGAN

Situation 10: The maximum tension that can be developed in the cord shown is 500 N. If the
pulley at A is free to rotate and the coefficient of static friction at the fixed drums B and C is 0.25, determine
the largest mass of the cylinder that can be lifted by the cord. (15.7kg)

““The way to get started is to quit talking and begin doing.”

ENGR. BRENZ EDUARD C. ILAGAN