STATICS (ME 111)

Fall 2021

Lecture 17

Chapter 8: Friction

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

Chapter 8: Friction
 CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
 To introduce the concept of dry

friction and show how to

Today’s Class
analyze the equilibrium of rigid
bodies subjected to this force.
 To present specific applications

of frictional force analysis on

Upcoming Classes
 wedges, screws and belts.

 To investigate the concept of

rolling resistance.
Friction
Friction is a tangential force that resists the movement of
two contacting surfaces that slide relative to one another.
Friction forces are present throughout nature and exist in all
machines no matter how accurately constructed or carefully
lubricated
In some processes or machines, we want to minimize
the effect of friction forces (gears, power screws, flow of
fluids in pipes, propulsion of aircraft and missiles
In some situation, we wish to maximize the effects of
friction ( brakes, clutches, belt drives, wedges) etc.
 Types of Friction

Dry friction : occurs when unlubricated surfaces

of two solids are in contact under a condition of
sliding or a tendency to slide
Fluid friction: occurs when adjacent layers in a
fluid are moving at different velocities
 Internal friction: occurs in all solids materials
which are subjected to cyclic loading. For low
elastic materials, plastic deformation during
loading may accompanying internal friction

Dry friction will be discussed in this statics class.

Theory of Dry Friction

 Equilibrium
 The effect of the distributed normal and frictional loadings is
indicated by their resultants N and F on the free-body diagram.
 Notice that N acts a distance x to the right of the line of action of W.
 This location, which coincides with the centroid or geometric center
of the normal force distribution in Fig. 8–1b, is necessary in order to
balance the “tipping effect” caused by P.
 or example, if P is applied at a height h from the surface, then
moment equilibrium about point O is satisfied if Wx=Ph or x =Ph/W
Theory of Dry Friction
 Impending Motion
 In cases where the surfaces of contact are
rather “slippery,” the frictional force F may
not be great enough to balance P, and
consequently the block will tend to slip
 In other words, as P is slowly increased, F
correspondingly increases until it attains a
certain maximum value Fs, called the limiting
static frictional force
 When this value is reached, the block is in
unstable equilibrium since any further
increase in P will cause the block to move
• Experimentally, it has been determined that this limiting static frictional
force Fs is directly proportional to the resultant normal force N

where the constant of proportionality, µs, is called the coefficient of static friction
Theory of Dry Friction
 Impending Motion
 Thus, when the block is on the verge of
sliding, the normal force N and frictional force
Fs combine to create a resultant Rs
 The angle ϕs that Rs makes with N is called
the angle of static friction.
Theory of Dry Friction
 Motion
If the magnitude of P acting on the block is
increased so that it becomes slightly
greater than Fs ,the frictional force at the
contacting surface will drop to a smaller
value Fk ,called the kinetic frictional force.

where the constant of proportionality, µk, is called the

coefficient of kinetic friction. Typical values for µk
are approximately 25 percent Smaller than those
listed in Table 8–1 for µs
the resultant force at the surface of contact, Rk, has a line of action defined
by Fk. This angle is referred to as the angle of kinetic friction, where
Theory of Dry Friction
 Summarizing the frictional force is characterized in three different
ways
 F is a static frictional force if equilibrium is maintained.
 F is a limiting static frictional force Fs when it reaches a maximum
value needed to maintain equilibrium.
 F is a kinetic frictional force Fk when sliding occurs at the contacting
surface.
Characteristics of Dry Friction
Problems Involving Dry Friction
If a rigid body is in equilibrium when it is subjected to a
system of forces that includes the effect of friction, the
force system must satisfy not only the equations of
equilibrium but also the laws that govern the
frictional forces

Types of Friction Problems

No Apparent Impending Motion
Impending Motion at All Points of Contact
Impending Motion at Some Points of Contact
Problems Involving Dry Friction
No Apparent Impending Motion

Total number of unknowns = Total

number of available equilibrium
equations

Frictional forces must satisfy F ≤ μsN;

otherwise, slipping will occur and the
body will not remain in equilibrium

We must determine the frictional forces

at A and C to check for equilibrium
Problems Involving Dry Friction
Impending motion at all points of
contact
Total number of unknowns = Total number of
available equilibrium equations and available
frictional equations

If the motion is impending at the points of

contact, Fs = μsN

If the body is slipping, Fk = μkN

Consider angle θ of the 100N
bar for no slippage

Here the five unknowns are determined from

the three equilibrium equations and two static
frictional equations which apply at both points
of contact, so that FA =0.3NA and FB =0.4NB
Problems Involving Dry Friction
Impending motion at some points
of contact
Total number of unknowns < total number of
available equilibrium equations and the
frictional equations or conditional equations for
tipping

As a result, several possibilities for motion or

impending motion will exist

For unique solution, we must satisfy 6

equilibrium equations (three for each member)
and only one of the two possible static frictional
equations

As P increases, it will either cause slipping at A

and no slipping at C or slipping at C and no
slipping at A
Example 8.1
Solution:
FBD:

18
Solving:

19
Solution:
FBD:

20
Example 8.4

Solution:

21
22
Practice Problems
8-1, 8-9, 8-10, 8-21, 8-23, 8-25, 8-31, 8-39, 8-41, 8-
46, 8-47, 8-52