Engineering Mechanics l

TEGT 3592

Dry Friction
Lecturer
Dr. M. F. ERINOSHO
(Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering,
University of Namibia) 1
 Course Outlines
 Friction: Dry friction
 Types of friction
 Laws of Dry Friction
 Static friction
 Kinetic friction
 The five laws of friction
 States of a rigid body when in contact with
horizontal surface
 Angle of friction
2
Course Outlines
 Equilibrium Effect
 Wedges
 Square Threaded Screw
 Belt friction
 Advantages and Disadvantages of Friction
 Methods of increasing friction
 Methods of reducing friction

3
 Friction: Dry friction

Force of resistance acting on a body which prevents

or retards slipping of the body relative to a surface
with which it is in contact is termed Friction

4
 When two surface are in contact, tangential forces,
called friction forces will always develop if one
attempt to move with respect to the other.

 The friction forces arise in part from the interactions

of the roughnesses or asperities of the contacting
surfaces.

5
 Types of friction
There are several types of friction:

 Dry friction resists relative lateral motion of two solid

surfaces in contact. Dry friction is subdivided into static
friction between non-moving surfaces, and kinetic
friction between moving surfaces.

6
 Fluid friction describes the friction between layers
of a viscous fluid that are moving relative to each
other.

7
 Lubricated friction is a case of fluid friction
where a lubricant fluid separates two solid
surfaces.

8
 Skin friction is a component of drag, the force resisting
the motion of a fluid across the surface of a body.

 Internal friction is the force resisting motion between

the elements making up a solid material while it
undergoes deformation. 9
 The Laws of Dry Friction

• Block of weight W placed on

horizontal surface. Forces acting
on block are its weight W and
reaction of surface N.

• Small horizontal force P applied to

block. For block to remain
stationary, in equilibrium, a
horizontal component F of the
surface reaction is required. F is a
static-friction force.
10
• As P increases, the static-
friction force F also increases
until it reaches a maximum
value Fm.
Fm = µsN

• Further increase in P causes

the block to begin to move as
F drops to a smaller kinetic-
friction force Fk.
Fk = µk N
11
In summary:

• Maximum static-friction force:

Fm = µsN

• Kinetic-friction force:
Fk = µk N

µk would be about 25% smaller than µs

That is: µk = 0.75µs

Note: μ, is a dimensionless scalar value.

12
• Maximum static-friction force and kinetic friction force
are:

 proportional to normal force.

 dependent on type and condition of contact
surfaces.
 independent of contact area.

13
 Static friction
• An object experiences static friction when the object is
not moving. The friction increases as the applied force
increases until the block moves.

• After the block moves, it experiences kinetic friction,

which is less than the maximum static friction.

• The coefficient of static friction, typically denoted as

μs, is usually higher than the coefficient of kinetic
friction.

• The static friction force must be overcomed by an

applied force before an object can move. 14
• The maximum value of static friction, when motion
is impending, is sometimes referred to as limiting
friction.

• An example of static friction is the force that

prevents a car wheel from slipping as it rolls on the
ground. Even though the wheel is in motion, the
patch of the tire in contact with the ground is
stationary relative to the ground, so it is static rather
than kinetic friction.

15
 Kinetic friction

• It is also known as dynamic friction or sliding friction.

• It occurs when two objects are moving relative to each

other and rub together.

• The coefficient of kinetic friction is typically denoted as

μk, and is usually less than the coefficient of static
friction for the same materials.

• The friction force between two surfaces after sliding

begins is the product of the coefficient of kinetic
friction and the normal force.
16
 THE FIVE LAWS OF FRICTION
 When an object is moving, the friction is proportional
and perpendicular to the normal force (N)

Friction is independent of the area of contact so long as

there is an area of contact.

The coefficient of static friction is slightly greater than

the coefficient of kinetic friction.

Within large limits, kinetic friction is independent of

velocity.

Friction depends upon the nature of the surfaces in

contact. 17
 States of a rigid body when in contact with
horizontal surface

Four situations can occur when a rigid body is in

contact with a horizontal surface:

18
 Angle of friction

Considering a body of weight W on horizontal surface

19
 Angle of friction

Considering a block of weight W resting on incline

surface.

20
EXAMPLE 1:

If µk = 0.3 and µs = 0.5, what horizontal pull is

required to just start a 250 N block moving?

21
Sketch the free-body diagram and list the given
parameters.

Given Parameters:

µk = 0.3 and µs = 0.5, W = 250 N

Recognize for impending motion: P – fs = 0

W = 250 N and n = 250 N

22
 fs = µs n = 0.5 × 250 = 125 N

P – fs = 0
P = fs = 125N
This force ( 125 N ) is needed to just start motion.

However, to overcoming kinetic friction,

P = µk n is used.
P – fk = 0 ; P = fk = µk n = µk W
P = 0.3 × 250 = 75 N
23
Problem 1 : A block of 5 kg is pulled by a force 10 N
making an angle 30° with the incline of angle 45°. If
coefficients of static and kinetic frictions are 0.55 and 0.53,
then determine friction between block and incline.

24
The free body diagram is superimposed on the block and
incline system.

25
The components of forces parallel to contact surface
(excluding friction) is :

It means that the block has tendency to move in the

downward direction. The friction, therefore, is in up
direction. Now, this completes the force system on the
block as shown here.
26
Now, maximum friction force is :

As there is no motion in vertical direction, the components

in this direction form a balanced force system.

27
The maximum friction force is :

Thus magnitude of net component parallel to contact

surface (26.7) is greater than maximum static friction
(16.7 N). Thus, body will slide down and friction will be
equal to kinetic friction. Hence,

28
29
30
 Equilibrium Effect

• Slipping and/or tipping effects

• Frictional force F increases with force P.

31
EXAMPLE 2:

The uniform crate has a mass of 20 kg. If a

force P = 80 N is applied to the crate,
determine if it remains in equilibrium. The
coefficient of static friction = 0.3.

32
33
 EXAMPLE 3:
The mass of the vehicle is 900 kg, it has rear-wheel drive,
and the coefficient of static friction between its tires and the
surface is 0.65. The coefficient of static friction between the
crate and the surface is 0.4. If the vehicle attempts to pull
the crate up the incline, what is the largest value of the mass
of the crate for which it will slip up the incline before the
vehicle’s tires slip?

34
35
36
 Wedges
 These are simple machines
used to raise heavy loads.
 Force required to lift block is
significantly less than block
weight.
 Friction prevents wedge from
sliding out.
 We need to know or the find
minimum force P to raise
block.

37
Wedges exert a large lateral forces from the faces as a
result of small angle.

38
39
40
Example:

Given
Coefficient of Static Friction for both pairs of wedge = 0.3
Coefficient of Static Friction between block and horizontal
surface = 0.6. Find the least P required to move the block

41
Solution: Draw FBDs

42
43
The position of the machine block B is adjusted by
moving the wedge A. Knowing that the coefficient of
static friction is 0.35 between all surfaces of contact,
determine the force P required to raise block B.

44
 SOLUTION:
For each part, the free-body diagrams of block B and
wedge A are drawn, together with the corresponding force
triangles, and the law of sines is used to find the desired
forces. We note that since μs = 0.35, the angle of friction is

45
46
47
You must also look for the force to lower the Block …

48
 Square Threaded Screw

Square threaded screws are frequently used in jacks,

presses and other mechanisms.

Consider the screw carries a load W and is supported by

the base of the jack as shown.

Friction developed in the threads

largely determines the action of
the screw.

49
FBD of the Screw is shown:

[R] is exerted by the thread of the jack

frame on a small portion of the screw
thread has shown.
[L] = The Lead is the distance between
two consecutive threads.

L= Pitch – For single threaded screw

L= 2 x Pitch – For double threaded
screw .
r = Mean Radius.
α= Helix Angle.

50
Helix angle (α) can be determined by unwrapping the
thread of the screw for one complete turn. Slope is [2πr]
horizontally and lead [L] vertically.

α= tan-1(L/2πr)

51
Moment of R@ vertical axis of screw = Rsin(α+ϕ)r

 Total moment due to all reactions on the thread =

ΣRsin(α+ϕ)r

 Moment Equilibrium Equation for the screw:

M= [r sin(α+ ϕ)]ΣR
 Equilibrium of forces in the axial direction:
W = ΣR cos(α+ ϕ)

Finally
M= W rtan(α+ ϕ)
52
 Example
A clamp is used to hold two pieces of wood together as
shown. The clamp has a double square thread of mean
diameter equal to 10 mm with a pitch of 2 mm. The
coefficient of friction between threads is µs = 0.30. If a
maximum torque of 40 N*m is applied in tightening the
clamp, determine (a) the force exerted on the pieces of
wood, and (b) the torque required to loosen the clamp.

53
 SOLUTION
• Calculate lead angle and pitch angle.
• Using block and plane analogy with impending motion
up the plane, calculate the clamping force.
• With impending motion down the plane, calculate the
force and torque required to loosen the clamp.

54
55
56
The square-threaded jack is used to Example
raise and lower the 100-kg block.

Determine:
(a) the torque Mu required to begin
moving the block up, and

(b) the torque Md required to begin

moving the block down. The screw
has lead L = 10 mm, mean radius r =
8 mm, and is single-threaded. The
coefficient of static friction between
the screw and the supporting
threads of the base is µ = 0.25.
57
58
59
 Example
The weight W = 6 kN can be raised by rotating the square-
threaded screw of the automobile jack, causing joints A and
C to move towards each other. Determine the force P
required to raise the load when α= 30°. The lead of the
thread is L = 4 mm, the mean diameter is d = 8 mm, and the
coefficient of static friction is µ = 0.2.

60
The torque required to turn the screw depends on the
axial load acting on the screw. To find the axial load, we
have to compute the forces in the members AB, BC, AD,
and DC.

The forces in members AB and BC can be found from a

free-body diagram of bracket B:

61
62
63
64
65
Advantages and Disadvantages of Friction

Advantages of friction:

 Friction enables us to walk freely.

 It helps to support ladder against wall.
 It becomes possible to transfer one form of
energy to another.
 Objects can be piled up without slipping.
 Breaks of vehicles work due to friction.

66
 Disadvantages of friction:

 It always resists the motion, so extra energy

is required to overcome it.
 It causes wear and tear of machines.
 It decreases the life expectancy of moving
parts of vehicles.

67
 Methods of increasing friction:

In many cases, friction is very useful. So, enough

friction is required and hence become necessary to
increase the friction. Some of the common methods
of increasing friction are:

 Spreading sand in slippery roads.

 Making rough shoe soles.
 Making surface of footpath rough.
 Fitting spikes in sport shoes.

68
 Methods of reducing friction:

In many cases, friction is very harmful. So, friction needs

to be reduced. Some of the ways of reducing frictions
are:

 Polishing or smoothing the surfaces.

 By the use of lubricants which increases the
smoothness of the surface.
 Giving streamlines shape to submarines, jets etc
 By using ball bearing in wheels.

69