Chapter 3-2021 (Circuit Theorems)

TEGT3542
FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TEGT3542
CHAPTER.3
NETWORK THEOREMS
FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TEGT3542 By: M.M.K 1

ANNOUNCEMENT
CA Test 1:
Thursday, 16/09/2021
Chapters 1&2: DC Circuit Techniques

• Electrical quantities
• Voltage & Current Divider principle
• KVL and KCL
• Mesh & Nodal Analysis
• Y & Delta Conversions

CH.3. OUTLINE
➢ DC Circuit Theorems
• Introduction
• Superposition Theorem
• Thévenin’s Theorem
• Norton’s Theorem
• Maximum Power Transfer Theorem
• Substitution Theorem

CH.3. Introduction
➢ Introduction
• We looked at basic circuit analysis technique

• A number of theorems that have application throughout the field
of electricity and electronics are introduced here.
• you will learn how to use some of those theorems which will allow
the analysis of even the most complex resistive networks.
CIRCUIT
THEOREMS
• Many unknowns
• Thevenin • Few Unknowns
• Difficult to
solve • Norton • Easy to solve
• Superposition SIMPLIFIED
LARGE COMPLEX
CIRCUITS • Max Power CIRCUIT
Transfer

Ch.3. DC Circuit Theorems
➢ Superposition Theorem
❖ The superposition theorem is a method that allows us to

determine the current through or the voltage across any
resistor or branch in a network.
❖ The advantage of using this approach instead of mesh
analysis or nodal analysis is that it is not necessary to use
determinants or matrix algebra to analyze a given circuit.
It states that:
• The current through, or voltage across, any
element of a network (Linear Circuit) is equal to
the algebraic sum of the currents or voltages
produced independently by each source acting
alone.
• This theorem is mainly used to:
• Analyze networks that have two or more sources
that are not in series or parallel.
• Determine the impact of a particular source or

element on the response of the entire system.
• Analyse a network with sources of different

types (such as DC & AC).

• Steps to apply superposition principle:
1. Turn off all independent sources except one source. Find
the output (voltage or current) due to that active source
using nodal or mesh analysis.
2. Repeat step 1 for each of the other independent sources.
3. Find the total contribution by adding algebraically all the
contributions due to the independent sources.
➢ Any internal resistance associated with the source
must remain in the network (if applicable).
➢ Dependent sources are left intact
•
NB The number of circuits to be analysed equals to the number
of sources in the network.
➢ Superposition Theorem (cont’d)
• “Killing Sources”
Voltage Source Short-Circuit Current Source Open-Circuit
Resistors are not touched

❖ Turn off voltages sources = short voltage sources; make it equal

to zero voltage
❖ Turn off current sources = open current sources; make it equal to
zero current
Superposition involves more work but simpler circuits.

Superposition is not applicable to the effect on power.

• Example 1: Question
• Using superposition theorem, find the current through .

• Example 1: Solution
• Determine the effect of by removing the current source.

• Example 1: Solution (cont’d)
• Determine the effect of by removing the voltage source.

•
NB Superposition theorem is not applicable to power levels.

If we wish to determine the power dissipated by any resistor, we must

first find either the voltage across the resistor or the current through
the resistor:

• Using superposition theorem, determine the current .

• Using superposition theorem, determine the current .

• Using superposition, find the current through the 2 
resistor.

Effect of E1. Effect of E2.

• Effect of I.

Source Transformation
Depending on the type of analysis, a circuit with either no

voltage source or no current sources may be preferable.
Because a circuit may have an undesired type of source, it is
convenient to be able to transform voltage sources to
equivalent current sources and current sources to
equivalent voltage source.
 A source transformation is the process of replacing
a voltage source vs in series with a resistor R by a
current source is in parallel with a resistor R, or
vice versa
vs
vs = is R or is =
R

These results may be easily verified by connecting an external resistance, RL,
across each source. The sources can be equivalent only if the voltage across RL is
the same for both sources. Similarly, the sources are equivalent only if the current
through RL is the same when connected to either source.

• Arrow of the current source

positive terminal of voltage source
• Impossible source Transformation
– ideal voltage source (R = 0)
– ideal current source (R=)


➢ Thévenin’s Theorem
• Thévenin’s theorem allows even the most complicated circuit to be

reduced to a single voltage source and a single resistance.
• The importance of such a theorem becomes evident when we try to
analyze a circuit as shown in figure below.

➢ Thévenin’s Theorem (cont’d)
• It states that:
• Any two-terminal DC network can be replaced by an
equivalent circuit consisting solely of a voltage source and a
series resistor.

In summary Thévenin’s theorem is simplified as follows:
Any linear bilateral network may be reduced to a simplified two-

terminal circuit consisting of a single voltage source in series with a
single resistor
A linear network, remember, is any network that consists of components

having a linear (straight-line) relationship between voltage and current.
A resistor is a good example of a linear component since the voltage
across a resistor increases proportionally to an increase in current
through the resistor.
Voltage and current sources are also linear components.
A bilateral network is any network that operates in the same manner

regardless of the direction of current in the network. Again, a resistor
is a good example of a bilateral component, since the magnitude of
current through the resistor is not dependent upon the polarity of
voltage across the component.
• This theorem is used to:
• Analyze networks with sources that are not in series or
parallel.
• Reduce the number of components required to establish the

same characteristics at the output terminals.
• Investigate the effect of changing a particular component on

the behavior of a network without having to analyze the
entire network after each change.

The following steps provide a technique that converts any circuit into
its
Thévenin equivalent:
1. Identify and remove the load from the circuit.
2. Label the resulting two terminals. We will label them as a and b,
although any notation may be used.
3. Set all sources in the circuit to zero. Voltage sources are set to
zero by replacing them with short circuits (zero volts). Current
sources are set to zero by replacing them with open circuits (zero
amps).
4. Determine the Thévenin equivalent resistance, RTh, by calculating
the resistance “seen” between terminals a and b. It may be necessary
to redraw the circuit to simplify this step.

5. Replace the sources removed in Step 3, and determine the open-
circuit voltage between the terminals.
If the circuit has more than one source, it may be necessary to use the
superposition theorem. In that case, it will be necessary to determine
the open-circuit voltage due to each source separately and then
determine the combined effect. The resulting open-circuit voltage will be
the value of the Thévenin voltage, ETh.
6. Draw the Thévenin equivalent circuit using the resistance determined

in Step 4 and the voltage calculated in Step 5. As part of the resulting
circuit, include that portion of the network removed in Step 1

• How to get the circuit right?

• Find the Thévenin equivalent circuit for the network below.

• Find RTh…

• Find ETh…

• Draw the Thevenin Circuit

• Find the Thévenin equivalent circuit for the network below.

➢ Thévenin’s Theorem (Cont’d)
• Find RTh.

• Find ETh.

• Find the Thévenin equivalent circuit for the network in the
shaded area of the bridge network.

• Find RTh.

➢ Thévenin’s Theorem (Cont’d)
• Find ETh.

➢ Norton’s Theorem
Norton’s theorem is a circuit analysis technique that is similar
to Thévenin’s theorem.
• It states that:
• Any two-terminal linear bilateral DC network can be replaced
by an equivalent circuit consisting of a current source and a
parallel resistor.

➢ Norton’s Theorem (cont’d)
• Procedures
•1 Remove that portion of the network across which the Norton
equivalent circuit is to be found.
2
• Mark the terminals of the remaining two-terminal network.
3
• Calculate RN by first setting all voltage and current sources to
zero (short circuit and open circuit, respectively).
4
• Calculate IN by returning all sources to their original positions
and then finding the short-circuit current between the marked
terminals.
•5 Draw the Norton equivalent circuit.

• Find the Norton equivalent circuit for the network external to
the 9 resistor.

the 9 resistor.

the 9 resistor.

the 9 resistor.

• Find the Norton equivalent circuit for the portion of the
network to the left of a-b.

• Determining RN.
1 3

➢ Norton’s Theorem (Cont’d)
• Determining IN.

• Norton Equivalent Circuit.

• Converting between Thévenin and Norton equivalent
circuits.

➢ Maximum Power Transfer Theorem
In amplifiers and in most communication circuits such as radio
receivers and transmitters, it is often desired that the load receive the
maximum amount of power from a source.
• A load will receive maximum power from a network when its
resistance is exactly equal to the RTh of the network applied to the
load.
• It answers this vital question:
• What load should be applied to a system to ensure that the
load is receiving maximum power from the system?

➢ Maximum Power Transfer Theorem (cont’d)
• Why is that the case?
• Assume we have a variable load connected to terminals of
the Thévenin circuit.
• The power supplied to the load is given by:
• This function has a max at

➢ Maximum Power Transfer Theorem (Cont’d)
• Why is that the case?
• Therefore:

• Experimental Proof

• By using the maximum power transfer theorem,
we see that under the condition of maximum
power the efficiency of the circuit is

• Maximum Power vs Maximum Efficiency
• At max power, the efficiency is 50%.
• Therefore, in practice one decides which one is
the overriding factor, efficiency or max power.

• Maximum Power using Norton Eq. Circuit

• Find the load resistance that will result in
maximum power transfer to the load, and find
the maximum power delivered in the network
below.

• Find RTh.
• Find ETh.
• For Max Power,

• Therefore, Pmax is:

• For the network below, answer the following
questions.
a) What is the power delivered to the load and lost

to the internal resistance of the supply?
b) If you have some control over the internal
resistance level of the supply, what value should
it be for maximum power to the load?
a) What is the power delivered to the load and lost
to the internal resistance of the supply?

b) If you have some control over the internal
resistance level of the supply, what value should
it be for maximum power to the load?
• In this case the best solution would be to reduce

Rs to the smallest possible level, zero. The max
power would then be:

• Given the network below, find the value of RL for
maximum power to the load, and find the
maximum power to the load.

• Find RTh.

• Find ETh.
• Find Pmax.

Chapter 3-2021 (Circuit Theorems)

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TEGT3542

FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TEGT3542

FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TEGT3542 By: M.M.K 1

Chapters 1&2: DC Circuit Techniques

FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TEGT3542 By: M.M.K 2

FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TEGT3542 By: M.M.K 3

• We looked at basic circuit analysis technique

FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TEGT3542 By: M.M.K 4

❖ The superposition theorem is a method that allows us to

• Determine the impact of a particular source or

• Analyse a network with sources of different

FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TEGT3542 By: M.M.K 6

Voltage Source Short-Circuit Current Source Open-Circuit

Resistors are not touched

FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TEGT3542 By: M.M.K 8

❖ Turn off voltages sources = short voltage sources; make it equal

Superposition involves more work but simpler circuits.

FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TEGT3542 By: M.M.K 9

FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TEGT3542 By: M.M.K 10

FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TEGT3542 By: M.M.K 11

FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TEGT3542 By: M.M.K 12

FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TEGT3542 By: M.M.K 13

If we wish to determine the power dissipated by any resistor, we must

FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TEGT3542 By: M.M.K 14

FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TEGT3542 By: M.M.K 15

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Effect of E1. Effect of E2.

FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TEGT3542 By: M.M.K 18

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Depending on the type of analysis, a circuit with either no

FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TEGT3542 By: M.M.K 21

FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TEGT3542 By: M.M.K 22

• Arrow of the current source

FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TEGT3542 By: M.M.K 23

FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TEGT3542 By: M.M.K 24

• Thévenin’s theorem allows even the most complicated circuit to be

FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TEGT3542 By: M.M.K 25

FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TEGT3542 By: M.M.K 26

Any linear bilateral network may be reduced to a simplified two-

A linear network, remember, is any network that consists of components

A bilateral network is any network that operates in the same manner

• Reduce the number of components required to establish the

• Investigate the effect of changing a particular component on

FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TEGT3542 By: M.M.K 28

FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TEGT3542 By: M.M.K 29

6. Draw the Thévenin equivalent circuit using the resistance determined

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•5 Draw the Norton equivalent circuit.

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