Assignment

On

“Friction”

Submitted to:
Dr. Md. Aftab Ali Shaikh
Professor
Department of Chemistry
University of Dhaka

Submitted by:
Elma Noorain Momo
ID: 024- 197; Section- B
BBA (26th Batch), 1st Year, 2nd Semester
Course Name: General Science and Environment
Course Code: 110 (MGT)
Department of Management
Faculty of Business Studies
University of Dhaka

Date of Submission:
January 14, 2021
 Friction
Friction is the force resisting the relative motion of solid surfaces, fluid layers, and material
elements sliding against each other. Frictional resistance to the relative motion of two solid objects
is usually proportional to the force which presses the surfaces together as well as the roughness of
the surfaces.
F N
friction

Or, F = μN
friction

Where, N is normal force, μ is the coefficient of friction.

Frictional forces are unavoidable in our daily lives. If we were not able to counteract them, they
would stop every moving object and bring to a halt every rotating shaft. About 20% of the gasoline
used in an automobile is needed to counteract friction in the engine and in the drive train. On the
other hand, if friction were totally absent, we could not get an automobile to go anywhere, and we
could not walk or ride a bicycle. Nails and screws would be useless, woven cloth would fall apart
and knots would untie.

Friction Concepts
A simple chart showing the basic concepts of friction is given below:

Explanation:
Friction is related to “Surface Roughness” but the force of static friction is different from
that of kinetic friction.
 Friction is encountered in standard problems where one must do work against friction.
It is usually described by “Standard Friction Model” which is based upon assumptions
about surface friction.
Friction may include “Fluid Friction” such as: Viscous Resistance or Air Resistance.

Types of Friction
There are various types of friction:
(a) Dry friction: It resists relative lateral motion of two solids in contact. Dry
friction is subdivided into static friction between non-moving surfaces, and
kinetic friction between moving surfaces

(b) Fluid friction: It describes the friction between layers within a viscous fluid
that are moving relative to each other

(c) Lubricated friction: It is a case of fluid friction where a fluid separates two
solid surfaces.

Coefficient of friction (μ)

The coefficient of friction, often symbolized by μ, is a dimensionless scalar value which
describes the ratio of the force of friction between two bodies and the force pressing them
together. It depends on the materials used; for example, ice on steel has a low coefficient of
friction. It has range from zero to greater than one. For surfaces at rest relative to each other,
where is the coefficient of static friction. For surfaces in relative motion, where is the
coefficient of kinetic friction.

Static Friction
Static friction is friction between two or more solid objects that are not moving relative to each
other. For example, static friction can prevent an object from sliding down a sloped surface.
Its coefficient is denoted by μs, is usually higher than
that of kinetic friction.

Kinetic Friction
Kinetic friction occurs when two objects are moving
relative to each other. Its coefficient is denoted by μk.
 Static Friction in Details
Static friction resists motion and counteract any applied force up to a certain maximum where
friction is overcome and motion begins.

50 N
Stationary
Applied Force Object 50 N
Frictional Force

Here, we can see that Applied Force= Frictional Force= 50N. That means the force applied on the
stationary object is being prevented by frictional force. Thus, it is not being able to gain motion.
This frictional force is static force. Static force is resisting the motion and restraining the object
from gaining motion and moving forward.

Graph Representing both Static and Kinetic Frictions

N
F

Graph of Static Friction is explained below:

The graph is created following the straight line equation. The x- axis is representing the Applied
Force and the y- axis is representing Frictional Resistance.
We know, the Straight Line Equation is:
y= mx+ c; [x, y variables, m= slope, c=intercept]
Also,
F = μN [N= Applied Force, F= Frictional Force,
friction
μ= Coefficient of Friction]
Here, we can see two types of straight lines in this graph. The first straight line is ended at the
point where the second straight line is started. This point is called “Threshold of Motion”. This is
the point where applied force (N) exceeds the frictional force (F) and the object gains its motion
finally. After applied force having crossed frictional force, the frictional force can’t increase
anymore. So, the second straight line is parallel to x- axis as because only the element of x- axis;
Applied Force keeps increasing.
The force of Static Friction keeps a stationary object at rest. Once the force of Static Friction is
overcome, the force of Kinetic Friction is what slows down a moving object.

Coefficient of Friction in Details

The frictional force is also presumed to be proportional to the coefficient of friction. However, the
amount of force required to move an object starting from rest is usually greater than the force
required to keep it moving at constant velocity once it is started. Therefore two coefficients of
friction are sometimes quoted for a given pair of surfaces - a coefficient of static friction and a
coefficient of kinetic friction. The force expression above can be called the standard model of
surface friction and is dependent upon several assumptions about friction.

μ = coefficient of friction
friction = μN μk = coefficient of kinetic friction
μs = coefficient of static friction
 Kinetic Friction in Details
Once an object is in motion, kinetic friction will resist motion. In the standard model, this
resistance is taken to be independence of velocity.

It is a force that acts between moving surfaces. A body moving on the surface experiences a force
in the opposite direction of its movement. The magnitude of the force will depend on the
coefficient of kinetic friction between the two materials.
When two surfaces are moving with respect to one another, the frictional resistance is almost
constant over a wide range of low speeds, and in the standard model of friction the frictional force
is described by the relationship below. The coefficient is typically less than the coefficient of
friction, reflecting the common experience that it is easier to keep something in motion across a
horizontal surface than to start it in motion from rest.
 Friction Plot
Static friction resistance will match the applied force up until the threshold of motion. Then the
kinetic frictional resistance stays about constant. This plot illustrates the standard model of friction.

Friction and Surface Roughness

 Advantages and Disadvantages of Friction

Advantages:

1. Friction enables us to walk freely.

2. It helps to support ladder against wall.
3. It becomes possible to transfer one form of energy to another.
4. Objects can be piled up without slipping
5. Breaks of vehicles work due to friction.

Disadvantages:

1. It always resists the motion, so extra energy is required to overcome it.

2. It causes wear and tear of machines.
3. It decreases the life expectancy of moving parts of vehicles.
4. Since friction is very useful in some cases while harmful in some cases, friction is
called a necessary evil.

Applications
Friction is an important factor in many engineering disciplines.

Transportation

o Rail adhesion refers to the grip wheels of a train have on the rails.
o Road slipperiness is an important design and safety factor for automobiles:
o Split friction is a particularly dangerous condition arising due to varying friction on either
side of a cr.
o Road texture affects the interaction of tires and the driving surface.

THE END