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It is apparent that frictional resistance depends
upon the degree of wedging action between the hills
F and vales of the contact surfaces. The measure of
Max. Available Friction,
Motion impending this wedging action depends upon the normal
N
Friction (F)
This may be reduced by putting in a constant of Angle of friction is the particular value of the angle
proportionality, say µ, which depends upon the (between the total reaction R and the normal
roughness of the contact surfaces. This constant is reaction N) when maximum frictional resistance is
called the coefficient of friction. acting. It acts at its maximum value of Ø only when
motion is impending. W
F = µN Eq. (1)
P
R
N Ø
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Comparing it to Eq. (1), we see that From the figure, it is apparent that the angle of
friction may be defined by the relation
tan Ø = µ Eq. (2)
tan Ø = F/N
W W
P P
F F
R R
N Ø N Ø
A summary of the principles discussed may be A summary of the principles discussed may be
called laws of friction and may be stated as follows: called laws of friction and may be stated as follows:
1. If friction is neglected, the reaction are always 4. The maximum available value of static friction is
normal to the surfaces in contact. equal to the µsN where µs is the coefficient of static
2. Friction always acts to oppose the motion of the friction and N is the normal pressure.
free-body (or its tendency to move). It is tangent to 5. If kinetic friction is acting, the friction force is
the surfaces in contact. constant at its limiting value.
3. If static friction is acting, the value of the friction 6. The kinetic friction is equal to µkN where µk is the
force may vary from zero to the maximum available coefficient of kinetic friction and N is the normal
value, depending upon the resultant force tending to pressure.
cause motion.
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A 200-N block is at rest on a 30° incline. The A 200-N block is at rest on a 30° incline. The
coefficient of friction between the block and the coefficient of friction between the block and the
incline is 0.20. Compute the value of a horizontal incline is 0.20. Compute the value of a horizontal
force P that will cause the motion to impend up the force P that will cause the motion to impend up the
incline. incline using the angle of friction and the total
reaction of the incline on the block instead of its
components F and N.
The 200-N block is in contact with plane inclined at What weight W is necessary to start the system of
30° to the horizontal. It has impending motion up the blocks shown moving to the right? The coefficient of
plane caused by the horizontal force of 400-N. friction is 0.10 and the pulleys are assumed to be
Determine the coefficient of static friction between frictionless.
the contact surfaces.
W
600 N 30°
3
3
4
4
3
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P where:
µ = 0.268
T1 = tight side of the belt
T2 = slack side of the belt
µ = 0.40 µ = coefficient of friction
β = angle of contact, in radians
60°
A rope wrapped twice around a post will support a A differential band brake is used to measure the
weight of 4000 N when a force of 50 N is exerted at torque output of an engine. The dimensions are
the other end. Determine the coefficient of friction. shown in the figure below. Determine the torque M
on the brake when P = 10 lb. Assume coefficient of
friction to be 0.20.
A differential band brake is used to measure the In the figure below, the coefficient of friction is 0.20
torque output of an engine. The dimensions are between the rope and the fixed drum and between
shown in the figure below. Determine the torque M all surfaces in contact. Determine the minimum
on the brake when P = 10 lb. Assume coefficient of weight W to prevent down plane motion of the 1000N
friction to be 0.20. body.
3
4
4
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P
B
20°
If the wedge had a weight of 400 lb, what value of P Two blocks, each weighing 200 N and resting on a
would required to start the wedge under the block? horizontal surface, are to be pushed apart by a 30°
To pull the wedge out from under the block? The wedge. The angle of friction is 15° for all contact
angle of friction for all surfaces in contact is Ø = 15°. surfaces. What value of P is required to start the
W = 1000 lb movement of the blocks?
P
A
15° 15°
P 200 N 200 N
B
20°