SP025 Chapter 4 : Magnetism

4.1 Magnetic Field, B

 A region around a magnet or a current-carrying conductor where magnetic force is experienced.
 Also known as magnetic flux density or magnetic field intensity.
 Vector quantity (Answer should include magnitude and direction)
 Direction : magnetic field lines leave the North pole and enters the South pole of a magnet.
 x : enter the page/into the page : leave the page/out of page
 SI Unit : Tesla (T)
Bar magnet Earth magnetic field and a bar magnet

The geographic North Pole

is a magnetic South pole

4.2 Straight wire 4.2 Circular coil (CCC) 4.2 Solenoid

(current carrying conductor)

Right Hand
Grip Rule

Right Hand
Grip Rule
View from top :
Right Hand At the centre,
View from top : Grip Rule
B  o nI
N
OR where n
l
o NI
B
l

o I At the end,
B At the centre :
2 r
o I 1 o NI 1
B B  o nI
2 l 2
μo : permeability of free space 2r
(4π×10-7 T m A-1)
μo : permeability of free space n : number of turns per unit length
r : distance of any point from the
(4π×10-7 T m A-1) N : total number of turns (loops)
conductor
r : radius of circular coil 𝑙 : length of solenoid
Rules in sketching magnetic field lines :
1. Magnetic field lines exit from north pole and enter at the south pole (always form close loop)
2. Number of line represent the strength of the magnetic field.
3. Magnetic field is strong when lines are close together.
4. Never cross/intersect with one another.
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 SP025 Chapter 4 : Magnetism
RIGHT HAND GRIP RULE
Long straight wire and Circular Coil Circular Coil and Solenoid

1. Curl your finger in the

direction of the current
around the loop.
2. Your thumb points in the
1. Point the thumb of your right hand in the direction of magnetic field.
direction of current.
2. Your fingers now curl around the wire
in the direction of magnetic field.
4.3 Force on a moving charged 4.3 Direction of force
particle in a uniform magnetic field Right Hand Rule
Fingers : Direction of velocity (1st vector)
F  q(v  B) Palm : Direction of magnetic field
F  qvB sin  (2nd vector)
Thumb : Direction of force (positive charge)
F : Magnetic force
q : Magnitude of the charge IMPORTANT!
v : Velocity of the charge If the charge is negative, direction of force is
B : Magnetic flux density opposite.
𝜃 : Angle between v & B
4.3 Circular motion of charge in a uniform
Circular path Related formula :
FB  FC
1. Consider a charged particle moving in a uniform 2 1
mv 2 v  r ;   ; f 
magnetic field with its velocity perpendicular to qvB sin   ;   90o T T
the magnetic field. r
2. As the particle enter the region, it experiences a
magnetic force that perpendicular to the velocity of
the particle.
Force, FB
3. Direction of its velocity changes but the magnetic
Palm : Facing in the
force remains perpendicular to the velocity. Hence, direction of magnetic
path of the particle is a circular. field into the page X

Velocity, v

4.4 Force on a current-carrying conductor in a uniform 4.5 Forces between two parallel current
magnetic field carrying conductor
F  I (l  B )
F o I1I 2
F  IlB sin  
l 2 d
F : magnetic force
B : magnitude of the magnetic flux density
I : current
𝑙 : length of the conductor
𝜃 : angle between 𝑙 and B Right Hand Rule
4.6 Torque on a coil
  NI ( A  B)
  NIAB sin 
𝜏 : torque on the coil N : Number of turns (coils)
 I1, I2 same direction : attract each other
B : Magnetic field density A : Surface area
I : Current flows in the coil 𝜃 : angle between vector A and B  I1, I2 opposite direction : repel each other
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 SP025 Chapter 4 : Magnetism
4.6 Moving-coil galvanometer
1. Moving coil galvanometer uses the principle of torque on a coil (  NIAB sin  ) in magnetic field. The coil is in radial
magnetic field so that θ is always equal to 𝟗𝟎°.
2. It consists of a coil of wire suspended in the magnetic field of a permanent magnet. The coil is rectangular and consists of
many turns of fine wire.
3. When the current I flows through the coil, the magnetic field exerts a torque on the coil as given by   NIAB sin  and
causes the pointer (attached to the coil) to rotate relation to the scale.
4. This torque is opposed by a spring which exerts a torque, 𝜏𝑠 approximately proportional to the angle 𝜙 through it turned.
That is :   k
5. The coil and pointer will stop rotating when this torque (due to magnetic field) balanced by the restoring spring :

 s
NIAB  k
NIAB
 
k

∅ : rotation angle of the coil (in radian)

k : stiffness constant of spring

4.7 Application of motion charged particle 4.7 Mass000

spectrometer

Velocity Selector

a) A velocity selector is used in mass spectrometer to
select particles based on their speed.
b) Consider a positively charged particle with mass m,
charge q and velocity v enters a region of space
where the electric and magnetic fields are
perpendicular to the particle’s velocity and to each
other as shown in figure above.
c) The charged particle will experiences the downward
electric force FE and the upward magnetic force
FB.
FE  FB E d) Ions with difference masses strike the detector at different
v
qE  qvB sin 90 B points, and the value of r can be measured. Lighter
d) Only particles with speeds equal to E/B can pass
through without being deflected by the fields.
e) Because q divides out (in the equation), a velocity
selector for positively charged particles also work
for electron or other negatively charged particles.
a) Mass spectrometer is used to measure masses of ions.
b) A beam of ions first passes through a velocity selector and
then enters a second uniform magnetic field, that has the
same direction as the magnetic field in the selector.
c) Upon entering the second magnetic field, the ions are
described by the particle in uniform circular motion
model as discussed in subtopic 4.3 :
FB  FC
mv 2
qvB sin   ;   90o
r
charged particle will deflect more.
e) The mass spectrometer can be used to compute the value
of q/m of any charged particle.
f) Example : Bainbridge mass spectrometer

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 SP025 Chapter 4 : Magnetism
1. A long wire (X) carrying a current of 30 A is placed parallel to and 3.0 cm away from a similar wire (Y)
carrying a current of 6.0 A.
a) Find the magnitude and direction of the magnetic flux density midway between the wires when the current
in the same direction. [3.2x10-4 T; direction?]
b) When the currents are in the same direction there is a point somewhere between X and Y at which the
magnetic flux density is zero. How far from X is this point? [0.025 m]

2. A circular coil has 15 turns and a diameter of 45.0 cm. The plane of coil is facing you with a magnetic field
strength is directed out of the page at the centre of the coil is 8.0×10-4 T. Find the magnitude and direction of
current flowing in the coil. [19.1A; anticlockwise)]

3. A solenoid of 50 turns is carrying a current of 10 mA. The magnetic field strength at the centre is 1.05×10-6
T. Calculate the length of the solenoid. [0.598 m]

4. Determine the direction of the magnetic force, F exerted on a charge in the following
problems:

5. A positive ion, initially travelling into the page, is shot through the gap in a
magnet. Is the ion deflected up, down, left or right? Explain your answer.

6. An electron moves in a uniform magnetic field. At a particular instant the speed of the electron is 3.0×10 6
ms-1 and the magnitude of the magnetic force acting on it is 5.0×10-13 N. The velocity of the electron makes
an angle of 30o with the direction of the magnetic field. Determine the magnitude of the magnetic field at that
instant. [4.37×106 ms-1]

7. A single positive ion has a mass of 6.68×10-27 kg. The particle moves clockwise in a circular path of radius
3.25 cm with a speed of 1.5×104 ms-1. Determine the direction and strength of the magnetic field.
[0.019 T, out the page]

8. Two long parallel wires are 5.0 cm apart. They each exerts a force of attraction per unit length on the other
of 6 x 10 -7 Nm-1. The current in one wire is 400 mA.
i) Calculate the current in the second wire. [0.375 A]
ii) In which direction is the current in the second wire, relative to the first?

9. A rectangular wire loop of dimension 25.0cm x 30.0cm is orientated at an angle

of 35.00 to a magnetic field of 60.0 T. The current in the loop is 1.5A in the
direction shown in the figure. Find the magnitude of the torque. [5.5 Nm]

10. An ion has a mass of 1.67×10-27 kg and charge of 1.6×10-19 C. It enters a velocity selector which consists of
a 2.4 T magnetic field and a 3.0×105 V m-1 electric field. Ions that emerge from the velocity selector enter a
region of a 0.30 T uniform magnetic fields. After leaving the velocity selector, calculate
i) the velocity of the ion. [1.25×105 ms-1]
ii) the radius of the semicircular path of ion. [4.35 mm]

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