MAGNETIC FIELD

MADE BY: EIYU, BARNDONE, KEVIN

 Magnetic Fields
The earth has associated with it a magnetic field, with poles
near the geographic poles.
The pole of a magnet attracted to
the earth’s north geographic pole is N
the magnet’s north pole.
S
The pole of a magnet attracted to
the earth’s south geographic pole
is the magnet’s south pole. http://hyperphysics.phy-
astr.gsu.edu/hbase/magnetic/
magearth.html

Just as we used the electric field to help us “explain” and

visualize electric forces in space, we use the magnetic field to
help us “explain” and visualize magnetic forces in space.
We use the symbol B for magnetic field.

Remember: magnetic field lines point away from north poles,

and towards south poles.

S N

The SI unit* for magnetic field is the Tesla.

1 kg These units come from the
1 T= magnetic force equation, which
Cs appears three slides from now.

In a bit, we’ll see how the units are related to other quantities
we know about, and later in the course we’ll see an “official”
definition of the units for the magnetic field.

*Old unit, still sometimes used: 1 Gauss = 10-4 Tesla.

Why would you expect a current-carrying
conductor placed in a magnetic field to
experience a force?

A current-carrying conductor has a magnetic field around it

due to the current.

When this conductor is placed in another magnetic field,

the two magnetic fields interact (push off each other!).

This causes the force on the current-carrying conductor.

 What is the Direction of the Force on a
Current-Carrying Conductor in a Magnetic
Field?

The direction of the force is always:

 Perpendicular to the current

 Perpendicular to the magnetic field

NOTE: A Current-Carrying Conductor in a magnetic field experiences

no force if the conductor is parallel to the magnetic field.
Fleming’s Left-Hand Rule: If the thumb, first finger and
second finger of the left hand are held at right angles,
with the first finger in the direction of the magnetic field and the
second finger in the direction of the current, then the thumb points in
the direction of the force.
 Magnetic Flux Density (B)
Accurate experiments show that if a conductor of length l,
carrying a current I is placed at right angles to a uniform
magnetic field it experiences a force F where:

F  I and F  l

It follows that: F  Il

 F = IlB where B is a constant.

The value of B depends on how strong the magnetic field is.

In a strong magnetic field B is large and in a weak field B is small.
Thus B is a measure of how strong the magnetic field is.
B is called the Magnetic Flux Density.
 Define Magnetic Flux Density

At a point in a magnetic field the Magnetic Flux Density ( B ) is a vector whose:

•direction is the direction of the force on a north pole placed at that point

•magnitude is the value of B from the equation F = I l B

or put another way:

The magnetic Flux Density (B) at a point in a magnetic field is a vector whose:
magnitude is equal to the force that would be experienced by a conductor of length 1 m
carrying a current of 1 A at right angles to the field at that point. Its direction is the direction
of the force on a north pole placed at that point.
If the conductor is not perpendicular to the field resolve the B into two
perpendicular components - one parallel to the conductor and the
other at right angles to the conductor. It is the component of B that
is perpendicular to the conductor that causes the force on it. The
parallel component has no effect on the wire.

F = B I l Sin 30o
To Show the Force on a current-carrying coil in a
magnetic field

Use the equipment above. The coil is free to rotate about the axis.

When the current is switched on the coil starts to rotate as shown.

 Magnetic Fields and Moving Charges

A charged particle moving in a magnetic field experiences a

force.
The following equation (part of the Lorentz Force Law)
predicts the effect of a magnetic field on a moving charged
particle:
   Oh nooo! The
F = qv  B little voices
are back.

force on velocity of magnetic field

particle charged particle vector

What is the magnetic force if the charged particle is at rest?

What is the magnetic force if v is (anti-)parallel to B?
 Motion of a charged particle
in a uniform magnetic field

Example: an electron travels at 2x107 m/s in a plane

perpendicular to a 0.01 T magnetic field. Describe its path.
Example: an electron travels at 2x107 m/s in a plane
perpendicular to a 0.01 T magnetic field. Describe its path.

The force on the electron B

(remember, its charge is -) is        
always perpendicular to the        
velocity. If v and B are - F
       
constant, then F remains v
       
constant (in magnitude).
       
F
The above paragraph is a        
-
description of uniform        - v
circular motion.        

The electron will move in a circular path with a constant speed

and acceleration = v2/r, where r is the radius of the circle.
Motion of a proton in a uniform magnetic field
The force is always in the
v
   +    radial direction and has a
Bout magnitude qvB. For circular
   FB  r   
v motion, a = v2/r so
 +    +  mv 2
FB FB F = q vB =
       r
v
       q rB mv
v= r=
m qB
      
Thanks to Dr. Waddill for the use of the picture and following examples.

The rotational frequency f is

The period T is
called the cyclotron frequency
2 πr 2 πm qB
T= = 1
v qB f= =
T 2 πm Remember: you can do
the directions “by hand”
and calculate using
magnitudes only.
Helical motion in a uniform magnetic field

If v and B are perpendicular, a B

charged particle travels in a circular
path. v remains constant but the
direction of v constantly changes. v
+
v
If v has a component parallel to B,
then v remains constant, and the
charged particle moves in a helical
path.

There won’t be any test problems on

helical motion.

*or antiparallel
Lorentz Force Law
 
   
If both electric and magnetic fields are present, F = q E + v  B .

Applications

See your textbook for numerical calculations related the next

two slides.

If I have time, I will show the mass spectrometer today.

The energy calculation in the mass spectrometer example is

often useful in homework.
 Mass Spectrometers

Mass spectrometers separate charges of different mass.

When ions of fixed energy enter a region of constant magnetic
field, they follow a circular path.
V
The radius of the path
depends on the     
B
mass/charge ratio and S     
+q
speed of the ion, and     
the magnitude of the R
x     
magnetic field.
    
mv     
x = 2r and r=
qB
    
Thanks to Dr. Waddill for the use of the picture.
Worked example with numbers to follow.
 Velocity Selector

Bout
         
---------------- FE = qE
  v      v
+ E +
          
 FB = qv  B
       

When the electric This only works if the electric and

and magnetic magnetic fields are perpendicular and
forces balance   oriented so that is antiparallel to
FE = FB
then the charge Also, we simplified the
will pass straight calculation by making
through. E
q E = q vB or v= perpendicular to
B
 FORCE BETWEEN PARALLEL
CONDUCTORS Motor effect
• Current-carrying conductor has a magnetic field around it. The interaction of the
magnetic fields produce by the
Factor affecting the magnetic magnet causes forces of
field: attraction or repulsion
1. Increasing the current between the two
2. Using soft magnetic
material
HOW MRI WORKS
FORCE ON MOVING
CHARGED PARTICLE IN A
MAGNETIC FIELD
•  An electric current is charge
in motion
 charged particle

 𝑉 𝐵𝐼
𝐻=
𝑛𝑡𝑞
 NUCLEAR MAGNETIC
RESONANCE
• Precession is the rotation of odd numbered nuclei when a
magnetic field is applied to it.
• Larmor frequency is the frequency of the precession that
depend on the nature of the nucleus and the magnitude of
the magnetic flux density
THANK YOU