50 vif;,kefarmifarmif

jroef;wifh trSwfw& ½kyfyHkvTm

1925 ESifh 1929

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avmufyJ &Sdr,fxifw,f}}
]]b,fuvm &G,w f al vmuf&&dS rSmvJ? udjk roef;u
uRefawmfhxuf av;ig;ESpfavmuf i,fw,f a':trm&JU}}
]]wpfu,fajymwmyg? r,Hk&if aemufwpfacguf
vm&if uReaf wmfZh mwm ,lvmcJrh ,f/ tckq&kd if uReaf wmfu 69ESpf
&SdNyD? udkjroef;u &SdvSrS 64-65 avmufyJ&SdOD;r,f}}
 uRefawmhftaygif;toif; tEkynm a&mif;&if;rsm; 51
vGefcJhaom oHk;av;ESpfavmufu rEÅav;odkY
a&mufomG ;cJph Of ½k;d &mrysuf vlxak ':trmudk 0ifEw I q f uf&if; pyfrd
pyf&m pum;ajymMu&mrS a':trmu jroef;wifhESifh uRefawmfhudk
oufwl½G,fwlavmuf &Sdrnf[k ,lqum trSwfrxif ar;MunfhfchJ
onf/ uRefawmfuvnf; uRefawmfhxuf jroef;wifhu av;ig;ESpf
i,faMumif; ajymjy&onf/ 'gudk a':trmu r,Hk/
a':trmom r,Ho k nfr[kw?f uReaf wmfwYkd ESpaf ,mufpvH;k
ESifh cifrif&if;ESD;onfh pmaya&mif;&if; taygif;toif;rsm;uyg
uReaf wmfxuf jroef;wifh av;ig;ESpcf efY i,fonfukd vH;k 0r,HMk u/
tcsKd U qd k v Qif uRef a wmf x uf jroef ; wif h u wpf E S p f ES p f E S p f
BuD;onf[kyif xifaeMuonf/ 'gudk ydkí aocsmatmifajym&vQif
uReaf wmfu 1925 ckEpS zf mG ;? jroef;wifu h 1929? tenf;qH;k 4ESpf
BuD;onf/ onfhxufawmh ydkí raocsmEkdif/
52 vif;,kefarmifarmif

wuúodkvfausmif;om;b0
jroef;wifu h uReaf wmfx h uf 4 ESpf i,fovdk ppfNy;D acwf
&efukefwuúodkvf a&mufMu&mwGifvnf; uRefawmfu olYxuf
wpfEpS af pmNy;D 1946 ckEpS f wuúov kd f pzGivhf Qizf iG chf si;f NrKd Urausmif;rS
wuúodkvf0ifwef; atmifNyD; a&mufvmcJhonf/ oluawmh yckuúL
Ak'b¨ mom txufwef;ausmif;rS wuúov kd 0f ifwef;atmifNy;D 1947
ckESpfwGifrS &efukefwuúodkvf a&mufvmcJhí uRefawmfxuf
wpfESpfaemufusonf/
odaYk omf olEiS hf uReaf wmf wlnaD om tcsurf mS *syefacwf
(1943-45) wGif olu yckuúLc½kdif zufqpfawmfvSefa&; vIyf&Sm;
rIrsm;wGif wuf<upGm yg0ifcJhovdk uRefawmfonfvnf; *syefacwf
wpfacwfv;kH rH½k mG c½kid f tm½Svil ,ftpnf;t½k;H twGi;f a&;rSL;tjzpf
aqmif½u G &f if; zufqpfawmfveS af &; vIy&f mS ;rIrsm;wGif yg0ifco hJ nf/
ppfNy;D p wuúov kd af usmif;om;avmuwGif yckuLú om;rsm;
rSm tHkESifhusif;ESifh tiftm;aumif;vSonf/ udkoef;wif? Munfvif?
ausmfatmif? jroef;wifh? atmifvif; polwdkYrSm xdkpOfuyif
pme,fZif;wGif uavmifaoG;aeMuNyD jzpfonf/ olwdkYxJwGif
Munfvifonf txif&Sm;qHk;ESifh tajymifajrmufqHk; jzpfonf/
xdpk Ofu '*kew f m&m xkwaf 0cJah om wm&mr*¾Zif;wGif MunfvifEiS hf
Munfat;\ vuf&mrsm;onf xl;jcm;vSí ajymprSwf jzpfc&hJ onf/
wuo a½G;aumufyJG
wuúodkvfausmif;om;b0wGif uRefawmfESifh jroef;wifh
onf a&S U qif h a emuf q if h q d k o vd k a&muf v mcJ h M uaomf v nf ;
 uRefawmhftaygif;toif; tEkynm a&mif;&if;rsm; 53
vufyGef;wwD; &if;&if;ESD;ESD;raygif;cJh&? vlcsif; od½HkuRrf;½HkrQom
½SdcJhonf/
wuúov kd af &muf yckuLú ausmif;om;rsm;xJwiG f uReaf wmf
ESihf t&if;ES;D qH;k rSm Munfvif jzpfonf/ MunfvifEiS hf &if;ES;D aeonfh
twGuf useyf ckuLú ausmif;om;rsm;uyg uReaf wmfu h kd cifrifav;pm;
Muonf/ Munfvifonf tajymtqdk ta&;tom; wGifomru
tawG;tac:yg xufjrufolwpfOD; jzpfonfhtjyif jroef;wifh?
atmifvif;? ausmfatmif tp&Sdonfh yckuúLausmif;om;rsm;
tay:wGif tawmfuav; MoZmvTrf;rdk;cJhonf/
uRefawmf rSwfrdao;onf/ uRefawmfwdkY wuúodkvf
ausmif;om;or*¾ trIaqmif a&G;aumufyJG usif;ycJhonfjzpf&m
xdpk Ofu oxHak usmif;aqmifwiG af eaom uReaf wmfonf Munfvif?
armifarmif[defwdkYESifhwJGí wuoa&G;aumufyJG yg0ifcJhMuonf/
wuúov kd af usmif;om;rsm;rSm *syefacwfu tm½Svil ,f tpnf;t½H;k
0ifrsm;? zufqpfqefu Y siaf &; tzGUJ 0ifrsm;tjzpf yg0ifvyI &f mS ; aeMuNy;D
jzpfonf/
uReaf wmfw\ Ykd Ekid if aH &;t,ltqrSm rnfrQ jyif;xefco hJ nf
qdkvQif wuoa&G;aumufyJGtwGuf vIHYaqmfonfh ydkpwmrsm;wGif
]Munfvif? armifarmifcif? armifarmif BuKd uv f Qirf aJ y;? rBuKd uv f Qif
rJray;eJY} [líyif a&;om;í taqmifeH&Hrsm;ESifh opfyifrsm;wGif
uyfcJhMuonf/ xdkodkY a&G;aumufyJG vIHYaqmfa&; ydkpwmrsm;udk
jroef;wifh? atmifvif;? ausmfatmif polwdkYu ae&mtESHYtjym;
uyfay;cJhMuonfudk uRefawmfrSwfrdaeao;onf/
odaYk omf uReaf wmfw\ Ykd jyif;xefveG ;f aom tpGe;f a&muf0g'
54 vif;,kefarmifarmif
rSm ausmif;om;xkESifh tH0ifcGifus rjzpfojzifh uRefawmfwdkYtzJGUrSm
cGufcGufvefatmif ½IH;í xdkESpfu rEÅav;ol&d, udkoef;armifu
Ouú|tjzpf ta&G;cHcJh&onf/
,ck jyefpOf;pm;Munfhvdkufaomtcg uRefawmfwdkYonf
tajctaet& *syefacwfwiG f Ekid if aH &;oabmw&m;rsm;udk avhvm
qnf;yl;cJMh uaomfvnf; ppfNy;D acwf wuúovkd af usmif;om; b0wGirf l
e,fcsJUqefYusifa&;ESifh trsdK;om;vGwfajrmufa&; pdwf"mwfrsm;u
ydkrdkvGefuJaeonfudk owdjyKrdonf/

wuúodkvfudk ausmcdkif;cJhol
uRefawmfonf 1946 ckESpfwGif wuúodkvfü ynm
oifMum;cJhaomfvnf; uRefawmf\ wuúodkvfausmif;om;b0rSm
wpf E S p f c J G r Qom MumcJ h o nf ? xd k a cwf u ynma&;pepf t &
Oypm yxESpf (I.A Junior) wef;udk atmifjrif½kHrQom ajzqdkcJhNyD;
1947 ckEpS w f iG f zqyv taxGaxGoydwBf u;D arSmuf&mü yg0ifcNhJ y;D
oydwf vSefa&; rvSefa&;wGif oydwfrvSefa&;bufrS rJay;um
tdkifatpDeD,mwGif ausmif;rS wpfcgwnf; xGufvmcJhonf/
þwGifjroef;wifh ? ausmfatmif? atmifvif;ESifh nDnD
(vif;,keef )D wdYk ausmif;qufwufí use&f pfcMhJ uonf/ ausmif;om;
vIy&f mS ;rIrsm;udk qufvufaqmif&u G &f if; wm&mr*¾Zif;? ½Ir0r*¾Zif;
ponfwdkYwGif 0w¬Kwdkrsm;? aqmif;yg;rsm; qufvufa&;om;í
uavmif aoG;cJhMu&mrS aemiftcgwGif pma&;q&mrsm;tjzpf
xif&mS ;vmcJMh uonf/ tu,fíom uReaf wmfvnf; ausmif;rSrxGuf
bJ qufíaecJhygu olwdkYvdkyif xdkpOfuwnf;u pmaye,fwGif
ajccscJhrnfrSm aocsmonf/
 uRefawmhftaygif;toif; tEkynm a&mif;&if;rsm; 55

pmaye,fwGif jyefvnfqHkpnf;cJhMujcif;
xdkodkY 1947 ckESpfwGif wuúodkvfudk ausmcdkif;cJhNyD;?
pmaya&puf rukefaom uRefawmfESifh jroef;wifhonf 10 ESpf
ausmfrQ uGJuGmoGm;cJhMuNyD; &efukefpmaye,fwGif wzefjyefí
qHkpnf;cJhMujyefonf/ þ 10-ESpf umvtwGif; uRefawmffonf
'*kefwm&m ajymovdk pHkawmNrdKifuEÅm&twGif;odkY vnf;aumif;?
tkwfeH&Hav;buf um&Hxm;onfh oHwdkifrsm; aemufuG,fodkY
vnf ; aumif ; ? a&muf & S d a ecJ h o nf / 1958-ck E S p f w G i f
Aef f ; armf w if a tmif \ vif ; ,k e f * sme,f w G i f t,f ' D w mtjzpf
'g½dkuf[pf a&muf&SdvmcJhNyD; jroef;wifhESifh jyefqHkcJh&onf/
xd k t csd e f w G i f jroef ; wif h tyg0if ausmif ; aebuf
oli,fcsif;rsm;rSm tawmftwef trnf&onfh pma&;q&mrsm;
jzpfaeMuNyD jzpfonf/ odaYk omf olwt Ykd m;vk;kH rSm vif;,ke*f sme,fwiG f
tywfpOf aqmif;yg;rsm; 0w¬Kwdkrsm; a&;Muonfjzpf&m 39 vrf;?
vif;,ke*f sme,fwu kd o f Ykd tjrv J v
kd kd a&muf&v dS mMuojzifh rMumcP
awGYMu&onf/
xdkpOfu jroef;wifhonf qdkAD,ufoH½Hk;wGif bmomjyef
t&m&St d jzpf tvkyv f yk af eonfjzpf&m nae 3-em&D ½k;H qif;onfEiS hf
vif;,ke*f sme,fwu kd o f Ykd yHrk eS af &mufvmwwfonfukd uReaf wmfrw S rf d
aeonf/
jroef;wifo h nf pma&;&mwGif ajyjypfnufanmoavmuf
pum;ajym&mwGifvnf; pOf;pOf;pm;pm;jzifh tcsufusus ajym
wwfonf/ xdkpOfu uRefawmfwdkYtkyfpkwGif Aef;armfwifatmifESifh
'*kefwm&mwdkYvnf; yg0ifMu&m pum;vHk;toHk;tEIef;ufdk tjrJ
56 vif;,kefarmifarmif
owdxm;wwfaom '*kefwm&mESifh jroef;wifhwdkY ESpfa,mufrSm
rMumcP tjiif;tckef jzpfwwfonf/ txl;ojzifh taemf&xm
vrf;ay: 48-vrf;xdy&f dS *sme,fausmrf rav;wdu k w
f iG f uReaf wmfwYkd
vlpk naewdkif;qHkí pmtaMumif; aytaMumif; ajymMuNyDqdkvQif
'*kefwm&mESifh jroef;wifhwdkYrSm pum;trsm;qHk; ajymolrsm;
jzpf M uonf / ol w d k Y E S p f a ,muf pmayt,l t qES i h f pmay
tawG;tac:rsm;udk jiif;MucHkMu&mü rNyD;Edkifojzihf tdrf&Sif
*sme,fausmfrrav;u rMumcP 0ifí pum;jzwf&onf/
'*kewf m&monf xdo k Ykd pmaya&;&m pum;vH;k toH;k tEIe;f
rsm;aMumihf jroef;wifEh iS hf rMumcP jiif;&cH&k aomfvnf; jroef;wifh
\ ta&;tom; ajyjypfnufanmrIurkd l rMumcP xkwaf zmfcs;D usL;
avh&Sdonf/

,leDAmpwD jroef;wifh
jroef;wih\ f rlvuavmiftrnfrmS jroef; yifjzpfonf/
od k Y a omf ol E S i f h a cwf N yd K if ]ocif j roef ; } uavmif t rnf j zih f
pma&;q&mwpfOD; &Sdae&m jroef;ESihf ocifjroef;ukd rMumcP
rSm;wwfMuovdk jroef;wihfukdvnf; ocifjroef;ESifh rSm;avh&Sd
Muonf/ Ny;D awmh olwEYkd pS af ,mufpvH;k b0o½kyaf zmf aqmif;yg;rsm;
0w¬Krsm;om a&;om;aeMuolrsm;jzpf&m þjyóemrsm; MumvQif
&Sif;r&atmif jzpfvmrnf pdk;&onf/ emrnfrSm;onfhtwGuf
ESpfa,mufpvHk;rSmvnf; tenf;ESihftrsm; xdcdkufepfemovkd
jzpfaeonf/
 uRefawmhftaygif;toif; tEkynm a&mif;&if;rsm; 57
odjYk zpf&m aemufq;kH ü ]jroef;} [laom uavmiftrnfukd
]wifh} wpfvHk; xyfjznfhum ]jroef;wifh} [k ajymiff;vdkufrS jyóem
&Sif;oGm;onf/ ]jroef;}[laom uavmiftrnfudk zcifOD;wifhESifh
aygif;pyfum ]jroef;wifh} [lí trnfajymif;cJhpOfu pma&;q&m
ode;f az tjzpfrS ode;f azjrif[ h k trnfajymif;cJ&h mwGif &,fp&m[mo
uav;wpfcu k kd jroef;wift h m; uReaf wmfajymjyzl;onf/ pma&;q&m
odef;azonf ol\rdcif a':jrifhrS ]jrifh} udk,lí rdcifBuD;udk
*kPjf yKaomtm;jzifh ]ode;f azjrif}h [k trnfajymif;cJ&h m wpfaeYwiG f
oH½;Hk {nfch yH w
GJ pfcük rH&k mG OD;b0if;u ode;f azjrift h m; ]]'Dr,fuo kd ed ;f az?
cifAsmhtaremrnf a':jrifh udk,lNyD; odef;azjrifhvdkY ajymif;vdkufwm
awmh aumif;yg&JU? 'gayr,fh wu,fvdkYrsm; cifAsm;tar emrnfu
a':edrfh jzpfae&if cifAsm;emrnf odef;azedrfh jzpfoGm;rSmyJ}} [k
ajymcJzh ;l aMumif; jroef;wift h m; ajymjyrd&m olu bmrQjyefrajymbJ
jyHK;NzD;NzD; vkyfaecJhonf/
aemufwpfck &Sad o;onf/ jroef;rS ]jroef;wif}h [k trnf
ajymif;&mwGif e*du k rS jroef;qkad omtrnfonf trsK;d orD;emrnf
vdk jzpfaecJ&h m ]jroef;wih}f qdak omemrnfudk Mum;vdu k &f aomtcg
ppfrjzpfru D wuúov kd af umvdyf ausmif;om;rsm;\ tonf;pGJ tNird hf
rif;orD; ,leAD mpwD jroef;Munfudk owd&Ny;D uReaf wmfu olt Y m;
,leDAmpwD jroef;wihf[k aemufajymifac:cJhzl;onf/

olUp½kduf olUtusifh
uReaf wmfEiS hf ESpaf ygif; 40-eD;yg; cifrf if&if;ES;D pGm aygif;oif;
vmcJhonfh jroef;wifhESifhywfoufí uRefawmfESifh vHk;0rwlonfh
58 vif;,kefarmifarmif
olYp½kduf olYtusifhrSm olonf t&Twftaemuf tajymiftysuf
ajymavh r&Sdjcif;yifjzpfonf/ pum;ajymvQif tjrJvdkvdk wnfwnf
whHwHhESifh trsm;av;pm;atmif ajymwwfonf/ uRefawmfwdkYvdk
&if;ESD;cifrifonfh taygif;toif;ESifhawGUrS &Hzef&Hcg &,fp&m
armp&m aemufajymifajymwwfaomfvnf; wpfcgwpf&rH S awGU&onfh
rsuEf mS pdr;f rsm;ESiqhf v
kd Qif t½Twt
f aemuf tajymiftysurf sm; vH;k 0
rajymbJ aeavh&Sdonf/ odkYjzifh taMumif;rodolrsm;u ynmwwf
rme Bu;D rm;ol? pma&;q&mrme vGeu f o J l [líyif xifrwS Mf uonf/
xdkodkY xifrSwfrnfqdku xifrSwfavmufonf/ tb,f
aMumifhqdkaomf jroef;wifhonf oma&;ema&;? vlrIa&;wm0ef
0wå&m;rsm;udk vpfvsL½IvGef;onf[k uRefawmfudk,fwdkifu ,lq
rdaMumif; yGifhyGifhvif;vif; ajymcsifonf/
uReaf wmfonf þtcsuu f dk taMumif;rJh ajymjcif;r[kw?f
wpfcgu trsK;d om;pmayqk cs;D jri§ chf &H jcif;ESihf ywfoufí owif;pm
wpfapmifu awGUqHkar;jref;&mwGif ]pma&;q&mqdkwm pmukd
pdu
k vf u kd rf wfwwf a&;ae&rSmyJ? wjcm; bmudrk S pdw0f ifpm;aep&m
rvdbk ;l } [lonfh t"dygÜ ,frsK;d ajymvdu
k &f m jroef;wihf t,ltqonf
wpf z uf o wf usvG e f ; ojzih f vl i ,f awmf a wmf r sm;rsm;u
rauseyfMu[k od&aomaMumihf jzpfonf/

pmtrsm;qHk; a&;Edkifol
þt,ltqESihf ywfoufí apm'uwufzG,f tjiif;
yGm;zG,f jzpfEkdifaomfvnf; ,aeY jrefrmpma&;q&mrsm;teuf pm
 uRefawmhftaygif;toif; tEkynm a&mif;&if;rsm; 59
trsm;qH;k a&;Edik of ?l pmrsK;d pHak &;Ekid o
f rl sm;wGif jroef;wifo
h nfxyd q f ;kH
(Top Ten) rSm&Sa d eonfukd rnforl Q rjiif;Ekid ?f uReaf wmfEiS Ehf idI ;f &vQif
uRefawmfonf jroef;wifh\ q,fyHkwpfyHk ra&;EdkifbJ jzpfae
avonf/ pma&;onfh tcsdefxuf oma&;ema&;? vlrIa&;rsm;ESifh
y&[dwtvkyfrsm;jzifh tcsdefukefaecJhonf/
ola&;cJo h nfh pmrsm;rSm ud, k af &;0w¬K? bmomjyef? ordik ;f ?
odyÜH? uAsm? c&D;oGm;rSwfwrf;? &opmwrf; ponfjzifh rsKd;pHkvSonfh
Mum;xJrSyif ppfNyD;acwfumv ,aeYtxd {&mr pmtkyfBuD;rsm;
a&;om;cJhonfrSmvnf; enf;enf;aemaemr[kwf? b0wuúodkvf?
ppfESifhNidrf;csrf;a&;? yg&D usqHk;cef;? &Sm;avmh[krf; 0w¬Kwdkaygif;csKyf?
av½l;okefokef? a&Tjynfawmf arQmfwdkif;a0;? wuúodkvf aEGnrsm;?
cef;aqmifet D rd rf uf? okcNrKd Uawmf? cspaf om ,Ge;f cifcif tp&So
d nfh
*E¦0ifESifh acwfopf *E¦0if pmtkyfBuD;rsm;udkvnf; a&;jzpfatmif
a&;vd k u f a o;onf / rd b k & m;zG m ;apm? [G e f ' g,Of a us;rI ?
awmiforeftif; avn§i;f u aqmfawmh ponfh pmtkyBf u;D rsm;vnf;
jrefrmpmayavmuwGif usef&pfrnfh pmtkyfBuD;rsm;yif jzpfonf/
tm;vHk;udk jcHKMunfhvdkufvQif jroef;wifhonf pma&;zdkY
vljzpfvmjcif; jzpfonf[kyif qdk&rvdk jzpfEkdifonf/ oltouf&Sif
aeoa½GU pmudkyJ apmufcs a&;aeOD;rnf[k ,lq&onf/

uoduatmufESifh cdk;vdkYckvk
uRefawmfonf jroef;wifhESifh c&D;&Snf ESpfBudrfESpfcgwdwd
oGm;zl;onf/ yxrwpfBurd rf mS usKH aysmpf maya[majymodYk jzpfonf/
60 vif;,kefarmifarmif
'kwd,wpfBudrfrSm yckuúL pmaya[majymyJGodkY jzpfonf/ yxr
wpfBurd u
f jroef;wif?h atmifoif;ESihf uReaf wmfwYkd oH;k a,mufom
jzpfí toGm;tjyef 3-&uf c&D;rQom jzpfonf/ ra&mufzkl;aom
t&yf jzpfonfhtjyif NrdKUcHyk*¾dKvfrsm;\ {nfh0wf ausyGefrIaMumifh
aysmfp&m pdwf0ifpm;p&m aumif;vSonf/
'kw,
d c&D;rSm yckuLú -uRe;f acsmif; wpf0u
kd jf zpfí jroef;wif?h
atmifcifqif?h atmifoif;? cspOf ;D ndK? jrwfav;? ajrZmESihf uReaf wmf
tygt0if pkpkaygif; 7-OD; jzpfonf/ xHk;pHtwdkif; vlrsm;onfh
tavsmuf uoduatmuf jzpfp&mrsm; MuHKcJh&onf/ odkYaomf
BuD;BuD;rm;rm; r[kwf/ tjyefc&D;wGif rHk&GmodkYyif 0ifa[mcJhMu
ao;onf/ wwd,c&D;rSm yk*HtmeE´mbk&m;yJGESifh yckuúL-rHk&Gm?
ysOf;rem;? rEÅav;c&D; jzpfí toGm;tjyef 10-&uf MumcJhonf/
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