Master on Electrical

Vehicle Technologies

Generació d’Energia Elèctrica (GEE)

Generation of Electrical Energy (GEE)

 GEE Course Outline GEE

o Lecture 1: Fundamentals of Electrical Generation.

o Lecture 2: Hydro Power.
o Lecture 3: Wind Power.
o Lecture 4: Photovoltaic Power.
o Lecture 5: Distribution of Electric Power and V2G.

GEE Course Outline 2

 Outline GEE

o System Overview
o Synchronous Generator or Alternator.
o Types
o Electric model
o Grid connected control
o Islanded control

o Asynchronous Generator or Induction Machine.

o Types
o Electric model
o Grid connected operation
o Islanded operation

o Problems and homework

Lecture 2: Hydro 3
 Overview GEE
RUNNING WATER
CONTINENTAL
DAMS

SEA WAVE POWER Electric Generator

TIDAL POWER

TURBINE
Water Mill

I
V, f

ω
3 STAGES

R Rwc t 2 2,6 701

Water Flow Watercircuit

Lecture 2: Hydro 4
 Overview GEE

Theoretical Available Energy → Ep = m.g.H = P.t

P = ρ.g.Q.H
ρ = water density [1000 kg/m3]
g = gravity acceleration in the earth [9,8 m/s2]
Q = water flow [m3/s]
H = height [m] Examples: 
Water flow through a pipe with section A is
Head 10 m, 100 l/s
Q = v.A P ≈ 10 kW
v = speed of water flow [m/s]
Head 100 m, 100 l/s
A = pipe section [m2] P ≈ 100 kW

Head 1000 m, 100 l/s
P ≈ 1 MW

Lecture 2: Hydro 5
 Overview GEE
1 2 TW 8760hours 710.000 720.000TWh

Source: Tsao, J., Lewis, N., Solar FAQS. US Dept. Of Energy, 2005.

Lecture 2: Hydro 6
 Overview GEE
o Intermittency
o Availability depends on seasonal rains and waterways.
o In dams, power production can be controlled.
o Energy storage
o Water storage can be seen as a form of energy storage.
o Pumped hydropower plants.

Source: https://www.energy.gov/eere/water/pumped-storage-hydropower

Lecture 2: Hydro 7
 Overview GEE
EL HIERRO
UpperRESERVOIR

wimp far

pipe

LOWERRESERVOIR
PUMP
EGENERATOR
AUXSUPPLY

Lecture 2: Hydro 8
 Overview GEE

o Environmental Impact
o Land use.
o Damage to wildlife and migratory
paths.
o Source of carbon dioxide and
methane.

F
• https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.7b05125
• https://www.mdpi.com/2071‐1050/10/1/138/htm
• https://www.e‐ir.info/2014/01/30/china‐dams‐the‐world‐the‐environmental‐and‐social‐impacts‐of‐chinese‐dams

Lecture 2: Hydro 9
 Overview GEE
Capacity factor Insqgfpo ff.tw I365x2

o Very variable LCOE.

o Very long lifetime of
40 to 80 years.
o Large hydro tend to
be competitive.

https://www.irena.org/‐/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2012/RE_Technologies_Cost_Analysis‐HYDROPOWER.pdf

Lecture 2: Hydro 10
 Overview GEE

Hydroelectric Installations and Power

• (Large) Hydroelectric → > 10 MW

• Small Hydroelectric → 10 ~ 1 MW

• Mini Hydroelectric → 1 ~  0.1 MW

• Micro Hydroelectric  → 100 ~  10 kW 

• Pico Hydroelectric → < 10 kW

Lecture 2: Hydro 11
 Overview GEE

In Catalonia:

• Total ~ 2400 MW (8.5% of the electric production)

• 38 plants > 10 MW

• Sallente (451 MW) - Lleida PUMPED

• Mequinensa (312 MW) - Baix Cinca (Aragó)

• Riba-roja (263 MW) - Tarragona

• Tavascan (152 MW) - Lleida PUMPED

• 345 Small Hydro 1 – 10 MW

Lecture 2: Hydro 12
 Overview GEE

KAPLAN
FRANCIS

PELTON

ENOZZLE
Lecture 2: Hydro 13
 Overview GEE

Pelton

Choice of turbines w.r.t. head and water flow.

Water flow (m^3/s)

Lecture 2: Hydro 14
 Overview GEE

Efficiency with respect to water flow of different turbines

Cross-flow
Efficiency (%)

Hèlix

% of nominal flow

Lecture 2: Hydro 15
 Overview GEE

Power curves of a turbine with Why is rotational

respect to speed and water flow. speed (n) important?

Mpp
Maximumpowerpoint

I
Pmec (W)

ONE MULTIP
FEN OF PERIODS OF
THE VOLTAGE

to u

v u
I RRII
p
MPP

µ WRUN
RUNAWAY n (rpm)
Units: n rotationalspeed RPM 1 turns s 2aradls
1 min 609
Lecture 2: Hydro 16
 Overview GEE

Three-Phase Electric Generator

– Synchronous Generators

– Asynchronous Generators

Francis Turbine + Electric Generator

1
ROTOR
STATOR

Lecture 2: Hydro 17
 Synchronous Generator GEE

o An alternator transforms mechanical energy to electrical energy in

the form of alternating current.
o The movement of the rotor (rotating magnet) creates a rotating
magnetic field that induces and AC current in the stator.

D8
- Frequency (Hz)
- Speed (RPM)
ONE TURN PER SECOND Atua s GoRPM
- Pole pairs (or sets)
2 F 6041 1 Ha Its

Lecture 2: Hydro 18
 Synchronous Generator GEE

Detail of one phase

However, generators typically
present three windings in the
stator, hence 3 phases.

Why?
60 1. Constant power.
2. Weight, cost and efficiency.

f = 4 Hz, T = 0.25 s f = 1 Hz, T = 1 s

4polepairs Apolepairs
Source - http://electrical-engineering-portal.com/few-words-about-three-phase-alternator

Lecture 2: Hydro 19
 Synchronous Generator GEE

Source – http://www.hho4free.com
Generation of the magnetic field in the rotor
statue

aging
Vac
n Vac
G
3~

Rotor with Permanent Magnets – No Vdc

Vac Self Excited Rotor – Double Winding

Source – http://learnengineering.com

Electromagnets do not need slip rings

GM
or brushes.

Vdc
or
Rotor with Electromagnets (exciter) O Vdc

Lecture 2: Hydro 20
 Synchronous Generator GEE

Stationary Electric Model

This is the simplified model of one phase in steady state

O
If Rf

Lf
O ωLS RS IS
ES VRS

Vf
n
ES VS
VS
VXS

IS

Fator
Vector diagram
TT
The induced voltage depends on the flux (magnetizing current) and the speed.

Lecture 2: Hydro 21
 Synchronous Generator GEE

Detail of a nameplate
o Number of poles.
o Number of phases.
o Rated speed and f.
o Rated voltage and
rated current.
o Exciter voltage and
current.
o Why is power given
in VA?
257RPYj14pdipai_
6047

Lecture 2: Hydro 22
 Synchronous Generator GEE

Star/Delta
Windings are accessible. Connections

Lecture 2: Hydro 23
 Synchronous Generator GEE

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tiKH48EMgKE

Lecture 2: Hydro 24
 Synchronous Generator ARID GEE

When the synchronous generator is connected to the grid:

- Vac and f are defined by the grid and approximately constant.
- n = ns which means the mechanical speed is also constant

É Pg, Qg

n Vac, f
crib
Ig

If SYNCHRONISATION

G G
SYSTEM

Synchronising the Generator to the Grid:

- Voltage, frequency, phase angle and phase sequence must be the same as those in the grid.
- Active Power Pg regulated by turbine, Reactive Power Qg regulated by If

Lecture 2: Hydro 25
 Synchronous Generator GEE
STANDALONE
Factors that Limit Regulation of PG and QG

lit rent
Ex

Load O
n VG, f
Pvariable y
Impedatiable

IL
If

d
ft
f it
i
n

Lecture 2: Hydro 26
 Synchronous Generator GEE

Control variables: Speed and Voltage Control.

Load
n VG, f

IL
If AUR
Automats
5888
Q
VG* voltage
n Regulator
n*

of
Lecture 2: Hydro 27
 Asynchronous Generator GEE

Rotation of stator
Principle of Operation:
magnetic field results in
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AQqyGNOP_3o
induced field in the rotor

Asynchronous machines
generate power by turning Squirrel-cage

Ei
their rotors faster than induction

synchronous speed. relates synchronous speed machine rotor.

slip
Source – https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Wirnik_by_Zureks.jpg

Lecture 2: Hydro 28
 Asynchronous Generator GEE

Principle of Operation:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AQqyGNOP_3o

Lecture 2: Hydro 29
 Asynchronous Generator GEE

o Differences w.r.t. Synchronous Generator:

o Requires AC current in the stator to start.
o Some of that current is stored as reactive power in the rotor.
Hence the PF is affected by this.
o No way of controlling the reactive power (and thus the power
factor). It will depend on the load and the generator itself.
o The power output can be regulated with the rotational speed.
However, the range of speed variation (slip range) around the
synchronous speed is narrow (2 to 6 %).

Lecture 2: Hydro 30
 Asynchronous Generator GEE

Detail of a nameplate Power Factor

1 3phase 50HZ
2 Nominal or rated power
3,4 UcHager and currents
6 PF Power factor
PF cos 4 0.9

FIJI
ROTOR
Q 0 PFC I

7 Nominal rot speed

s
Ff 355
Source - https://electrical-engineering-portal.com/motor-nameplate
5 300888910 7 3 ship
Lecture 2: Hydro 31
 Asynchronous Generator GRID GEE

Induction generator with squirrel-cage rotor connected to the grid.

Turbine Generator
Grid
PG

VAC, f
gig
MONTROL QG
PG* Motor
I
Generator

M
- Grid-connection procedure. Induction Motor Turn-On.
- PG regulated by turbine, QG compensated by capacitor bank.
- The system allows a small range of slip values above the sync. speed.

Lecture 2: Hydro 32
 Asynchronous Generator GEE

Any other option to control the rotational speed, and Affect Number ofstages
the amplitude and frequency of the output voltage?
Global efficiency
power converter Effie goy g
Maintenance

fetish Y't e
o AC-AC Power Converter. Also named: variable speed controller, inverter,
variable frequency drive.

o This is not typically used in hydro systems connected to the grid, because
the water flow can be controlled accurately.

Lecture 2: Hydro 33
 Asynchronous Generator STANDALONE GEE

Self Excited Induction Generator (SEIG)

Load Vat

Turbine
I
Generator

Capacitor
T Est
Bank

O
Iload

Lecture 2: Hydro 34
 Asynchronous Generator GEE

Self Excited Induction Generator (SEIG)

Turbine
Generator
constant
Pin Switch

Transformer NPballast
AC-DC Converters
Load

0
Capacitor Bank
C Voltage
sensor

Compensator

Artificial load Electronic ballast

Lecture 2: Hydro 35
 Asynchronous Generator GEE

The AC-AC Power Converter can also be used here.

Load

The generator can work at any operating point (different rotational speeds)
and the load is supplied at a constant voltage and frequency.

Lecture 2: Hydro 36
 Asynchronous Generator GEE

Where are the synchronous and asynchronous generators used?

o In small-installations and above (>1 MW), the synchronous generator
with field exciter is used, and the double-winding without brushes is a
typical choice for big power (10 MW for example).
o In mini-installations (10 kW – 500 kW), the lower cost asynchronous
generators can be competitive, depending on many factors, such as the
availability of a constant water flow.
o Finally, in pico-installations (<2 kW), synchronous permanent magnet
may be employed.

Lecture 2: Hydro 37
 Problem Example 1 GEE

Problem 1 – Poles and rotational speed. E 5047

STABLE Region
If 3 P If
UNSTABLE REGION ne f
If p I n 3000RPM
ftp.t
pig p 2 n 1500 RPM
P3 n 1000RPM
P Y n 750 RPM
P 5 n 600 RPM

Find the appropriate number of poles of a synchronous generator to operate near

the maximum power point, if the electric generator is directly connected to the
turbine drive shaft at the mechanical side and to the grid at the electric side.

Number of poles 8 4 pole pairs

Lecture 2: Hydro 38
 Problem Example 2 GEE
Problem 2 – A Pelton turbine generates 10 kW of power. An asynchronous generator is
connected to this turbine and to the grid (230 Vrms) in Delta mode. The power factor is 0.8.
1) Find the current injected into the grid.
2) Find the capacitances of the bank of capacitors to have a PF equal to one.

2304ms

10kW 3 2304ms Iphese 0.8

Ly
3 fphes.ee L1Arns

Igrid IpheseB 31.4 Arms

Lecture 2: Hydro 39
 Approach A

SA f capacitors

this exact
need to absorb
amount of
current to have PF I

i
III t.tl
124

TIFF C
238 1501
trad