Unit 4

Getting it right
 Modals - modern dilemmas
should / have to / be allowed to / must

should/shouldn't - advice both must and have to express obligation or necessity

to be allowed to - to have must: personal/specific obligation (something I feel the need to do),
permission to do something expresses our feeling
have to: impersonal/general obligations (rule/law)

however in the negative it is completely different:

mustn't - prohibition
You mustn't drive. = You are prohibited to drive. You aren't allowed to drive.

don't have to - the absence of obligation or necessity

You don't have to drive. = You are not obliged to drive. (but you can if you
want to).
 be allowed to
must/mustn't
should/shouldn't
have to/don't have to

pg. 30 & 31
for additonal practice
1. She . . . . . . . . . . leave home at eight every morning at present.
2. Notice in a picture gallery: Cameras, sticks and umbrellas ......... be left at the desk.
3. He sees very badly, he ............... wear glasses all the time.
4. I .................. do all the typing at my office.
5. You ..………………… read this book. It's really excellent.
6. Mr. Pitt ...……… cook his own meals. His wife is away.
7. Employer: You …………….. come to work in time.
8. If you go to a dentist with a private practice you ……………… pay him quite a lot of money.
9. Father to small son: You …………….. do what Mom says.
10. English children …………… stay at school until the age of 16.
11. Notice beside escalators: Dogs and push chairs ……… be carried.
12. Park notice: All dogs ………….. be kept on a leash.
13. You ………….. drink this: it is poison.
P a s t o b l i g a t i o n s - P r e z i
had to/didn't have to
could/couldn't
llo w e d to /w e re n 't a llo w e d to
were a

should & must - no past form nd ition a l)

p res e n t c o n d it io na l (m ix ed co
av e d o ne ...) -
(should/shouldn't h a t w as ne c essa ry /m an da to ry a t
the pa st, s o m eth in g th
we use it related to t it is n 't a ny m o re
some point in th e p as t, b u