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4. CONTOUR PLOTS
When either the Contour Plots button or the corresponding pull-down item in the System Analysis menu is selected,
the Contour Plot Data Window is displayed like that shown below. This program feature allows the user to generate eight
(8) different contour plots and display them in two (2) different plot formats. Calculations are performed at the wing
loading (WTO/S), thrust loading (TSL/WTO), weight fraction (β), and number of g’s (n - load factor) over the range of altitudes
and velocities using the selected altitude model. After the contour plot data has been calculated, the Plot Contour Lines
and Color Contour Lines buttons are enabled. The user can enter the desired minima, maxima, and plot increments.

Pressing the Plot Contour Lines button results in the basic contour plot being generated in the Plot window as shown
on the next page. This plot format will also show the maximum dynamic pressure (q), maximum lift coefficient (CLmax),
optimum path, theta zero (θ0) lines, and Mach lines when selected to be shown. The basic plot on the next page shows the
maximum dynamic pressure, maximum lift coefficient, and minimum time-to-climb path on a Ps plot. Two labels and an
arrow have been added to highlight these lines. Similar to the basic constraint plot, this plot has a mouse-activated
coordinate capture to facilitate reading the data of the contour plot.

Contour Description Textbook Ref. Optimum Path

Ps Weight specific excess power (Ps) Pg. 22, 48 Minimum time-to-climb
fs Fuel consumed specific work (fs) Pg. 59, 92 Minimum fuel-to-climb
Range Factor (RF) Range factor (RF) Pg. 65 Maximum L/D
Endurance Factor (EF) Endurance factor (EF) Pg. 66 Maximum L/D
L/D (Lift/Drag) Lift-to-Drag ratio Pg. 64 Maximum L/D
Drag/Thrust@SL Drag-to-Thrust at SLS (D/TSL) Maximum L/D
(Thrust/Thrust@SL) a Thrust lapse (α) Pg. 23, 38 N/A
Climb Angle θ Climb Angle θ Pg. 33 N/A
TSFC Thrust Specific Fuel Consumption Pg. 60, 71 N/A

Copyright  2002 - 2016 - Jack D Mattingly, Ph.D.

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CL max

qmax

Pressing the Color Contour Lines button opens the Color Contours window with a plot of the contours generated by
the Olectra Chart plotting software. This plot format is only able to show the contours.

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The layout of the plot (e.g., the color of the contours and location of the
legend) can be changed by moving the mouse over the plot and pressing the
right mouse button to display the plot properties (3D Chart Control
Properties) window.

The Range Factor (RF) and Endurance Factor (EF) contour plots can be
done with/without limit of system Ps on contours. Range Factor contour plot
for the Default Data without limit of system Ps is shown below. Range
Factor contour plot for the Default Data with limit of system Ps is shown
below the unlimited plot. Note that the supersonic contours create an island
indicative of supercruise.

Copyright  2002 - 2016 - Jack D Mattingly, Ph.D.

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Copyright  2002 - 2016 - Jack D Mattingly, Ph.D.

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5. MISSION ANALYSIS
When the Mission Analysis button is selected, the Mission Window is displayed as shown below. The program can
construct up to 10 missions. Missions are selected, added, and removed using the Mission Selection button (described
below).

The mission of interest can be constructed using the upper portion of this window. Double-clicking on an item in the
upper left window causes the data for that mission leg to be displayed on the right side of the window for editing.
The mission analysis can model each of the fourteen (13) legs of the textbook A through M) plus three other models: a
Fuel Reserves leg (type N) as a percentage of total fuel, a user specified Π (type O), and a refueling leg (type P). The type
of mission leg is selected using the combo-box beside Type in the middle left of the window. Pressing the down arrow on
the right edge of the box displays a list of mission leg types for user selection as shown below (if needed, the user can scroll
to the desired leg).

After a new mission leg type is selected, the user presses the Change button to change the
current mission leg and the appropriate data list is shown on the right. Press the Add button
to add a new leg at the current leg number. Press the Remove button to remove the current
leg. The Summary and Plot buttons on the Mission window become active after at least
one mission leg is calculated. Pressing the Model button under Empty Weight displays the

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Empty Weight Model window that allows the user to select one of the models of Section 3.3.1 or enter their own model.
This feature is useful when trying to fly mission and close on an empty weight that will meet the requirements of the RFP.
The Atmosphere radio buttons allow the user to specify the atmospheric model that is to be used for auto-update of the
air temperature for new altitude data. For flight conditions corresponding to one of these atmospheric models, enter the
altitude first and then enter the desired temperature.
After the mission has been constructed by entering the mission legs and their data, the mission can be flown one leg at
a time starting with the aircraft system design point thrust loading and wing loading, initial weight fraction (β), and gross
takeoff weight (GTOW).
Pressing the Calculate button at the bottom of the Mission window opens the Results window and displays the initial
design data and results for the first mission leg as shown below. The Summary and Plot buttons on the Mission window
become active after at least one mission leg is calculated.

The Summary and Plot buttons on the Mission window become active after at least one mission leg is calculated.
After calculation for the basic engine thrust model and fuel consumption model of Chapters 2 and 3 (model 1-5), pressing
the Summary button displays a single-page summary of the mission results as shown below. If the user constructs the
mission such that the payload is removed at the end of the mission, the final weight of the aircraft can be compared to the
predicted empty weight.

Copyright  2002 - 2016 - Jack D Mattingly, Ph.D.

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Copyright  2002 - 2016 - Jack D Mattingly, Ph.D.

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Pressing the Mission Selection button at the bottom of the Mission window opens the Mission Selection window
shown below. This window is used to select the mission for mission analysis. It can also be used to remove, add, and/or
rename missions.

Pressing the Plot button at the bottom of the Mission window opens the Mission Plots window. The user selects the
plot at the bottom of this window and presses the Plot button to obtain a plot like that shown below with a bar chart based
on the mission leg number.

Copyright  2002 - 2016 - Jack D Mattingly, Ph.D.

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6. ENGINE CYCLE DESIGN PROGRAMS and DESIGN STEPS

ONX - Parametric Engine Analysis – determines the change in an engine’s uninstalled performance with changes in the
engine design parameters (a design parameter like compressor pressure ratio). ONX can also calculate the performance of a
reference engine (each design parameter set to one design value) and output a reference data file (*.ref) for later input into
the AEDsys program. The ONX program can be started from the File pull-down menu of AEDsys’ Engine Model Data
window or the Program List (Start button). Each start of the ONX program starts a new program run. If you want to use a
previous run of the program, select the ONX task located in the Task Bar along the bottom of the computer screen.

AEDsys - Performs constraint analysis, contour plots, mission analysis, and engine test – can input reference data for an
engine obtained from ONX program or create its own reference engine (from Engine Data window) and fly this engine
through the mission; run engine performance calculations [variation in an engine’s uninstalled performance with changes in
engine flight conditions (altitude and Mach number) and engine throttle (Tt4)]; perform constraint analysis; and generate
contour plots. When an AEDsys data file (*.aed) is saved with a reference engine, the reference data for that engine is saved
inside the AEDsys data file (*.aed).

Data Files – There are three data files (see below) used for these design steps. The files with the file extension of “onx” are
input data files for the ONX program. The files with the file extension “ref” are created by the ONX program and are used
as input of an engine design into the AEDsys program.

Programs Data Files Name

ONX On-Design Input Data File *.onx

Reference Data File *.ref

(output of ONX program and
input to AEDsys program)

AEDsys AEDsys Input Data File *.aed

It is very important to keep very good records of the data within each data file. Students have found it very useful to name
the files with sufficient information so that they know what is within that file. For example, a file named
“Student1_Engine1_CPR26_FPR_3.ref” would refer to a reference file generated by the ONX program for Student1’s first
engine with a compressor pressure ratio of 26 and fan pressure ratio of 3.

Copyright  2002 - 2016 - Jack D Mattingly, Ph.D.

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Basic Steps
1. Run ONX program using its Carpet
Plot feature to determine candidate
engine designs. Remember to
correct default input data or read in
a previously generated ONX data
file. Print resulting plot (see
example below) for use in selecting
candidate engines. Make sure to
save the ONX input data file (*.onx)
used to generate this plot. Using the
ONX carpet plot, select several
candidate engine designs – for
example, compressor pressure ratio
(CPR) / fan pressure ratio (FPR)
values of 26/2.5, 26/3, and 24/3
have fuel consumption much less
that the line at 0.85.
2. Design a candidate engines using
the ONX program at a single design
point (remember to put in correct
values of design choices in data window, correct cycle, and correct component data) and save the resulting Reference
Engine Data file (*.ref) for later use. Also save the ONX input data file for this reference engine (*.onx).
3. Using the AEDsys program, select Cycle Deck under Engine Model pull-down menu or press the Engine Data
button of AEDsys program to display the Engine Data window. Read in the ONX Reference Engine Data file (*.ref)
by selecting Input under the File pull-down menu. Update Engine Control values and accept automatic update of Tt4
and Tt7 in Mission Analysis data. For Installation Loss Model, select Constant Loss for Each Leg. See Engine Data
window shown below. Save the AEDsys data file (*.aed) which includes the installed engine with an appropriate file
name.

4. Run Constraint Analysis to determine the required thrust loading (TSL/WTO) for the selected wing loading (WTO /S).
If required, update data on Mission Analysis window. Run Mission Analysis and determine fuel used. If engine is
too small for any flight condition, increase the system TSL/WTO as required and rerun the Mission Analysis. Note
that the engine is automatically scaled (TSF) in accordance with required TSL at the start of the Mission Analysis.

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See example first page Mission summary result shown below.

5. Repeat steps 3 and 4 for each engine design until desired engine design is reached. See detailed Search Results for
the Air-to-Air Fighter (AAF) on pages 181-184 in Chapter 5 of textbook.

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Size Inlet and Nozzle for each selected engine design (see upper 2/3 of Fig 6.E2 on page 212 of textbook):
6. Review second summary sheet of Mission analysis and find largest required A1 and A10 for the mission (see
example page below). For this example mission, the largest A0* and A9 are 7.570 ft2 and 11.187 ft2, respectively.

Check other regions of the aircraft flight envelope to see if larger values are required (see pages 206-208 of Chapter
6, note that Cold Day performance can require larger values of A1 and A10). If needed, run Engine Test over range
of Mach numbers at different altitudes to obtain required A1 and A10. For the example cold day data at 40k ft
altitude shown below, the largest A0 and A9 are 8.363 ft2 and 17.422 ft2, respectively.

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7. Select Chapter 6 Installation Model in Engine Data window of AEDsys. Input design A1, A10, and nozzle length
(L). See example input data shown below.

Perform Constraint Analysis with this Chapter 6 installation loss model. If either the required thrust loading
(TSL/WTO) or wing loading (WTO /S) change, input new values in Mission Analysis window. If engine thrust at sea
level (TSL) changes, accept the automatic updating of the inlet and nozzle input data (otherwise you’ll need to do
steps 6 and 7 over again). Perform Mission Analysis and check results to see if the Aircraft System Weight needs
to be changed. Note the resulting Thrust Scale Factor (TSF).

Resize an Engine (see bottom of Fig 6.E2 on page 212 of textbook):

8. Input the number of engines into the tab page shown above. For the reference engine, calculate the correct input
engine mass flow rate using the value for Thrust Scale Factor (TSF) and the previous reference mass flow rate. For
example, ( m 0 )correct
= TSF × ( m 0 ) previous Input this new value of the mass flow rate into the edit field on the
Reference Engine Design tab of the Engine Data window and the following window is displayed to recalculate
the Thrust Scale Factor (TSF). If the reference mass flow is sized correctly, the new value of the Thrust Scale
Factor is 1.000.

9. Save the reference data file using the Save As item in the File pull-down menu of the Engine Data window. It is
recommended that you add “sized” to the file name.

Copyright  2002 - 2016 - Jack D Mattingly, Ph.D.