Biomolecules

Biomacromolecules
Materials-Enzymes,
Polysachharides, MetalsNucleic
&Non-metals
Acids, Proteins
Polysaccharides Enzymes
Energy
Homo-polysaccharides Hetero-polysaccharides
Activation Energy
Made up of one type of Made up of two or more (No Enzyme)
Activation Energy
monosaccharide units types of monosaccharide Reactants
(With Enzyme)

Ex: Cellulose units Products

Ex. Hyaluronic acid
Progress of reaction
Functions of Polysaccharides Theories on How Enzymes Work
Structural Storage Models of Substrate-Active Site Binding
Ex. Chitin Plants – Starch Lock-and-Key
Animals – Glycogen
Ac�ve site Substrate
Proteins
Enzyme
Shape Nature
Substrate fits perfectly into the ac�ve site

Fibrous Globular Basic Acidic Induced-fit

Ex. Collagen Ex. Albumin Ex. Histone Ex. Dipeptidase

Cons�tu�on
Ac�ve site conforms to its substrate's shape
Simple Conjugated Derived Factors that affect enzyme activity
Ex. Globulins Ex. Lipoproteins Ex. Peptides • Temperature
Functions of protein • pH
Structural functions: Building blocks of the body • Concentration of enzymes and substrates
• Inhibitors
Protective: Main constituent of antibodies
Types of Enzymes
Hormones: Majorly proteinaceous in nature
Oxidoreductases Lyases
Enzymes are proteins
Transferases Isomerases
Hydrolases Ligases

Nucleic Acids

RNA DNA
CYTOSINE C CYTOSINE C
NH2 NH2

N G N

O O
N C N
H H

GUANINE G GUANINE G
O O
NH C NH
N N
NH2 NH2

N
N G N
N
H H

ADENINE A A Helix of Base pair ADENINE A

H2N
N
Sugar-phosphates H2N
N
N U N

N
N Nitrogenous bases N
N
H H

URACIL U G THYMINE T
O
C O
H3C
NH NH

O
RNA O
N
H RIBONUCLEIC ACID DNA N
H
DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID

• Three types: • Genetic material in eukaryotes

1. mRNA • Helical chains are bonded by hydrogen bonds
2. rRNA between the nitrogenous bases
• Double bonds between adenine and thymine
3. tRNA
• Triple bonds between guanine and cytosine