UNDERSTANDING THE SELF • Part II – Unpacking the Self

• Lesson 7-The Physical Self

MODULE 1 • The Self as impacted by the body
• Part I : The Self fromVarious • The Impact of Culture on Body Image
Disciplinal Perspectives and Self-Esteem:
• Week 1 • The importance of Beauty
• Orientation
• Distribution of Syllabus UNDERSTANDING THE SELF
• Week 2 Revised By: HERMIELIZA L. ROMERO
• Lesson 1- Philosophical Perspective Made by: Mariella Tesorero
WHO AM I?
• All try to answer the question Who Am https://www.youtube.com/watch?
I? v=lcIqoN9oRgo
• Socrates, Plato, and St. Augustine to Activity 1
Descartes, How Do you View Yourself?
• Locke, Hume, Kant, Freud, Ryle, • Instructions: Find a partner. Use only
Churchland and Marleau-Ponty one pen for this activity.
• Week 3 • Write Five (5)Adjectives that describe
• Lesson 2 - Sociological Perspective you in this post-its. Size 2x2 inches.

• The Self as a product of modern society
among other constructions.
• Mead and the Social Self
• Week 4
• Lesson 3- Anthropology
• The Self and person in contemporary
anthropology
• The self embedded in culture
• COURSE OUTLINE
• Week 5 & 6
• Lesson 4 - Psychology
• Part 1
• The Self as a Cognitive Construction:
• William James and the Me-Self; I Self
• Global vs. differentiated models
• Real and Ideal self-concepts
• Lesson 5
• Part 2
• Multiple vs. Unified Self
• True vs. False Selves
• The Self as Proactive and Agentic
• Week 7
• Lesson 6 - The Self in Western
and Oriental/Eastern Thought
• Individualistic vs. Collective Self
• The Social Construction of the Self in
Western thought
• The Self embedded in relationships and
through spiritual development in
Confucian thought
• Week 8
• Do not write your name on it. For it will
be used in the next activity.
• Then make sentences using these
adjectives in a separate yellow paper.
THE SELF FROM VARIOUS
PERSPECTIVES
(PHILOSOPHY)
Philosophy
• Comes from a Greek word “ Philos”
which means “Love” and “ Sophia”
means “Wisdom”.
• In a way it can be translated to Love of
Knowledge or Passion for Learning
• The term was likely instituted by
Pythagoras (570-495 B.C.)
Activity 2
Who Am I ?
• Instructions: Put the adjective words
that describe who you are in activity 1
and put in a box provided by your
teacher.
• Each individual will get 5 of those
papers in random.
• Then you will have 3 minutes to look
for the papers of your partner.
• Those who enable to find most
numerous result will get the plus 5
points.
Activity 3
Chant, Act and Play
• Instructions:
• Each Group will have 11 members.
Choose a leader.
• The leader will give each member a
character to chant, act and play as one of
the major role in our topic for today.
• One should memorize his own
character, their contribution and one of
their beliefs or quotes. If there is a year
mentioned they should memorize it too.
• You will only have 15 minutes to
memorize. Another 15 minutes to Chant
and Act in front of your Group mates.
• Then the play begin after the allowable
15 minutes act. Your teacher will
choose in random and ask who you are?
The Players should be ready to Chant
and Act. If they did not know the
character they will lose the points. Who
ever got the most recalled character in a
group will win the game.
SOCRATES
• He was a Greek Philosopher and one of
the very few individuals who shaped
Western Thought
• He was known for his Method of
Inquiry in Testing Idea. This is called
“Socratic Method”
• He was then accused of impiety or lack
of reverence for the Gods and for
corrupting the minds of the youth.
• At 70 years old, Socrates was sentenced
to death by drinking a cup of poison
hemlock (Brickhouse & Smith, 2002)
SOCRATES
• One of his most-quoted phrases is “ The
unexamined life is not worth living”.
• Self-Knowledge or the examination of
one’s Self, as well as the question about
how one ought to live one’s life, are
very important concerns because only
by knowing yourself can you hope to
improve your life. (Rappe, 1995)
• He added self-knowledge would open
your eyes to your true nature. The state
of your inner being (Soul/Self)
determines the quality of your life.
• Two Kinds of Existence
• The Visible – Changes Ex. Body
• The Invisible – Constant Ex. Humans
yet sense and understood
• In the history of Ancient
Greek and Western philosophy, he is
considered as one the essential figure
at that time., along with his famous
teacher, Socrates, and
student, Aristotle.
• The theory of Forms known by pure
reason is his most famous
contribution , in which Plato presents
Platonism in which he give a solution
to the problem of universals known
also as either Platonic
realism or Platonic idealism. He is
also introduce the Platonic love and
the Platonic solids. . (Wikipedia,2020)
PLATO
• He is known for his “ Theory of Forms”
that asserted the physical world is not
really the “real” world because the
ultimate reality exist beyond physical
world.
• According to Plato, the “soul” is indeed
the most divine aspect of the human
being.
• Three Parts of The Soul
⮚ The Appetitive (Sensual) / Diaphragm
⮚ The Rational (Reasoning) / Brain
⮚ The Spirited (Feeling) / Heart
• Nature of reality
• Reality resides not in the
concrete objects we
perceive but in the abstract
forms that these objects
represent
• St. Augustine
• (354-430 C.E)
• He was a the bishop of Hippo
Regius in Numidia, Roman North
Africa, a theologian, and a philosopher.
• The development of Western
philosophy and Western Christianity is
also influenced by his writings, and he
is viewed as one of the most
important Church Fathers of the Latin
Church in the Patristic Period.
(Wikipedia,2020)
ST. AUGUSTINE
• He is one of the Doctor of the Church
and one of the most significant Christian
Thinkers.
• He is the Western Philosopher to
promote what has come to be “ The
argument by Analogy”
• “There are bodies external to mine that
behave as I behave, and that appear to
be nourished as mine is nourished ; so,
by analogy, I am justified in believing
that these bodies have a similar mental
life to mine”
• Additionally , Augustine adopts a
subjective view of time and says that
time is nothing in reality but exist as a
reality only in the Human Mind.
• He claimed that the Soul hold the Truth,
which is capable of Scientific Thinking.
• Rene Descartes
• (1596 - 1650)
• He was considered as the “father of
Modern Philsophy”
• Descartes first presented his
metaphysics in the Meditations and then
reformulated it in textbook-format in
the Principles. His metaphysics sought
to answer these philosophical questions:
How does the human mind acquire
knowledge? What is the mark of truth?
What is the actual nature of reality?
How are our experiences related to our
bodies and brains? Is there a benevolent
God, and if so, how can we reconcile his
existence with the facts of illness, error,
and immoral actions?
• •
https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/descart
es/
RENE DESCARTES
• He was a French Philosopher,
Mathematician and a Scientist.
• Descartes proposed that doubt was a
principal tool of Disciplined Inquiry.
• “Cogito ergo sum” means “ I think,
therefore I am”
• He asserted that everything perceived by
the sense could not be used as proof of
existence because human sense could be
fooled.
• - Mental representations
• Descartes raised, directly or
indirectly, virtually all the significant
issues related to the foundations of the
science of the mind
• He had taken the principles from his
writings on meteors, optics,
mathematics, and mechanics and
considered their applicability to human
phenomena
• - Innate ideas
RENE DESCARTES
• Descartes claims abut the “Self” are:
• It is constant; It is not prone to change
an it is not affected by time
• Only the Immaterial Soul remain the
same throughout time
• The immaterial soul is the source of our
identity.
• The Soul :
• It is a conscious, thinking substance that
is unaffected by time.
• The Body:
• It is a material substance that changes
through time. It is made up of physical,
quantifiable , divisible parts. It can be
doubted; The public can correct claims
about the body.
• John Locke
• (1632 - 1704)
• At the end of the seventeenth century,
he was one of the greatest philosophers
in Europe .
• He is considered as the first of the great
English empiricist. He stated the
empiricist axiom that there is nothing in
the intellect that was not previously in
the senses—where the senses are
broadened to include reflection.
Locke describes innate ideas as “some
primary notions…Characters as it were
stamped upon the Mind of Man, which
the Soul receives in its very first Being;
and brings into the world with it” (I.2.1,
N: 48)
•
https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/locke/
• John Locke was an English philosopher
and physician, widely regarded as one
of the most influential of Enlightenment
thinkers and commonly known as the
"Father of Liberalism." Considered one
of the first of the British empiricists,
following the tradition of Sir Francis
Bacon, Locke is equally important to
social contract theory. Wikipedia
•  
• According to him, Human mind at Birth
is a Tabula Rasa, Which Means that
knowledge is derived from existence .
• According to him, Human mind at Birth
is a Tabula Rasa, Which Means that
knowledge is derived from existence .
• He was a Philosopher and Physician and
was one of the most influential
Enlightenment Thinkers. For Locke, a
person’s memories provide a continuity
of experience that allows him/her to
identify himself/herself as the same
person over time.
• Since the person is the same “Self” in
the passing time, he/she can be held
accountable for the past behaviors.
However Locke insisted that a person
could only be held accountable for the
behaviors he/she can remember. “tabula
rasa” means “blank slate” both sighted
and blind people ought to be able to
learn the meanings of words like statue
and feel but the blind ought to be unable
to acquire words like picture and see…
• Humans are born without knowledge -
No innate ideas
• David Hume
• (1711-1776)
• Hume is proposing
an empiricist alternative to traditional a
priori metaphysics. His empiricism
is naturalistic in that it refuses to
countenance any appeal to
the supernatural in the explanation of
human nature.
• He wants to explain how the mind
works by discovering its “secret springs
and principles”.  your Psychological State
• He uses perception to designate any
mental content whatsoever, and divides
perceptions into two
categories, impressions and ideas.
• •
https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/hume/
DAVID HUME
• He was a Scottish Philosopher,
Economist and Historian during the Age
of Enlightenment.
• Hume is identified with the Bundle
Theory wherein he described the “Self”
or person (which Hume assumed to be
the “mind”) as a bundle or collection of
different perception that are moving in a
very fast and successive manner;
therefor, it is in a “Perpetual Flux”
• “Self” is merely made up of Successive
Impression (Pike,1967;Siegel,2005)
• Two Groups of Mind’s Perceptions
• 1. Impression – Most strong
perceptions. These are directly
experienced.
• 2. Ideas – Less forcible and less lively
counterparts of impressions. Copy and
reproduce sense data formulated base on
previously perceived impressions.
IMMANUEL KANT
IMMANUEL KANT
• Kant view of the “Self” is
transcendental, which means the “Self”
is related to a spiritual or nonphysical
realms.
• He proposed that knowledge bridges the
“Self” and the material things together.
• Two Kinds of Consciousness of Self
(Rationality)
• 1. C of 1Self and 1’s Ψical states in
Inner sense
• 2. C of 1self and 1’s states by
performing Act of Apperception
IMMANUEL KANT
• Apperception –is the mental process by
which a person make sense of an idea
by assimilating it to the body of ideas he
or she already possesses.
• He insisted that you perceived the
outside world because there is already
an idea residing within you.
• Two Components of the Self
• 1. Inner Self – Rational Intellect and
• 2. Outer Self – Senses and the Physical
World
SIGMUND FREUD
• Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)
Sigmund Freud was an Austrian
neurologist and the founder of
psychoanalysis, a clinical method for
treating psychopathology through
dialogue between a patient and a
psychoanalyst. Wikipedia, 2020.
• Freud's psychoanalytic theory, inspired
by his colleague Josef Breuer, posited
that neuroses had their origins in deeply
traumatic experiences that had occurred
in the patient's past. He believed that the
original occurrences had been forgotten
and hidden from consciousness. His
treatment was to empower his patients
to recall the experience and bring it to
consciousness, and in doing so, confront
it both intellectually and emotionally.
•
https://www.biography.com/scholar/sig
mund-freud
• May 6, 1856 – Sept. 23, 1939
• Austrian Neurologist and founder
of Psychoanalysis.
• Lived in Vienna for 80 years
 • Noticed patients’ physical
symptoms seemed to have mental
base
• He began to get the idea that most
of the forces at work were
unconscious
• From this came the foundations
for a theory of personality
Freud’s
Psychoanalytic Theory
• Conscious: everything we are aware of
at the moment; just the “tip of the
iceberg”.
• Preconscious: memories that we can
bring to consciousness.
• Unconscious: memories, wishes, and
instincts (desires) that are too
threatening or painful to bring to
consciousness.
The Id
• Contains life instincts (sex, hunger,
thirst, etc.) and death instincts
(aggressive, destructive tendencies).
• Libido: sexual energy that fuels the
entire personality; needed for everyday
life.
• Pleasure Principle: seeks immediate
gratification of impulses regardless of
consequences.
• Pleasure = reduction in tension.
Tension increases if we don’t release
energy from impulses.
The Ego
• Logical, rational.
• Executive of personality: determines
where, when, and how impulses are
expressed.
• Goal: to satisfy the id in ways that are
socially and morally acceptable. This
requires use of the...
• Reality Principle: tendency to delay
gratification of impulses until they can
be expressed in socially and morally
acceptable ways.
The Superego
• Contains moral values; not rational;
doesn’t care about consequences (like
id).
• Consists of two parts:
Conscience: memories of behaviors that
have been punished; if we repeat these
actions, we feel guilty.
Ego Ideal: memories of behaviors for
which we have been praised or
rewarded; repeating them gives us
feelings of pride.
GILBERT RYLE
GILBERT RYLE
PAUL CHURCHLAND
PAUL CHURCHLAND
• Churchland’s idea is called Eliminative
Materialism or the claim that people
common-sense understanding the mind
(or Folk Psychology- Theory of Mind)
is false, and that certain classes of
mental states which most people believe
in do not exist.
• Ex. Depression – “Out of his Mind”
Brain activity and even brain shape,
appear to be associated with severe
mood disorder.
• Churchland asserted the sense of “self”
originated from the brain itself , and
that this “Self” is a product of
electrochemical signals produced by the
brain.
MAURICE MARLEAU-PONTY
Activity 4
I Think, I Feel, I act therefore I am
• Instructions:
• The Class will be divided into 4-5
groups
• Each group will reenact how they
acquired their traits from their family,
friends, classmates, favorite actresses
and actors and so on.
• Each Group will just choose one
significant experience and a particular
trait. (e.g. being friendly) that they have
acquired from any of those people
mentioned in number 2.
• Each Group will be allowed to have at
least a five minutes presentation in class
next meeting.
References:
• Otis, Vergie, et.al,(2017) , “A Holistic
Approach in Understanding The Self”
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=lcIqoN9oRgo
• https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/
descartes/
• https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/locke/
• https://www.biography.com/scholar/
sigmund-freud
THANK YOU VERY MUCH !
Understanding the Self
Topic 2 : Sociology
The Self as a Product of Modern
Society Among other
Construction
Modernization has significantly changed
society, and this has affected how an
individual builds and develop his or her self-
identity.
Pre-modern society was centered on
survival.
People behaved according to social rules
and traditions while the family and the
immediate environment provided
supervision on how to get through life.Ex.
Where to live, what line of work to do and
even who to marry.
* A person in the Modern Society is free
to choose where to live, what to do and
who to be with.
* However, stability has also decreased as
tradition and traditional supprt system,
such as family , have decreased in
importance.
* In modern Societies, Individualism is
dominant, and developing one’s self-
identity is central.
Key Characteristics of Modernity
Giddens (1991)
Industrialism the social relations implied in
the extensive use of material power and
machinery in all processes of production.
Capitalism a production system involving
both competitive product markets and the
commodification (putting a price tag) of
labor power.
Institutions of Surveillance the massive
increase of power and reach by institution,
especially in government.
Dynamism is characterize as having
vigorous activity and progress. The most
evident characteristic of modern society.
Everything is subject to change and changes
happens much more rapidly than ever before
in human history.
Social Groups and Social
Network
Sociologist George Simmel expressed that
people create social networks by Social
Groups.
Social Groups is described as having two
or more people interacting with each
other, sharing similar characteristics, and
whose members identify themselves as
part of the group.
Ex. Family, Barkada, Classmate Social
Networks refers to the ties or connection
that link you to your social group.
Ex. Family - Blood relation,
Barkada - Friendship
Classmate – Interest to Learn
Social group is either organic or rational.
An organic group is naturally occurring,
and its highly influence by your family.
You join these groups because your
family is also a part of it, in the first place
and it is called organic motivationSimmel
noted that the positive effect of organic
group is rootedness.This means the
foundation of the social network runs
deep, thus giving the person a sense of
belongingness.
The downside, however is that organic
group imply less freedom and greater
social conformity. You are expected to act
and behave according to your
community’s standards (Allan, 2012)
Rational Groups occur modern societies.
Modern societies are made up of different
people coming from different places.
Rational Groups are formed as a matter
of shared self-interest, moreover, people
join these groups out of their own free
will, called rational motivation.
Interests change and when they do, group
members change.
Mead and Social Self
“A multiple personality is in a certain
sense normal”
– George Herbert Mead
Questions:
Have you ever watched someone do
something?
Answer? ___________
It’s how we learn. We learn to do things,
We learn what’s safe and what’s not.
When we watch other people, we learn
about ourselves. We come to understand
people.On the other hand, while you get
to know yourself and understand others
by watching people, how can you
understand your self? Can you “watch”
yourself as objectively as you do to
others?
George Herbert Mead was a sociologist and spontaneous. It is the individual
from the Late 1800’s . He is a well known response to the community’s
for his “Theory of the Social Self”. His Attitude toward the person.
theory is based on the perspective that the The “I” represents impulses and drives.
self is a product of social interactions and It expresses individualism and creativity.
internalizing the external(i.e., People) views The “I’ does not blindly follow the rules.
along with one’s personal view about
oneself.
Mead believed the “Self” is not present at
birth; rather it develop over time through
social experience and activities.

Developing the Self

Stages of Self-Development
1. Language
2. Play
3. Game
According to Mead, Self-development
and language are intimately tied.
Through shared understanding of
symbols, gestures and sounds, language
gives individual the capacity to express
himself or herself while at the same time
comprehending what the other people are
conveying.

Individual role play or assume the

perspective of others. Role playing
enables the person to internalize some
other people’s perspective; hence, he or
she develops understanding of how other
people feel about themselves(and about
others, too) in a variety of situations.
Game Stage is the level where the
individual not only internalizes the other
people’s perspective, he or she is also able
to take into account societal rules and
adheres to it.

Two Sides of Self: “I” and “

Me”
The “me” and the “I” have a didactic
relationship, which is like a system of
check and balance.
“Me” is the product of what person has
learned while interacting with others and
with the environment.
Ex. Learned behaviors, Attitudes and
even expectation
The “me” exercises social control over the
self. It sees the rules are not broken.On
the hand, the “I” is the part of the self
that is unsocialized