S
   T
   I
 - 
   G
   N
   I
   R
   E
   E
   N
   I
Welding
   G
   N
   E 
Metallurgy
   N Nur Syahroni, ST., MT.
   A
   E
   C
   O Welding Technology & Inspection (MO-091333)
 

Phase
transor!ation

Welding Technology & Inspection (MO-091333) 2

 

Phase

transor!ation
Time-Temperature Transformation
(TTT) Diagram
◦ Pearlite
◦ Bainite
◦ Spheroidite
◦ Martensite
Continuous Cooling
Transformation Diagram (CCT)
Mechanical Properties of Carbon

Steels

Welding Technology & Inspection (MO-091333) 3

 

Pearlite

Welding Technology & Inspection (MO-091333) 4

 

Time-Temperature
Transformation (TTT) Diagram
 Consider eutectoid  rea"tion#

 Te!$erature $lays an i!$ortant role in the

rate o the austenite-to-$earlite
transor!ation
 Plot $er"entage o transor!ation %s.

logarith!i" o ti!e and temperature is

maintained constant 

Pearlite
Welding Technology & Inspection (MO-091333) 5
 

Time-Temperature
Transformation (TTT) Diagram
 Also &no'n as
Isother!al
 Transor!ation
(iagra!
 The diagra! as

sho'n )eside is
%alid only or
"ar)on steel 'ith
*.+'t C

Pearlite
Welding Technology & Inspection (MO-091333) 6
 

Time-Temperature
Transformation (TTT) Diagram

c!"#on steel $ith 0%6$t '

Pearlite
Welding Technology & Inspection (MO-091333) 
 

Time-Temperature
Transformation (TTT) Diagram
 Coarse pearlite (a)#
◦ igh te!$erature /0ust
)elo' eute"toid
te!$erature
◦ (i1usion rate o "ar)on
ato!s is high
 Fine pearlite (b)
◦ 2o'er te!$erature
◦ (i1usion rate o "ar)on
ato!s is lo'er
◦ igher strength 3
harder than "oarse
$earlite

Pearlite
Welding Technology & Inspection (MO-091333) 
 

Time-Temperature
Transformation (TTT) Diagram

 (i1erent
"o!$osition o
steels ha%e
di1erent sha$e
o TTT-diagra!
 4or steel 'ith

the
"o!$osition#
1,13%wt C the
 TTT diagra! as
A: Austenite
sho'n )eside C: Pro-eutectoid Cementite
P: Pearlite
Pearlite
Welding Technology & Inspection (MO-091333) 9
 

Bainite

Welding Technology & Inspection (MO-091333) 10

 

Time-Temperature
Transformation (TTT) Diagram
 The !i"rostru"ture
o bainite "onsists
o ferrite and
cementite $hases
 (i1usional
$ro"esses are
in%ol%ed
 5ainite )egin to
or! at 67*oC
/$oint N8 u$ to
9:6oC.

c!"#on steel $ith 0%6$t '

Bainite
Welding Technology & Inspection (MO-091333) 11
 

Time-Temperature
Transformation (TTT) Diagram
 5ainite or!s as
needles or
$lates,
de$ending on
the te!$erature
o the
transor!ation

Bainite
Welding Technology & Inspection (MO-091333) 12
 

Spheroidite

Welding Technology & Inspection (MO-091333) 13

 

Time-Temperature
Transformation (TTT) Diagram
 I a steel alloy ha%ing either
$earliti" or )ainiti"
!i"rostru"tures is heated
to, and let at, a
te!$erature )elo' the
eute"toid - or e;a!$le, at Fe3C

a)out +**oC or a

su<"iently long $eriod o
ti!e - )et'een := and 97
h, the Spheroidite 
!i"rostru"ture 'ill or!
 The 4e>C $hase a$$ears as


s$here-li&e $arti"les
e!)edded in a "ontinuous
α $hase !atri;
 ph!se !t"i* 

Spheroidite
Welding Technology & Inspection (MO-091333) 14
 

Martensite

Welding Technology & Inspection (MO-091333) 15

 

Time-Temperature
Transformation (TTT) Diagram
 Martensite is or!ed 'hen
austeniti?ed iron@"ar)on alloys are
ra$idly "ooled /or uen"hed8 to a
relati%ely lo' te!$erature /in the
%i"inity o the a!)ient8
 Martensite is a non-euili)riu!
single-$hase stru"ture that results
ro! a di1usionless transor!ation
o austenite
 Martensiti" transor!ation o""urs
'hen the uen"hing rate is ra$id
enough to $re%ent "ar)on di1usion
  The hori?ontal and linear "hara"ter
o these lines indi"ates that the
!artensiti" transor!ation is
inde$endent o ti!e

c!"#on steel $ith 0%6$t '

Martensite
Welding Technology & Inspection (MO-091333) 16
 

Time-Temperature
Transformation (TTT) Diagram
  The 4CC austenite
e;$erien"es a
$oly!or$hi"
transor!ation to a )ody-
"entered tetragonal /5CT8
!artensite
 Martensite grains ta&e on
a $late-li&e or needle-li&e
a$$earan"e
  The 'hite $hase in the
!i"rogra$h is austenite
/retained austenite8 that
did not transor! during
the ra$id uen"h

Martensite
Welding Technology & Inspection (MO-091333) 1
 

Time-Temperature
Transformation (TTT) Diagram
 The $resen"e o alloying
ele!ents other than
"ar)on /e.g., Cr, Ni, Mo,
and W8 !ay "ause
signiB"ant "hanges in
the $ositions and
sha$es o the "ur%es in
the isother!al#
◦ shiting to longer ti!es the
nose o the austenite-to-
$earlite transor!ation
◦ the or!ation o a se$arate
)ainite nose

+lloy steel +I,I 4340

Martensite
Welding Technology & Inspection (MO-091333) 1
 

E;a!$le $ro)le!
 sing the isother!al transor!ation diagra! or an
iron@"ar)on alloy o eute"toid "o!$osition s$e"iy the
nature o the Bnal !i"rostru"ture /in ter!s o
!i"ro"onstituents $resent and a$$ro;i!ate
$er"entages8 o a s!all s$e"i!en that has )een
su)0e"ted to the ollo'ing ti!e@te!$erature
treat!ents. In ea"h "ase assu!e that the s$e"i!en
)egins at +*oC and that it has )een held at this
te!$erature long enough to ha%e a"hie%ed a
"o!$lete and ho!ogeneous austeniti" stru"ture
D Ra$idly "ool to >6* oC, hold or :* 7 s, and uen"h to roo!
te!$erature
D Ra$idly "ool to 96* oC, hold or :** s, and uen"h to roo!
te!$erature
D Ra$idly "ool to 6* oC, hold or 9* s, ra$id "ool to 7**oC, hold
or :*> s, and uen"h to roo! te!$erature

Welding Technology & Inspection (MO-091333) 19

 

Solution
a. :** )ainite
and no urther
transor!ation
is $ossi)le
). :**
!artensite
". 6* $earlite
and 6* )ainite

Welding Technology & Inspection (MO-091333) 20