2013 IEEE 15th International Conference on e-Health Networking, Applications and Services (Healthcom 2013)

Discrete-Wavelet-Transform-Based Noise Reduction

and R Wave Detection for ECG Signals
Hsin-Yi Lin⇤ , Sz-Ying Liang⇤ , Yi-Lwun Ho† , Yen-Hung Lin† , and Hsi-Pin Ma⇤
⇤ Department of Electrical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University Hsinchu, Taiwan, R.O.C.
† Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University

Abstract—There are two main research topics about ECG
signal proposed. One is the noise reduction, and the other is
R peaks detection. Both of the two algorithms are based on
discrete wavelet transform (DWT). DWT is efficient for analyzing
nonstationary signals like ECG signal. The Symlets wavelets
(sym5) and soft-thresholding are chosen as the wavelet function
and thresholding method to do noise correction at the first
denoising stage. The second stage is R wave detection. The MIT-
BIH arrhythmia database is used to verify proposed algorithm.
We reconstruct the decomposition level 3 to 5. Choosing the
adaptive threshold and window size are the key points to reduce
error rate. Applying two thresholds leads to better performance,
compared to applying one threshold. At the last stage, we do noise
correction again. With the information of R wave position, a novel
method is proposed to eliminate the electromyogram (EMG)
signal. The algorithm for R wave detection has a sensitivity of
99.70% and a positive predictivity of 99.65%. The error rate is
0.65% under all kinds of situation (0.37% if ignoring 3 worst
cases). For noise correction, the SNR improvement is achieved
at least 10dB at SNR 5dB, and most of the improvement SNR
are better than other methods at least 1dB at different SNR. To
apply presented algorithms for the portable ECG device, all R
peaks can be detected no matter when people walk, run or move
at the speed below 9km/hr.
I. I NTRODUCTION
Power-line noise (PLI), electrode motion artifact (MA),
muscle (EMG) artifact, baseline wander (BW) are often dis-
tributed in ECG signal. They affect the doctor for correct
diagnosis. In order to reduce the noise, many approaches
they can deal with not only BW but also another noises. Zhang
[5] used raw data to subtract the approximation coefficients
for BW correction and translation-invariant wavelet transform
with empirical Bayes posterior median threshold to eliminate
the high frequency artifacts. Blanco-Velasco [6] used empirical
mode decomposition. The first several IMFs contain most
of noisy signal like EMG; the last several IMFs hold low
frequency such as BW. Selecting proper IMFs can enhance
the performance for noise reduction.
II. WAVELET T RANSFORM AND D ENOISED M ETHODS
A. Discrete Wavelet Transform
Discrete wavelet transform (DWT) uses filter banks for
construction of the multi-resolution analysis and the method
can decrease computation time efficiently. In DWT, there are
two types of filters, which are the low pass filter (LPF) and the
high pass filter (HPF). The cut-off frequency of LPF and HPF
are half bandwidth of the incoming signal. Wavelet analysis
combines filtering and down-sampling which downsamples by
the factor of 2. When the original signal has passed through
the two filters and down-sampled, the result is called the first
level of wavelet transform. The decomposition level is at most
blog2 N c where the N is the length of the signal. The block
diagram for decomposition is shown in Fig. 1. There are also
LPF ɧ2
cA3

have be mentioned. Several methods for BW correction were fc=BW/8

proposed in recent years. Using moving average filter is LPF ɧ2 HPF ɧ2
cD3

common and easy for implementation, but it may lose lots fc=BW/4
of ECG information, such as R peaks. Thus, modified moving LPF ɧ2 HPF ɧ2
cD2
average filter is proposed [1]. Digital filter like high pass filter fc=BW/2
with low cut-off frequency is often used to remove BW noise, cD1
x[n] HPF ɧ2
too. In order to solve power-line interference, most of people fs=2BW
exploited notch filter. In [2], the authors proposed a nonlinear level 1 level 2 level 3
adaptive notch filter which can provide effective elimination
of noise under varying PLI frequency. Adaptive filters were
Fig. 1. The wavelet tree of DWT for three-level decomposition.
also used for reducing motion artifact, but the correct filter
parameters are required. Tong [3] add an accelerator which two filters in the reconstruction step, but the downsampling
was placed on the right arm as the reference input. Besides, step is replaced by up-sampling which upsamples by the
independent component analysis (ICA), which proposed by factor of 2 and inserts zeros in the up-sampling process. The
He [4], is a technique to remove motion artifact. The ICA reconstruction formula is defined as follows:
is based on 3-lead ECG. The components representing noise 1
X
were set to zero and the remaining components were denoised cAi [k] = (cDi+1 [k]g[ n+2k]+cAi+1 [k]h[ n+2k]) (1)
signal. For wavelet transform and Hilbert-Huang Transform, 1

978-1-4673-5801-9/13/$26.00 ©2013 IEEE 355

 2013 IEEE 15th International Conference on e-Health Networking, Applications and Services (Healthcom 2013)

where cAi are approximation coefficients and cDi are detail R Wave Remove
ECG DWT Denoise Denoised signal
coefficients. Detection EMG signal

B. Stationary Wavelet Transform

Fig. 2. The block diagram for the proposed algorithm.
DWT is not a time-invariant transformation. However, the
time-invariant property is good for feature extraction and
noise correction. The stationary wavelet transform (SWT) was
decide the wavelet basis and the number of decomposition
designed to overcome the insufficient points. There are two
levels. After the parameters are decided, apply the parameters
main differences between DWT and SWT:
to all the cases from MIT-BIH arrhythmia database [8] in the
1) The SWT omits the step of downsampling in the DWT, simulation.When the step of DWT and denoised are finished,
so each level contains the same data length of the input we observe and choose the proper levels to find R peaks. The
signal. next step for the removal of EMG noise is based on the R
2) The SWT does the upsampling by 2 for the filters which peaks position. The details of each step is presented in the
compared to the previous level. The upsampling step is following section.
adding zeros into the filter coefficients. We use DWT to decompose data at different scales, first.
Therefore, SWT has some redundancy of signal and the accu- The ideal frequency range of each level is listed in Table I.
rate reconstruction is possible. We use different combinations
of DWT, SWT and the following thresholding methods to find TABLE I
T HE CORRESPONDENCE BETWEEN DETAILS AND FREQUENCY RANGE .
the best noise correction method and the simulation result is
shown in Section III-A. Level Frequency Range (Hz)
cD1 90 ⇠ 180
C. Thresholding Methods
cD2 45 ⇠ 90
The two thresholding algorithms which proposed by cD3 22.5 ⇠ 45
Donoho and Johnstone are widely used for wavelet-based cD4 11.25 ⇠ 22.5
denoising. They take the detail coefficients into consideration. cD5 5.63 ⇠ 11.25
• Hard thresholding: cD6 2.81 ⇠ 5.63
⇢ cD7 1.41 ⇠ 2.81
ˆ cDj , |cDj | t
cDj = (2) cD8 0.7 ⇠ 1.41
0, |cDj |  t.
cA8 0 ⇠ 0.7
• Soft thresholding:
⇢
ˆ sign(cDj )(|cDj | t), |cDj | t A. Denoised at the First Stage
cDj = (3)
0, |cDj |  t.
Signal to noise ratio (SNR) which gives the information
where cD ˆ j and cDj are wavelet coefficients after and before about the quality of the signal is used to evaluate the per-
p
thresholding, respectively. The t = 2 log N , N is the length formance of denoised methods [9]. The input SNR (SNRi ) is
of ECG signal, and = (median|cDj |/0.6457). cD1 is usually defined as: P 2
used to estimate the noise because it is highly affected by x (n)
SNRi = 10 log10 [ Pn 2 ] (5)
AWGN noise n r (n)
In recent years, Sue and Zhao [7] proposed the novel method The output SNR (SNRo ) is given by the following equation:
which combine the soft and hard thresholding methods. The P 2
improved thresholding is defined as follows: n xd (n)
SNRo = 10 log10 [ P ] (6)
⇢ (x (n) x(n))2
(tj |cDj |) n d
ˆj = sign(cDj )(|cDj,k | tj ), |cDj | tj
cD where x(n) is the original signal, r(n) is the added noise
0, |cDj |  tj
p (4) signal, and xd (n) is the denoised signal.
where tj = ⇥ 2 ⇥ log(N )/ log(j + 1). If the ! 1, the For baseline wander correction, the frequency of baseline
equation is equivalent to hard thresholding; if the ! 1, the wander is below 1Hz. The frequency of cA8 ranges from 0 to
equation is equivalent to soft thresholding. 0.7(Hz), which accords with our expectation to the frequency
range of baseline wander. There are two ways to solve this
III. P ROPOSED A LGORITHM problem. One is to set the modulus of cA8 to zero then
The block diagram of the proposed method is shown in Fig. reconstructing ECG signal. The other one is reconstructing
2. only cA8 branch and using raw ECG data to subtract it. The
Discrete wavelet transform is employed as the foundation result for BW correction is shown in Fig. 3.
in order to analyze the signal at different resolution levels. For EM and MA noises, the different thresholding methods
Then, we can use detail wavelet coefficients to do a series and thresholds which we mention in section II are selected to
of signal processing. The result of the noise analysis is to remove those noises. The analysis for different combination

356
 2013 IEEE 15th International Conference on e-Health Networking, Applications and Services (Healthcom 2013)

Noisy ECG Signal

Amplitude
500
Reconstruct Absolute Adaptive
Threshold Find R Peak
0 D3,D4,D5 Value Window
−500
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
Denoised ECG Signal
Amplitude

500
Fig. 6. The block diagram for R wave detection.
0
−500
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
Sample

thus, there is no need to detect R peaks in these two levels. As

Fig. 3. The noisy ECG signal with BW noise (upper figure) and the denoised
ECG signal (lower figure).
of threshold methods, thresholds and bases are shown in the
following figures. In order to select the method accurately,
composing all kinds of noise and letting the same contribution
which depended on the SNR to the signal are needed. The
results for reducing the composed noise are shown in Fig. 4
and 5. In terms of the two figures, the wavelet function is set to
’sym5’ and the thresholding method is set to soft thresholding.
18
16
14
Improved SNR (dB)
for the QRS complex characteristics, which can be identified
from level 3 to 5. The frequency for the three levels is from
5.625Hz to 45Hz, so the effect of baseline wander, T and
P waves can be eliminated. The absolutely value of selected
detail coefficients which used to localize QRS complexes is
defined as ym = |y| and y is the IDWT for level 3 to 5.
After finishing the first and second steps in the procedure for
detecting R peaks, the next one is to use the adaptive window
size to capture R peaks. The window size is 0.5 seconds, and
it moves 0.1 seconds each time to search the next R peaks. If
the maximum value is found in the position 0.15 seconds to
0.35 seconds and bigger than threshold, it maybe a location
Haar
of QRS complex.
db4
db6
To determine the threshold, the position of maximum value
sym5 (i) in the window is adopted. We traced 5 seconds forward

sym8
12 bior3.5 to obtain the second maximum value. Multiply the second
coif4
10
maximum value ↵ by various multiples to be the threshold
8
(thr(i)), and for the next detection. The simulation result for
6

4
various ↵ is presented in Table II, where FN is the number of
2
real R peaks we missed, and FP is the number of existed R
0
peaks we missed. The threshold is defined as follows, and the
s means 5 seconds (1800 samples).
−15 −10 −5 0 5 10 15 20
Inupt SNR (dB)

Fig. 4. Comparison the improved SNR with different wavelet functions for thr(i) = ↵ max(ym (i s : i)) (7)
the composed noise.

TABLE II
T HE NUMBER OF FP AND FN AT DIFFERENT THRESHOLDS .
18
DWT (Hard thresholding) ↵ 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4
DWT (Soft thresholding)
16
DWT
SWT
(Su and Zhao Thresholding)
(Hard thresholding)
FN 162 207 374 431 1170 1979
Improved SNR (dB)

14 SWT
SWT
(Soft thresholding)
(Su and Zhao Thresholding)
FP 3378 1209 580 409 320 262
12
Total Errors 3548 1146 954 840 1490 2241
10

8
Consequently, the result could be fixed better, since the error
6 rate of finding R peak was still too high. In order to reduce the
4
−15 −10 −5 0 5 10 15 20
error rate further, we changed the method to use two thresholds
Inupt SNR (dB)
instead. The average value of RR interval is used as reference
and update it by the most-resent eight RR intervals (a: the
Fig. 5. Comparison the improved SNR with different thresholding methods
for the composed noise. average interval of the eight most recent). The description can
be represented as:
8
1X
B. R Wave Detection RR[n] = RR[n a] (8)
8 a=1
The block diagram for R peaks detection is shown in Fig.
6. For the two-threshold method, apply threshold 1 to seach R
The ECG signal is decomposed up to series of levels until peaks first. Only if the distance of the two peaks is more
level 8 in the proposed algorithm. It is obvious that the first and than 1.4 times average RR interval, we search back and use
second detail decomposition levels contain most of the high the threshold 2 to detect R peaks again. The threshold 1 is
frequency components and out of range of QRS frequencies; 0.35 times maximum peak; the threshold 2 is 0.2 times the

357
 2013 IEEE 15th International Conference on e-Health Networking, Applications and Services (Healthcom 2013)

maximum peak. How to find the maximum peak is the same where x(n) is the original ECG signal and y(n) is the denosied
as one-threshold method. ECG signal.
The last step is matching the positions of those extreme
(a)Noisy ECG Signal (b) Denoised ECG Signal
points to the denoised ECG signal, the position of maximum 600 600

positive value is point R in the interval. The window size is 400 400

Amplitude

Amplitude
200 200
0.05s before and after the extreme points. 0 0
−200 −200

(a) (b) −400 −400

0 500 1000 1500 2000 0 500 1000 1500 2000
400 600 Sample Sample
Amplitude

Amplitude
300 400
200 200
Fig. 8. (a) Clean ECG signal (⇢xy = 1) and (b) Filtered ECG signal
(⇢xy = 0.9970).
100 0
0 −200
500 1000 1500 2000 500 1000 1500 2000
Sample Sample

Fig. 7. Plots of (a)the maximum values found in the windows and (b)the 600
(a)Noisy ECG Signal
600
(b) Denoised ECG Signal

denoised ECG waveform and R peaks pointed. 400 400

Amplitude

Amplitude
200 200
0 0

C. Removal of EMG Noise −200 −200

−400 −400
0 500 1000 1500 2000 0 500 1000 1500 2000
In order to remove EMG noise, delineating of the QRS Sample Sample

complex is needed. We use the different frequencies of each

Fig. 9. (a) Noisy ECG signal (⇢xy = 0.8644) and (b) Filtered ECG signal
level in DWT to set different searching windows. To add all (⇢xy = 0.9851).
the detail coefficients and the last approximation coefficient
can have a perfect reconstruction of the ECG signal. Because
of the ECG characteristic, the frequency of first and second 600
(a)Noisy ECG Signal
600
(b) Denoised ECG Signal

level in DWT do not belong to QRS complex but still have Amplitude 400 400

Amplitude
200 200
some contributions to the amplitude of R peaks. The level 3, 0 0

4, 5 dominate other components of ECG signal, so they have −200 −200

−400 −400
their own window sizes. The frequency range of level 6, 7, 8 0 500 1000
Sample
1500 2000 0 500 1000
Sample
1500 2000

is too low that we do not need to deal with it for removing

EMG noise. Fig. 10. (a) Noisy ECG signal (⇢xy = 0.5773) and (b) Filtered ECG signal
(⇢xy = 0.9302).
To preserve the QRS complex which the window size is
based on the position of R peaks. The function is defined as:
⇢
Dj (i), (x t1 )  i  (x + t2 ) IV. S IMULATION R ESULTS AND M EASUREMENT R ESULTS
D̂j (i) = (9)
0, Otherwise. A. Simulation Results and Comparisons
where Dj means reconstruct of the jth level (cDj ) by inverse We use the sensitively (Se=TP/(TP+FN)), positive predictiv-
discrete wavelet transform, and x are the positions of R peak. ity (+P=TP/(TP+FP)) and the error rate (ER=(FN+FP)/(Total
t1 and t2 are the parameters to form the window for QRS beats)) to evaluate the performance of R peaks detection [10].
complex detection. Use R point as reference, the window where TP is the actual R peaks correctly detected as peaks
expends backward t1 seconds and forward t2 seconds. The t1 and FP and FN is introduced in section III.
and t2 of each level are shown in Table III. The comparison of Table IV shows the performance comparison with others.
noisy and denoised signal is shown in the following figures. The sensitivity and positive predictively for our method can
Fig. 8 is shown that if we apply the method to the clean achieve 99.70% and 99.65%, respectively. Although the per-
ECG noise, it dose not cause distortion. Fig. 9 and 10 are formance is not the best one, we can do two things (the noise
the clean ECG with weak EMG noise and strong EMG noise, correction and R peaks detection) at the same time and the
respectively. performance is also good. Each performance of all records is
shown in Table V.
TABLE III
T HE WINDOW SIZE OF EACH LEVEL .
In another experiment, we use the SNR improvement to
evaluate the performance of noise correction. The 650000
Level D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 samples of each record is added with the EMG noise and
t1 0.03s 0.03s 0.06s 0.08s 0.3s the input SNR of each record ranges from -15 to 15 dB. The
t2 0.03s 0.03s 0.06s 0.08s 0.4s improvement SNR (SNRim ) versus different input SNR of
different records is shown in Table VI.
In order to evaluate the performance of the noise correction, In order to compare with method 1 (DWT-based) [15], we
we use the cross-correlation to quantify the performance [1]: average the improvement SNR of the the 48 records with
PN one minute duration as the clean ECG signal. The simulation
n=0 x(n)y(n) result is listed in Table VII with input SNR of -10, -5 and 0
⇢xy = PN PN (10)
dB. The removal of EMG noise in this method was reduced
1
[ n=0 x2 (n) n=0 y 2 (n)] 2

358
 2013 IEEE 15th International Conference on e-Health Networking, Applications and Services (Healthcom 2013)

TABLE IV TABLE V
T HE COMPARISON WITH THE PERFORMANCE OF ERROR RATE . T HE RESULTS FOR OUR PURPOSED ALGORITHM .

Method Total beats FN FP Se% +P% ER % Tape Total beats TP FN FP Se% +P%
[10] 109494 393 193 99.64 99.82 0.54 100 2273 2272 1 0 99.96 100.00
[11] 116137 277 507 99.76 99.56 0.68 101 1865 1863 2 6 99.89 99.68
102 2187 2187 0 0 100.00 100.00
[12] 97794 195 411 99.80 99.58 0.62
103 2084 2084 0 0 100.00 100.00
[13] 102654 459 529 99.55 99.49 0.96
104 2229 2222 7 29 99.69 98.71
[14] 109453 354 405 99.68 99.63 0.69
105 2572 2562 10 43 99.61 98.35
This Work 107634 324 379 99.70 99.65 0.65 106 2027 2026 1 0 99.95 100.00
107 2137 2131 6 4 99.72 99.81
108 1763 1744 19 120 98.92 93.56
109 2532 2529 3 1 99.88 99.96
by thresholding combing the features of the hard and soft 111 2124 2123 1 4 99.95 99.81
thresholding. The comparison of improvement SNR is shown 112 2539 2539 0 0 100.00 100.00
in Table VII. 113 1795 1794 1 0 99.99 100.00
The ECG signal denoising for method 2 [6] is based on the 114 1879 1878 1 4 99.95 99.79
empirical mode decomposition (EMD). The authors use signal- 115 1953 1952 1 0 99.95 100.00
116 2412 2393 19 4 99.21 99.83
to-error ratio (SER) to quantify the evaluation. The equation
117 1535 1534 1 1 99.93 99.93
is defined as: 118 2278 2278 0 1 100.00 99.96
P 2
n x (n) 119 1987 1987 0 4 100.00 99.80
SER = 10 log10 [ P ] (11) 121 1863 1861 2 2 99.89 99.89
n (x(n) xd (n))2
122 2476 2476 0 0 100.00 100.00
where x(n) is the clean ECG signal, and xd (n) is the denoised 123 1518 1516 2 0 99.87 100.00
signal. 124 1619 1617 2 2 99.88 99.88
In this experiment, the clean ECG signal combine two types 200 2601 2596 5 11 99.81 99.58
of noise, muscle artifact and electrode motion artifact, with 201 1963 1930 33 0 98.32 100.00
202 2136 2132 4 2 99.81 99.91
the same percentage. We use the same way to add noise and
203 2980 2922 58 54 98.05 98.19
the comparison of the average SER value with five records is
205 2656 2648 8 0 99.70 100.00
shown in Table VIII. This method is also supposed that the 208 2955 2873 82 5 97.23 99.82
fiducial points are known. 209 3005 3005 0 2 100.00 99.93
From above two tables, we can find the proposed method 210 2650 2641 9 6 99.66 99.77
is better than other methods no matter what input SNR is. 212 2748 2747 1 0 99.96 100.00
When SNR is 0 dB, the improvement SNR is about 4.7 dB 213 3251 3250 1 0 99.97 100.00
larger than method 1 [15]. Besides, most of the improvement 214 2265 2257 8 5 99.65 99.78
SNR are better than other methods at least 1dB. Compare to 215 3363 3361 2 1 99.94 99.97
217 2208 2203 5 4 99.77 99.82
the EMD methods which is also time-frequency analysis, we
219 2154 2154 0 0 100.00 100.00
also have better performance of SER. Therefore, the proposed
220 2048 2047 1 0 99.95 100.00
method can eliminate EMG noise efficiently. 221 2427 2418 9 0 99.63 100.00
222 2483 2482 1 5 99.96 99.80
B. Measurement Results
223 2605 2604 1 1 99.96 99.96
In this experiment, we use the portable ECG device [16] to 228 2053 2042 11 36 99.46 98.27
measure the common body movement activity. In order to have 230 2256 2256 0 2 100.00 99.91
the information of speed, we record the running and walking 231 1571 1571 0 0 100.00 100.00
ECG data at treadmill which is an exercise device that the user 232 1780 1779 1 19 99.94 98.94
can walk or run without changing place. 233 3079 3075 4 0 99.87 100.00
234 2753 2752 1 1 99.96 99.96
The error rate is shown in Table IX. The data was measured
(47) 107637 107313 324 379 99.70 99.65
under 9 km/hr that R peaks could be perfectly found by using
the proposed algorithm, but some errors occur when people
run at the speed over 9 km/hr. TABLE VI
T HE AVERAGE OF THE IMPROVEMENT SNR (dB).
V. C ONCLUSION
SNRi -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15
In the paper, we use DWT not only for signal denoising
SNRim 16.76 14.07 12.57 11.53 10.09 7.55 3.83
but also for finding R peaks in ECG. It is shown that DWT
is suitable for analyzing ECG signal. The wavelet function
sym5 and soft thresholding method are used for our purposed
methods. For R wave detection, the error rate is 0.65%, and

359
 2013 IEEE 15th International Conference on e-Health Networking, Applications and Services (Healthcom 2013)

TABLE VII TABLE IX

T HE COMPARISON OF IMPROVEMENT SNR WITH METHOD 1 [15]. T HE SIMULATION RESULTS OF THREE PERSONS .

Input SNR (dB) Action Speed (km/hr) Total beats FN FP ER (%)

Methods -10 -5 0 Walk 3⇠8 1453 0 0 0
Improvement SNR (dB) 3⇠9 3162 0 0 0
Run
Method 1 [15] 12.1 8.8 5.1 10 ⇠ 13 914 5 1 0.66
This work 12.9 11.0 9.8 Others x 284 0 0 0
Others : Jumping, upstairs and downstairs, and twisting motion at waist.
TABLE VIII
T HE COMPARISON OF SER WITH METHOD 2 [6].
[13] S. W. Chen, H. C. Chen, and H. L. Chan, “A Real-Time QRS Detec-
Input SNR (dB) tion Method Based on Moving-Averaging Incorporating with Wavelet
Methods 6 10 14 Denoising,” Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine, vol. 82,
SER (dB) no. 3, pp. 187–195, 2006.
[14] N. M. Arzeno, Z. D. Deng, and C. S. Poon, “Analysis of First-Derivative
Method 2 [6] 10.2 12.7 15.8 Based QRS Detection Algorithms,” IEEE Transactions on Biomedical
This work 14.4 17.1 18.8 Engineering, vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 478–484, Feb. 2008.
[15] P. Mithun, P. C. Pandey, T. Sebastian, P. Mishra, and V. K. Pandey, “A
Wavelet Based Technique for Suppression of EMG Noise and Motion
Artifact in Ambulatory ECG,” in Proc. 2011 Annual International
Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society
it can achieve 0.37% if ignoring 3 worst cases. For noise (EMBC), Sep. 2011, pp. 7087–7090.
reduction, most of the improvement SNR are better than other [16] C. C. Chan, W. C. Chou, C. W. Chen, Y. L. Ho, Y. H. Lin, and H. P. Ma,
“Energy Efficient Diagnostic Grade Mobile ECG,” in Proc. 2012 IEEE
methods at least 1dB at different input SNR. The proposed 10th International New Circuits and Systems Conference (NEWCAS),
method can also be applied to the exercise ECG recordings. Jun. 2012.
All R peaks can be detected no matter when people walk, run
below the speed of 9km/hr.

R EFERENCES

[1] M. Dai and S. L. Lian, “Removal of Baseline Wander from Dynamic

Electrocardiogram Signals,” in Proc. 2009 2nd International Congress
on Image and Signal Processing, Oct. 2009, pp. 1–4.
[2] A. K. Ziarani and A. Konrad, “A Nonlinear Adaptive Method of Elimi-
nation of Power Line Interference in ECG Signals,” IEEE Transactions
on Biomedical Engineering, vol. 49, no. 6, pp. 540–547, Jun. 2002.
[3] D. A. Tong, K. A. Bartels, and K. S. Honeyager, “Adaptive Reduction
of Motion Artifact in The Electrocardiogram,” in Proc. of the Second
Joint EMBS/BMES Conference, vol. 2, 2002, pp. 1403–1404.
[4] T. He, G. Clifford, and L. Tarassenko, “Application of ICA in Removing
Artefacts from The ECG,” Neural Computing and Applications.
[5] D. Zhang, “Wavelet Approach for ECG Baseline Wander Correction and
Noise Reduction,” in Proc. 2005. 27th Annual International Conference
of the Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, 2005, pp. 1212–
1215.
[6] M. Blanco-Velasco, B. Weng, and K. E. Barner, “ECG Signal Denoising
and Baseline Wander Correction Based on the Empirical Mode Decom-
position,” Computers in Biology and Medicine, vol. 38, no. 1, pp. 1–13,
2008.
[7] L. Su and G. Zhao, “De-Noising of ECG Signal Using Translation-
Invariant Wavelet De-Noising Method with Improved Thresholding,” in
Proc. 2005 27th Annual International Conference of the Engineering in
Medicine and Biology Society, Jan. 2005, pp. 5946–5949.
[8] “MIT-BIH Arrhythmia Database.” [Online]. Available: http://www.
physionet.org/physiobank/database/mitdb/
[9] N. H, S. Mukherjee, and V. kumar, “Application of Wavelet Techniques
in ECG Signal Processing: An Overview,” International Journal of
Engineering Science and Technology (IJEST), vol. 3, no. 10, Oct. 2011.
[10] Z. Zidelmal, A. Amirou, M. Adnane, and A. Belouchrani, “QRS Detec-
tion Based on Wavelet Coefficients,” Computer Methods and Programs
in Biomedicine, vol. 107, no. 3, pp. 490–496, 2012.
[11] J. Pan and W. J. Tompkins, “A Real-Time QRS Detection Algorithm,”
IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, vol. BME-32, no. 3, pp.
230–236, Mar. 1985.
[12] C. Xiaomeng, “A New Real-Time ECG R-Wave Detection Algorithm,”
in Proc. 2011 6th International Forum on Strategic Technology (IFOST),
vol. 2, Aug. 2011, pp. 1252–1255.

360