- Scope of professional practice

Essential Characteristics of a Profession - Requirements and qualifications for licensure or

- Competence in specialized body of knowledge and skill certification
- Provision of particular service to society - Exemptions to basic requirements.
- Standards of education and practice - Grounds for administrative actions
- Self-regulation - Penalties and sanctions for unauthorized practice
 Health care professional groups generally operate under a legal
practice act and develop a ______________
CODE OF ETHICS to assist in self-
regulation.
 ________________
PROFESSIONAL etiquette involves issues such as the need to
avoid talking badly about another practitioner, maintenance of
appropriate relationships at the worksite, or the need to stay
within the role boundaries of our specialty.
 the four essential characteristics of a profession
 -Specialty practice acts will vary in emphasis, but the majority will
address which of the following? all of these answers apply
 In regard to clients and patients, practitioners have a(n)
______________
FIDUCIARY relationship which requires them to act
primarily in the best interests of those they serve.
 ____________________
ETHICS are concerned with the judgement
principles of right and wrong in relation to -human actions and
character.
 Principles, personal standards, or qualities considered
worthwhile, or desirable are ____________________
VALUES

 A phrase frequently used in tort or criminal law to denote a

REASONABLE
PERSON hypothetical person who exercises average care, skill, and
judgement in conduct and who serves as a comparative standard
for determining liability
 The type of sanction commonly associated with a lapse in
appropriate professional etiquette is PUNISHMENT AS PRESCRIBED LAW
 A lawsuit begins when a _________
PLANTIFF files a complaint or petition
with the court that addressed the elements of the prima facie
case.
 What are two important sources for human motivation?
NEEDS AND VALUE
 WILLIAM MASSEY
 The theory that holds that the historical time period in which an
individual is born shapes the development of their world view was
popularized in the 1970s and 1980s by sociologist
 -. The decision-shaping value that provides freedom from
INDEPENDENCE
constraint is referred to as_____________.
 -. In Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, the highest point of
development is SELF ACTUALIZATION
 -. Those in society who believe that there are no moral truths, no
moral rules, no moral knowledge and no responsibilities subscribe
to a philosophy of moral _NIHILISM
SILENT  -. Which generation received its value programming by the events
GENERATION
surrounding the Great Depression and World War II? Defined by
events immediately following Cold War, collaboration, social
activism, tolerance for diversity, globally aware.
 ____________________
CAROL GILLIGAN challenged Lawrence Kohlberg’s theory,
stating that it failed to take into consideration a separate value
developmental path for females.
 -. According to Kohlberg’s stage theory of moral reasoning, a child
between the ages of 3 and 7 years who exhibits the characteristic
of satisfying his or her desires is operating at the ____________
PRECONVENTIONAL

stage
 Carol Gilligan believes that for females, the highest value
consideration is based on? PERSONAL RESPONSIBILITY
 -Utilitarianism is a form of _________________________
CONSEQUENCE-ORIENTED

reasoning.Kantian ethics is a form of ___________________

DUTY-ORIENTED

reasoning
 For the _____________________
Duty-oriented ethicists, the basic rightness or
wrongness of an act depends on the intrinsic nature of the act
itself
 A. The existence of a legal duty owing from plaintiff to
defendant
B. A breach of duty owing from defendant to plaintiff
C. The existence of a legal duty owing from defendant to
plaintiff
D. Damages as a result of a breach of duty

 _________________________
Consequence-oriented systems focus on reasoning to an
appropriate action.
 The “categorical imperative” is part of ____________________
Duty oriented

ethics.
 All elements of a tort. To sustain a claim of negligence, all of the
following must be in place EXCEPT: letter A
 Assault and battery differ from each other in that
Assault- no physical contact,
verbally cursing ______________
BATTERY requires physical contact of some sort (bodily
or threatening someone
injury or offensive touching).
 Assault and battery differ from each other in that
Battery- offensive
touching and _________________
ASSAULT is committed without physical contact, such
bodily injury
as someone verbally cursing and threatening.
 A written violation of a patient’s right to privacy that may result in
a charge of defamation of character being filed against a health
care provider is termed __ LIBEL
 -. ethical principle that refers to the patients right of self
PRINCIPLE OF
AUTONOMY determination. this principle of biomedical ethics refers to truth
telling, is closely linked with informed decision making and
informed consent.
 the principle that refers to personal information that is entrusted
CONFIDENTIALITY
and protected as privileged information via a social contact,
healthcare standard or code, or legal covenant.
 Decision making for the fair distribution of resources includes the
following criteria . EXCEPT
 -Indicates that the patient has made a decision without coercion
or force from others.
 When one person has a right, others have obligations to either
refrain from hindrance or provide the required goods and services
associated with the right. CORRELATIVE OBLIGATIONS
 A doctrine used to determine whether an action is morally
defensible when it has more than one consequence, usually both
favorable and ill PRINCIPLE OF DOUBLE EFFECT
 -The concept that requires fairness in the processes that resolve
disputes and allocate resources PROCEDURAL JUSTICE
 Health care conducted under agreement of confidentiality and
practitioners who breach trust in violation of agreed-on
expectation. BREACH CONFIDENTIALITY
 Privacy viewed as person’s right and confidentiality is
professional’s duty. Duty-oriented

 -. Viewed patient confidentiality is mainstay of health care

practice. It forms virtue from the “good practitioner” VIRTUE ETHICS
 Requires health care providers refrain from acts or omissions that
would foreseeably result in harm to others, especially in cases in
which individuals vulnerable to the risk VIRTUE ETHICS
 the patient’s medical record is a property of the?
o If there’s a mistaken entry in the medical record and If
correction is significant, someone designated in facility’s
policy should review correction to determine it meets policy
requirements. Usually, mistaken entry is?
 The _________________
HARM PRINCIPLES requires that healthcare providers
refrain from acts of omissions that would foreseeably result in
harm to others, especially in cases in which the individuals are
particularly vulnerable to the risk.
 -This ________
HIPAA was enacted to encourage the use of electronic
transmission of health information and provide new safeguards to
protect the security and confidentiality of the information.
  From the vantage point of a ________
Virtue ethics perspective, the practice of

patient confidentiality has been a mainstay of health care practice

and forms one of the virtues one would expect from the “good
practitioner.”
 Which of the following requires that the criteria used to distribute
a scarce resource be morally relevant? MATERIAL JUSTICE
 Which of the following requires that the criteria used to distribute
a scarce resource be applied equally? ETHICAL PRINCIPLE OF JUSTICE

 -A society that provides services such as health care to its citizens,

based on the “greatest good for the greatest number,” would be
using a ____________________
Utilitarian Theories system.
 -The end of a natural life cycle proposal for rationing health care is
an example of a ____________________
UTILITARIAN system of health care
distribution.
 -Using a free-market approach to distribute health care within
society best fits the category known as a ____________________
Libertarian
theory
 The micro-allocation process where a scarce resource such as an
ICU bed is distributed on the basis of best prognosis is a form of
____________________
MEDICAL UTILITY utility.
 -The allocation of scarce resources to those who are most useful
or valued by the society is ____________________
SOCIAL UTILITY utility
 -. A micro allocation in which it determines who shall be saved
Lifeboat
Ethics from drowning, and what will be the criteria for our selection
 -The principle of ______________
ROLE FIDELITY requires that we remain within
our scope of legitimate practice.
 Fundamental criteria for moral duty decisions:
- Patient at significant risk of harm, loss, or damage if practitioner does not assist
- Practitioner’s intervention or care directly relevant to preventing harm
- Practitioner’s care will probably prevent harm, loss, or damage to patient
- Benefit the patient will gain outweighs any harm practitioner might incur and does not present more than a minimal risk
to health care provider
CULTURE
SHOCK  A high-stress situation in which one finds oneself in another
culture in which former behavior patterns are ineffective and one
fails to understand the basic cues of social intercourse is termed
 Fundamental criteria for moral duty decisions include, EXCEPT:
 -. Which of the following is a process in which a patient or the
patient’s family is introduced to additional health resources in the
community in which the referring practitioner has a financial
interest? Self-referral
 -. Which of the following is a process in which a patient or the
patient’s family is introduced to additional health resources in the
community in which the referring practitioner has a financial
interest? Self-referral
 -. ____________________
EUGENICS is the practice of manipulating the
genes of offspring through either breeding or genetic alteration
 -. ____________________
Disparagement means to belittle, or criticize the skill,
knowledge, or qualifications of another individua
 -. The term used to describe the process whereby the practitioner
is attempting to get around the system Gaming the System
 -. An act or course of action that is required by one on the basis of
moral position is termed Moral Duty
 and is willing to lie in the process is known as Gaming ___ the System
 -. ____________________
In vitro fertilization is a procedure in which eggs are
removed from a woman and fertilized in a laboratory dish.
 -. The practice of ____________________
Surrogacy occurs when a woman
agrees to carry a baby to term and to give that baby up to another
set of parents to raise.
 The most common ethical problems associated with the process
of in vitro fertilization comes from what is to be done with the
unneeded Embryos
 -. The Thompson analogy titled “The Carpet-Seed Children
Analogy” attempts to deal with the issue of failed ______ contraception

 Laws that single out the medical practices of doctors who provide
abortions and impose on them -requirements that are different
and more burdensome than those imposed on other medical
Trap
practices are called ________________ laws.
 Specialized tissues for spinal cord injuries, diabetes, cancer,
multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease, and many other currently
unthought-of applications REGENERATIVE
 ____________________
POSTHUMANISM is a speculative theory that seeks to re-
conceive what is human..
 -The position that abortion is murder and must be stopped is
known as the _______
Pro-life position.
 The most common ethical problems associated with the process
of in vitro fertilization comes from what is to be done with the
unneeded _________.
Embryos
 The position that the decision to abort is one of the personal
liberty and thus should be legal is known as the _________
Pro-choice

position.
 -. ____________________
Eugenics is the practice of manipulating the
genes of offspring through either breeding or genetic alteration.

 -. A gene that needs to be present in only one parent to have a

fifty-fifty chance of affecting each child is called the
_________________
Autosomal dominant inheritance gene.