2020 - Shirish and Modi

Journal of Cleaner Production 268 (2020) 122260
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Journal of Cleaner Production

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jclepro
Review
Techniques to improve the performance of enhanced condensation

area solar still: A critical review
Shirish K. Patel a, *, Kalpesh V. Modi b
a
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Government Engineering College, Valsad, 396001, Gujarat, India
b
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Government Engineering College, Bhuj, 370001, Gujarat, India
a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t
Article history: Even though 71% part of the earth stratum is covered by ground water, surface water and sea water, the
Received 28 January 2020 crisis of potable water exists because of rapid development in industrialization, destruction of trees,
Received in revised form negligence towards the plantation and increment in population. To overcome the crisis of potable water,
4 May 2020
researchers have developed the various methods to distillate the water and the solar distillation is one of
Accepted 13 May 2020
Available online 18 May 2020
them. The device that is utilized to convert the brackish water into drinkable water is known as solar still
and has benefits over the other methods of water distillation such as; simplicity in construction, made
Handling editor. Prof. Jiri Jaromir Klemes from locally available material, low maintenance cost, less skilled labour required for the construction
and is free from pollution. The numerous experimental and theoretical investigations have been reported
Keywords: in the literature to increase the productivity and found that the area of condensation is one of the
Condensation area reasons. The condensation rate can be enhanced if the area of condensation is increased, which can be
Double-slope solar still enhanced by providing multi-slope to the glazing glass cover. In multi-slope glass cover solar still, one of
Productivity the glass covers receives the solar irradiation while the other glass covers act as an inbuilt condenser that
Triangular and square pyramid solar still
enhance the condensation rate. In the present review, the authors have critically reviewed the multi-
Triangular solar still
slope glass cover solar still such as double-slope single-basin, V-type, triangular, double-slope double-
V-type solar still
basin, triangular and square pyramid and methods to enhance the performance. The various parameters
associated with multi-slope glass cover solar still and their effects on productivity have also been
discussed.
© 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.1. Brief on developments of various MSGCSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2. Fundamentals of SS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.1. Working principle of SS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.2. Classification of SS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3. Literature review on MSGCSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3.1. DSSBSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3.2. DSDBSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.3. V-type SS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3.4. TrSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.5. TrPSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3.6. SqPSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
4. Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
5. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
5.1. Recommendations for the future work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
* Corresponding author. Present Address: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Government Engineering College, Valsad, Near Sanskar Kendra, Tithal Road, Valsad,
396001, Gujarat, India.
E-mail addresses: shirishmech197@gmail.com, shirishmech197@gmail.com (S.K. Patel), kvmgecv@gmail.com (K.V. Modi).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.122260
0959-6526/© 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
2 S.K. Patel, K.V. Modi / Journal of Cleaner Production 268 (2020) 122260
Declaration of competing interest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
1. Introduction requires to desalinate before the use for need of humanity (El-
Naggar et al., 2016).
Water is the foundation for the existence and growth of human The researchers have developed various methods to desalinate
civilization; it is an inevitable requirement of human life. Including the brackish water. Solar distillation is one of the most suitable
human being, occupants of bio-network are the main users of water methods as it has numerous advantages such as solar energy:
(Kathpalia and Kapoor, 2002). The 71% of the earth’s stratum is source of energy is available for free, abundant and everlasting,
covered by water either in the form of icebergs or sea water. requirement of less skilled labours, ease of fabrication using locally
Moreover, 97.5% of total water available on earth’s stratum is saline available materials, less operational cost and pollution free. Thus,
and remaining 2.5% is fresh water in the form of surface water or the solar desalination process can be considered as a practical flip
ground water. Less than 1% of fresh water is available for occupants side of drinkable water production (Manikandan et al., 2013). The
of bio-network including human beings (Tiwari et al., 2003). Water device utilized for solar desalination is called as Solar Still (SS). The
is the fundamental necessity for agriculture and industrial devel- main deficiency of a solar desalination system is its lower pro-
opment. Globally, an increase in population and the increment in ductivity. Thus, to enhance the productivity of SS has become a
destruction of trees for the development of industrialization cre- most appealing area of research (Jani and Modi, 2018). The litera-
ates an imbalance among the supply and demand of fresh water ture indicates that the inner stratum of glazing glass cover in SS is
(Abujazar et al., 2016). The report of WHO and UNICEF indicate that utilized as a condensation surface for the evaporated vapour inside
nearly 0.844 billion humans have lack of basic drinking water ser- the SS. One of the reasons for lower productivity of Single-Slope
vice (WHO/UNICEF, 2017). Fig. 1 shows the estimated level of water Single-Basin SS (SSSBSS) is the lower rate of condensation
stress in various regions of the world. The high and low percentage because of lesser area of condensation. The condensation rate can
of water levels represent the higher and lesser users of water are be enhanced if the area of condensation is increased which can be
competing for the limited water supply, respectively. As per the possible by providing the multi-slope to the glazing glass cover.
report of the UN, western Asia and northern Africa (79%) along with Such SS is known as Multi-Slope Glass Cover SS (MSGCSS) in which
the southern and central Asia (66%) are the regions with the highest one of the glass covers receives solar irradiation, while the other
water stress level (UN-Water, 2018). Thus, to obtain the drinkable glass covers act as an inbuilt condenser that enhance the rate of
water is emerging as a more serious issue in many regions of the condensation.
world. To overcome the situation of getting drinkable water, need
to find out the flip side of drinkable water production (Sharon and
Reddy, 2015). With the unavoidable brutal acceptance of high 1.1. Brief on developments of various MSGCSS
salinity, the ocean is only abundant source of water. However, it
In 1589, Dell Porta used the earthen pot to evaporate the water
Fig. 1. Water stress level in the various regions of the world (UN-Water, 2018).
S.K. Patel, K.V. Modi / Journal of Cleaner Production 268 (2020) 122260 3
using solar energy and condensate was collected in vases placed of four-lateral glass face double basin SS and obtained the efficiency
below the pot (Nebbia and Menozzi, 1967). In the 16th century, first and yield of 48% and 6 L/day for East-West direction. The investi-
documented work on solar desalination was by Arab alchemists gation on SqPSS was conducted with various enhancement tech-
(Mouchot, 1869). Wilson designed and constructed the niques such as integrating with biomass heat source (Senthil Rajan
greenhouse-type SS in 1872 in Chile (Talbert et al., 1970). During et al., 2016), with V-corrugated absorber (Abdelgaied, 2017), use of
1926 to 1930, various researchers had conducted the work on PCM with V-corrugated absorber (Kabeel et al., 2017), use of sponge
simple glass-covered SS (Baum, 1960). Tropic design has symmet- (Cheng et al., 2019), the use of Shape-Stabilized PCM (SSPCM), with
rical double-slope glass cover tilted at 45 . Whereas temperate the forced condensation and forced evaporation (Modi and Nayi,
zone has single-slope glass cover tilted towards south for northern 2020), use of ESM (Nayi and Modi, 2020), and augmented with
hemisphere and tilted towards north for southern hemisphere vacuum tubes and nanoparticles (Sharshir et al., 2019) etc. Nayi and
(Telkes, 1953). Modi have reviewed the various enhancement techniques for
Eibling et al. (Eibling et al., 1971) have reported the various pyramid shape SS (Nayi and Modi, 2018) and presented the
designs of SS such as symmetrical and unsymmetrical double- mathematical modelling for transient analysis of SqPSS (Nayi et al.,
slope, single-slope, inflated, weighted-vee and stretched that was 2019).
covered with glass and plastic material. Tiwari et al. (Tiwari et al., The prime objective of the study is to analyze the various
1986) have presented a comparative study between the SSSBSS and MSGCSS and the efforts have been put to review the techniques
Double-Slope Single-Basin SS (DSSBSS). SSSBSS was oriented to- that increase the productivity of MSGCSS. The overview of paper is
wards the south and made of Fiber Reinforced Plastic (F.R.P.) as follow: Section 1 represents introduction and the brief historical
whereas DSSBSS was oriented towards the East-West direction and development of various MSGCSS. The fundamentals of SS and
made up of concrete and F.R.P. Yadav and Tiwari (Yadav and Tiwari, detailed literature review of MSGCSS have been explained in Sec-
1987) have studied the SSSBSS and DSSBSS with multi-wick. Yadav tion 2 and 3. Section 4 represents a brief summary of the literature
(Yadav, 1991) has studied high temperature solar desalination by in tabular form. Section 5 and 6 represent conclusion of the study
integrating SS with Solar Flat Plate Collector (SFPC). Ali (Ali, 1991) and the future scope, respectively.
has installed fan inside the SS to provide air-motion to enhance the
yield from SS. Sinha and Tiwari (Sinha and Tiwari, 1992) integrated 2. Fundamentals of SS
the non-tracking cylindrical parabolic concentrator with DSSBSS
and conducted the theoretical study. A review of techniques to 2.1. Working principle of SS
enhance the heat transfer such as nanoparticles, fins and wick
materials (WMs) for SSSBSS and DSSBSS had been conducted by SS is a means that convert the impure or brackish water into
Jani and Modi (Jani and Modi, 2018). drinkable water using solar energy. Fig. 2 shows the main compo-
Kumar et al. (Kumar et al., 1991) have proposed the Double- nents of SS. The operation of SS is identical to natural hydrological
Slope Double-Basin SS (DSDBSS) to enhance the yield. For the cycle, which includes main two processes such as evaporation and
DSDBSS, the effect of multi-wick (Singh and Tiwari, 1992), effect of condensation. The processes occur in SS are: from the raw saline
water mass (Rajaseenivasan and Kalidasa Murugavel, 2013), the water tank, the raw saline water is filled into shallow basin that is
comparative effect of WM, Energy Storage Material (ESM) and covered by the airtight transparent inclined glass cover. The solar
porous material (Rajaseenivasan et al., 2013), and the effect of WM irradiation transmitted through glass cover is absorbed by black
and ESM (Rajaseenivasan et al., 2015) were studied. Modi and painted basin, which uplifts the temperature of brackish water that
Shukla (Modi and Shukla, 2018) and Shukla and Modi (Shukla and result in vaporization of water. The high temperature vapour rises
Modi, 2019) have developed the hybrid SS to regenerate the Liquid and came in contact to inner stratum of inclined glass cover that act
Desiccant (LD) and to distillate the brackish water. Shukla and as a condensing surface where vapours get condensed. Finally, the
Modi (Shukla and Modi, 2017) have presented the review on use of condensate glides along the inclined stratum of a glass cover and
SS to regenerate LD. collected by a trough.
The thermal performance of V-type SS was investigated by
Kumar et al. (Kumar et al., 2008). The effect of plain and corrugated 2.2. Classification of SS
wick with drip system (Suneesh et al., 2013), regenerative effect
with cooling of glass cover by cotton gauze (Suneesh et al., 2016) Based on energy supply, SS has been classified as active and
and partially and fully covered basin with WM was studied for V- passive SS. In case of passive SS, solar energy is the sole source of
type SS (Suneesh et al., 2017). Rubio-Cerda et al. (Rubio-Cerda thermal energy for operation whereas in case of active SS, an
et al., 2002) have proposed Triangular SS (TrSS) and investigated additional source of thermal energy is integrated externally with
the effect of glass cover orientation. Terasaki et al. (Terasaki et al., passive SS system. Fig. 3 shows the detailed classification of SS
2016) have developed TrSS with locally available low cost material. (Tiwari et al., 2003; Manikandan et al., 2013; Sampathkumar et al.,
Fath et al. (Fath et al., 2003) have proposed the concept of 2010; Kalidasa Murugavel et al., 2013; Manchanda and Kumar,
Square Pyramid SS (SqPSS) similar to the great pyramid of Giza and 2015; Yadav and Sudhakar, 2015; Kabeel et al., 2019).
observed that higher solar irradiation has been achieved in the
summer. Kabeel (Kabeel, 2009) has proposed the concave wick 3. Literature review on MSGCSS
absorber and pyramid shape glass cover and concluded that
condensation area increases due to pyramid shape. The effect of In this section, review has been carried out on past research
boosting mirror (Arunkumar et al., 2010), fan on outside surface of works conducted on MSGCSS (having more than one glass covers
glass cover (Kianifar et al., 2012), fan in basin (Taamneh and inclined at different angles) such as DSSBSS, DSDBSS, V-type SS,
Taamneh, 2012) and use of wax (Kalaivani and Radhakrishnan, TrSS, TrPSS, and SqPSS. The review has been conducted for both
2012) was investigated for SqPSS. The effect of water depth passive and active type MSGCSS. Further, the review has been
(Sathyamurthy et al., 2014a), phase change material (PCM) carried out for the various parameters such as glass cover angle,
(Sathyamurthy et al., 2013), and latent ESM (Sathyamurthy et al., water depth, construction material, design modification as well as
2014) has been investigated on Triangular Pyramid SS (TrPSS). for the different enhancement techniques such as, use of ESM, use
Shareef et al. (Shareef et al., 2018) have analyzed the performance of PCM, coupled with solar collector, agitation etc.
Fig. 2. Main components of SS.
Fig. 3. Classification of SS (Tiwari et al., 2003; Manikandan et al., 2013; Sampathkumar et al., 2010; Kalidasa Murugavel et al., 2013; Manchanda and Kumar, 2015; Yadav and
Sudhakar, 2015; Kabeel et al., 2019).
3.1. DSSBSS various depths (4 cm, 3 cm, 2 cm and 0.5 cm) of saline water (total
dissolved solid of 5000 ppm) under the similar environmental
Tarawneh (Tarawneh, 2007) has investigated the effect of conditions and concluded that with reduction in water depth,
Fig. 4. Energy flow diagram for DSSBSS (Kamal, 1988).
Fig. 5. Photograph of experimental setup having a glass cover inclination of 15 , 30 and 45 (Dubey and Mishra, 2019).
productivity increases and the productivity has been closely related 24 h, for the Doha, the state of Qatar. The authors have concluded
to solar irradiation intensity. Rajamanickam and Ragupathy that the optimum tilt angle for glass cover was 12.5 and for higher
(Rajamanickam and Ragupathy, 2012) have experimentally studied water demand, 10 and 15 cover angle has been suggested for the
the influence of water depth (0.075m, 0.05m, 0.025m and 0.01 m) summer and winter seasons, respectively. Palacio and Fernandez
and obtained the maximum distillate output at 0.01m water depth (Palacio and Fernandez, 1993) have numerically analyzed the single
in SS basin. effect SS to evaluate technical feasibility with cover inclination
As shown in Fig. 4, the influence of cover tilt angle, cavity vol- angle up to 60 and investigated the influence of heat and mass
ume, orientation, insulation thickness at bottom and saline water transfer mechanisms at higher convection rate and low water
layer depth on the productivity of SS was investigated experi- transmission on productivity. Authors have interrelated the distil-
mentally and theoretically by Kamal (Kamal, 1988). The program in late yield obtained experimentally from the working unit with
FORTRAN-IV was evolved to predict the distillate yield of the SS for numerical results by using an “equivalent” Prandtl number and
Fig. 6. Overall production of distillate water from SS with different ESM (Murugavel et al., 2010).
Fig. 7. (a) Photograph of the basin with a hollow cylinder filled with charcoal and placed in vertical position (b) the productivity obtained from SSs with various arrangements
(Rajamanickam et al., 2020).
Fig. 8. Comparison of yield at various water depths (b) square hollow-fins (b) circular hollow-fins (Jani and Modi, 2019).
concluded that large loss in productivity could be avoided if vertex achieved the optimum tilt angle of 35 for Amman and concluded
of SS higher than the 0.3m. Akash et al. (Akash et al., 2000) have that distillate output decreases with increase in salinity and
Fig. 9. The daily yield obtained from SS with (a) Al2O3 and (b) CuO nanoparticles, at 1 cm for glass cover facing North-South direction (Modi et al., 2020).
Fig. 10. The schematic diagram of (a) SSSBSS (b) DSSBSS with multi-wick (Shukla and Sorayan, 2005).
decreases linearly with an increase in depth of water. Dubey and efficiency of SS with GAC was increased up to 80%. Singh et al.
Mishra (Dubey and Mishra, 2019) have investigated the influence (Singh et al., 2019) have investigated the performance of SS made of
of three glass cover angles (15 , 30 and 45 ) as presented in Fig. 5. various material such as stone masonry, cement-concrete, brick
The maximum productivity was obtained at 15 tilt angle, which masonry, hollow block of cement-concrete and vermiculite cement
was nearer to the latitude of Raghogarh, Guna. during winter and summer months in terms of distilled water ob-
Akash et al. (Akash et al., 1998) have experimentally investi- tained per day. The SS made of vermiculite cement was found most
gated the influence of dyes, ink and rubber mat as absorbing ma- economical. Rajamanickam et al. (Rajamanickam et al., 2020) have
terials in SS and concluded that the use of black dye resulted in experimentally analyzed the effect of ESM (charcoal) filled in the
maximum productivity. Murugavel et al. (Murugavel et al., 2010) hollow cylinder placed in vertical and horizontal position in DSSBSS
have used the red brick pieces, quartzite rock, washed stones, iron and compared with SSSBSS and conventional DSSBSS at the water
scraps and cement concrete pieces as ESMs. Fig. 6 presents the depth of 0.01m. The maximum productivity and efficiency was
overall production of distillate water from SS with different ESMs. achieved with vertically placed hollow cylinder. Fig. 7 (a) shows the
From the theoretical study, authors have concluded that maximum photograph of SS basin with a hollow cylinder filled with charcoal
productivity, glass and water temperature are inversely propor- placed in vertical position and (b) the productivity obtained from
tional to heat capacity of materials used and basin water in basin. SSs with various arrangements.
The major deviation among the experimental and theoretical was Sadhana et al. (Sadhana et al., 2015) have integrated the fins
obtained. The reason of deviation was: exclusion of influence of with basin to improve the rate of heat transfer from basin liner to
absorptivity of material; proportion of water vapour in air inside water. The rise in productivity of 17% during sunshine hours and
SS; and change in evaporative area. Ali et al. (Ali et al., 2011) have 20% during off-shine hours was observed. Jani and Modi (Jani and
conducted the numerical analysis and modelling of SS. The Gran- Modi, 2019) used square and circular cross-sectional hollow-fins to
ular Activated Carbon (GAC) was mixed with water to enhance the enhance the productivity at various water depths. Fig. 8 illustrates
efficiency. MATLAB code was developed to calculate the various the comparison of yield achieved at various depths for square and
heat fluxes, hourly distillate output and efficiency of SS. Because of circular hollow-fins. Because of the hollow-fins appended on
ability of GAC to store the heat energy and work as photo catalyst, absorber plate, uniform heat transfers and higher solar irradiation
the evaporation rate increases and finally the productivity. The absorption occurred that resulted in enhancement of productivity.
Fig. 11. Photograph of DSSBSS with stepped-tray (Sharma and Sachan, 2019).
Fig. 12. (a) Modified SS by introducing rotating drum; (b) photo of system during construction (Ayoub and Malaeb, 2014).
The circular hollow-fins SS at 10 mm water depth was found pro- with 0.12% concentration and 35 kg mass of water. Sahota and
ductive, efficient and economical. Tiwari (Sahota and Tiwari, 2016b) achieved the higher thermal
Sahota and Tiwari (Sahota and Tiwari, 2016) have investigated energy and instantaneous energy efficiency for Al2O3ewater
the performance of SS using three concentrations (0.04%, 0.08% and nanofluid compared to CuO and TiO2ewater nanofluid and similar
0.12%) of Al2O3 nanoparticles mixed with two water masses (80 kg trend was obtained for thermal exergy and exergy efficiency. Modi
and 35 kg). The distillate output increases with increase in con- et al. (Modi et al., 2020) have investigated the influence of 0.1%
centration of Al2O3 nanoparticle. The maximum yield was achieved concentration of two nanoparticles (Al2O3 and CuO) at three depths
Fig. 13. Experimental set up of active SS (Elevation view) (Morad et al., 2015).
Fig. 14. Schematic view of SS integrated with metallic NPs and helically coiled heat exchanger (Sahota et al., 2018).
Fig. 15. Double-acting SS combined with TPTC (Hassan et al., 2019).
of water (3, 2 and 1 cm) for glass cover facing East-West and North- cloth, light black cotton cloth and the porous materials such as
South direction. Fig. 9 illustrates the daily productivity obtained quartzite rock of average size (3/800 ) and washed natural rock of
from SS with Al2O3 and CuO nanoparticles at 1 cm for glass cover average size (3/8" 1/400 ) in DSSBSS as a spread material. The 2 kW
facing North-South direction. The highest yield was achieved with heater was placed under the basin to maintain the actual solar
CuO nanoparticle at 1 cm depth of water for the glass cover facing irradiation condition. The DSSBSS with light black cotton cloth as
North-South direction. WM resulted in more productive. For high temperature region of
Kantesh (Kantesh, 2012) used PCM bitumen as latent ESM that glass and water and certain duration of time, the distillate yield
store the energy during sunshine duration and liberates the energy reduces with rise in temperature of water and rises with decrease
during off-shine duration and found that the efficiency of SS with in difference among water and glass temperature. Kalidasa Mur-
PCM was higher than SS without PCM. ugavel and Srithar (Kalidasa Murugavel and Srithar, 2011) have
Shukla and Sorayan (Shukla and Sorayan, 2005) have evolved concluded that WM as light black cotton cloth was efficacious for
the thermal model to estimate the performance of SSSBSS and DSSBSS. The lengthwise arrangement of rectangular Aluminium
DSSBSS with multi-wick in quasi-steady state condition. The un- (Al) fin covered with black cotton cloth was efficacious arrange-
equal length of black coloured wet jute cloth pieces was used as ment. Pal et al. (Pal et al., 2018) have conducted an investigation on
WM in experimentation. One end of WM was immersed in water modified multi-wick DSSBSS theoretically using thermal model and
and the other ends were spread over a basin on one side of SSSBSS validated by experiment. The energy matrices namely energy
and the both sides of basin of DSSBSS as shown in Fig. 10 (a) and (b). production factor, energy payback time and life cycle conversion
The higher distillate was obtained for with DSSBSS with multi-wick efficiency have been estimated. The enviro-economic and exergo-
and fair consent has been observed between experimental and economic analyses have been conducted for SS with black cotton
theoretical outcomes. and jute as WMs under the environmental condition of Allahabad,
Kalidasa Murugavel et al. (Kalidasa Murugavel et al., 2008) India. For the fixed life span, exergo-economic parameter decreases
have utilized the WMs such as; 2 mm thick sponge sheet, light jute with an increase in interest rate and the life cycle conversion
Fig. 16. Schematic and pictorial views of SS integrated with thermo-electric modules (Rahbar et al., 2017).
Fig. 17. Schematic view of DSSBSS and DSDBSS (Rajaseenivasan and Kalidasa Murugavel, 2013).
efficiency increases with an increase in life span. stepped-tray reduces the distance among water layer and glass
Shanmugan and Saminathan (Shanmugan and Saminathan, cover that result in higher water temperature. The increment of
2013) have experimented with different insulation thickness 106% in productivity has been found with the inclusion of stepped-
below the tilted-wick portion of DSSBSS with wick to get the op- tray.
timum insulation thickness for the optimum productivity, and Eldalil (Eldalil, 2010) have investigated the performance of SS
recommended the minimum insulation thickness of 0.05m. integrated with vibrator experimentally and theoretically and
Sharma and Sachan (Sharma and Sachan, 2019) have experi- determined the condition of maximum excitation of the absorbing
mentally examined the performance with double-slope stepped SS media. The flexible packed media has been used as absorbing
and compared with conventional DSSBSS. The basin of DSSBSS was media that has formed from the stretched helical coiled copper
modified by fitting ten stepped-tray having dimension of wires and vibrator has been placed at mid portion of system
(80 cm 13 cm 1 cm) as represented in Fig. 11. The inclusion of structure. The vibrator was used to improve the convective heat
Fig. 18. Photograph of various WMs and porous materials (Rajaseenivasan et al., 2013).
Fig. 19. Photograph of DSSBSS and DSDBSS (Rajaseenivasan et al., 2015).
transfer by providing forced vibration, which excites the flexible achieved.

packed media to break the surface tension and boundary layer of Boukar and Harmim (Boukar and Harmim, 2001) have inves-
brackish water and increases the water vaporization and conden- tigated SS with and without SFPC. The tests were carried out with
sation by exciting the condensed polycarbonate glass cover. The various depth levels of brackish water in winter and summer for the
productivity and efficiency were increased with helical wires and three months (January to March) under the clear sky conditions.
almost double with vibration. Ayoub and Malaeb (Ayoub and The higher productivity was achieved at all the depths by coupling
Malaeb, 2014) have experimentally analyzed the operation and the SS with SFPC. Dwivedi and Tiwari (Dwivedi and Tiwari, 2010)
economic feasibility of modified SS made of low-cost hollow cyl- examined the thermal and exergy efficiency of SS with and without
inder inside the SS chamber which has partly submerged in basin the SFPC at 3 cm water depth. Due to additional thermal energy
water and rotating slowly inside the SS as shown in Fig. 12. The supplied by SFPC, temperature of brackish water was observed
evaporative surface area was increased by grabbing a thin water higher for active SS than the passive SS, which enhanced the
film around the circumference of rotating cylinder. Storage batte- thermal efficiency by 51% for active SS. The thermal efficiency of
ries operated by photovoltaic panel were used to rotate the hollow passive SS was found more than active SS whereas exergy efficiency
cylinder. The rate of evaporation was improved by introducing the was opposite to it. With and without glass cover cooling, the
rotating cylinder and increment of 200e300% in productivity was theoretical and experimental performance of SS coupled with SFPC
Fig. 20. The cross-sectional view of dual-effect desalination in multi-wick SS (Singh and Tiwari, 1992).
(TFPC) and operated with helically coiled heat exchanger. The

performance of hybrid system was evaluated with optimum con-
centration of nanoparticle (TiO2 - 0.093%; Al2O3 - 0.107%; CuO -
0.131%). The natural convective heat transfer coefficient in SS was
strongly influenced by Rayleigh number and Nusselt number as
functions of thermo-physical characteristics of nanofluids. The
significant enhancement in Nusselt number (TiO2 - 98.64%; Al2O3 -
119.72%; CuO - 51.62%) and natural convective heat transfer coef-
ficient (TiO2 - 63.56%; Al2O3 - 67.03%; CuO - 71.23%) was achieved.
Because of the enhancement in heat transfer, higher monthly
productivity (TiO2 - 320.77 kg, Al2O3 - 338.23 kg and CuO -
355.46 kg) was achieved for hybrid system with nanofluids. Hassan
et al. (Hassan et al., 2019) have integrated the Tracked Parabolic
Trough Collector (TPTC) with double-acting SS as shown in Fig. 15.
The effect of three different medium: sand saturated with the
Fig. 21. 3-D model of hybrid SS (Modi and Shukla, 2018) (Shukla and Modi, 2019). brackish water, steel wire mesh and pure brackish water was
studied on modified SS and compared with conventional SS. The
distillate yield and efficiency were improved by using wire mesh
was investigated by Morad et al. (Morad et al., 2015), as presented
and sand in summer and winter. From the cost analysis, cost of a
in Fig. 13. The distillate yield and internal thermal efficiency of the
liter of fresh water was reduced with use of sand and wire mesh.
active SS were found higher than passive SS at 1 cm depth, 3 mm
As shown in Fig. 16, thermo-electric modules as water heater
thickness of glass cover and by applying the flash tactic (5 min on
were integrated with SS to raise the water temperature by Rahbar
and 5 min off) for cover cooling.
et al. (Rahbar et al., 2017). The proposed model can produce pure
As shown in Fig. 14, Sahota et al. (Sahota et al., 2018) have
water with the moderate pH and TDS even at low intensity of solar
analytically studied the thermo-physical performance of SS inte-
irradiation. From the economic analysis, cost of water produced
grated with N-photovoltaic (NPs) thermal flat plate collectors
during the night was found 160% higher than that of the day.
Fig. 22. (a) Cotton gauze over the glass cover (b) schematic diagram of V-type SS without cotton gauze with regenerative effect (Suneesh et al., 2016).
Fig. 23. Main characteristics of experimental SS (Rubio-Cerda et al., 2002).
Fig. 24. (a) Schematic view and (b) Production mechanism of TrSS (Terasaki et al., 2016).
3.2. DSDBSS day, efficiency of 62.89% and exergy efficiency of 2.072%.

As shown in Fig. 20, dual-effect in multi-wick SS with a
Kumar et al. (Kumar et al., 1991) have carried out transient continuous flow of water over the condensing surface of lower and
analysis of DSDBSS and single-slope double-basin SS and studied upper basin was analyzed by Singh and Tiwari (Singh and Tiwari,
the influence of mass of water in lower and upper basin. The latent 1992). The dual-effect desalination was found more efficacious for
heat of vaporization released from the lower basin heats the water lesser flow velocity and the reduction in overall thermal efficiency
in upper basin that increases the efficiency of SS. Rajaseenivasan was observed with the rise in mass flow rate of water.
and Kalidasa Murugavel (Rajaseenivasan and Kalidasa Murugavel, Modi and Shukla (Modi and Shukla, 2018) have developed the
2013) have examined the influence of mass of water on distillate hybrid SS for distillation of saline water and for regeneration of LD,
output of DSSBSS and DSDBSS as shown in Fig. 17. The conclusion as shown in Fig. 21. The hybrid SS has single-slope glass cover for
was: 85% higher yield was obtained for DSDBSS, yield increases the lower basin and double-slope glass cover for upper basin. The
with reduction of mass of water in lower and upper basin, and the lower basin was used for the desalination of brackish water
higher yield was achieved from the lower and upper basins with whereas the upper basin was used to regenerate the weak LD (40%
reduction of water mass in lower basin. concentration of CaCl2). 0.1% concentrated ZnO nanoparticles were
Rajaseenivasan et al. (Rajaseenivasan et al., 2013) have studied mixed with brackish water in lower basin to improve the heat
the influence of WMs (jute cloth, waste pieces and black cotton transfer and the thermo-physical characteristics of brackish water.
cloth), porous materials (clay pot - facing down and facing up) and The mathematical model has been evolved for hybrid SS and the
ESM (Mild Steel (M.S.) pieces) on the yield of DSDBSS, and theoretical and experimental outcomes of three days were
compared with DSSBSS with similar basin condition. Fig. 18 shows compared. The average daily water desorption of 1.3466 l/m2 from
various WMs and porous materials. Compared to the similar basin the weak LD and the average daily distillate output of 0.7378 l/m2
condition of DSSBSS, the 84.53% higher productivity was achieved was obtained. The overall average efficiency of 22.77%, average
for DSDBSS with pieces of M.S., and with the constant water mass in increment of 3.82% in concentration of LD and regenerated LD is
upper basin. Rajaseenivasan et al. (Rajaseenivasan et al., 2015) able to carry the average latent heat load of 0.153 kW/m2. In
have conducted the exergy analysis of DSDBSS with the ESM continuation of work, Shukla and Modi (Shukla and Modi, 2019)
(M.S.pieces) and WMs (jute cloth, waste pieces, black cotton cloth) have regenerated 33% Magnesium Chloride (MgCl2) as LD in hybrid
and compared with DSSBSS with similar basin condition. Fig. 19 SS. The daily water desorption of 1.3577 l/m2 from upper basin and
shows the photographs of DSSBSS and DSDBSS. The lower basin daily distillate output of 0.6233 l/m2 from lower basin were ob-
generates higher yield with different basin conditions at a lower tained. The overall daily efficiency of 19.20%, an increment of 2.97%
depth than with upper basin. The DSDBSS with M.S. pieces was in concentration of MgCl2 and the regenerated LD is able to carry
found most effective configuration with productivity of 3580 ml/ 0.161 kW/m2 of latent heat load.
Fig. 25. Diurnal fluctuations of distillate at various depths of water (Sathyamurthy et al., 2014a).
Fig. 26. The fresh water production (a) with PCM and (b) without PCM (Sathyamurthy et al., 2013).
Fig. 27. Experimental setup of TrPSS (Sathyamurthy et al., 2014).
3.3. V-type SS found the fair agreement among experimental and theoretical re-
sults. The authors concluded that receiving of solar irradiation does
Kumar et al. (Kumar et al., 2008) have studied the V-type SS not rely on absorber area; structural variation of wick/m2 is not
with floating charcoal absorber over the saline water in M.S. basin much more important and the plain wick with drip system was
and with and without the boosting mirror. The yield increases with found more efficient in wick-type SS. As shown in Fig. 22 (a),
boosting mirror, but overall efficiency reduces due to increase in Suneesh et al. (Suneesh et al., 2016) evaluated V-type SS with
loss and condensate could be easily collected because of collection cotton gauze to resolve problem of unequal distribution of water
at centre. Suneesh et al. (Suneesh et al., 2013) have investigated over the glass cover and the effective temperature distribution over
theoretically and experimentally the performance of V-type SS glass cover was obtained. The lesser amount of water was sufficient
(integrated with drip system) with plain and corrugated wick and for cooling of glass cover and the flowing water from glass cover
Fig. 28. The schematic diagram of TrPSS with glass cover cooling (Nagarajan et al., 2017).
Fig. 29. Schematic diagram of TrPSS integrated with inclined SS with baffles (Naveen Kumar et al., 2017).
Fig. 30. Schematic diagram of three SqPSS with different glass cover angle (Kabeel et al., 2016).
Fig. 31. Variation in yield for SqPSS (a) without and (b) with insulation (Muthu Manokar et al., 2019).
was gathered and supplied into hot water reservoir. The hot water
from reservoir was dripped over the wick absorber using drip valve
and the hot water from wick absorber was again supplied to the hot
water reservoir as shown in Fig. 22 (b). The system was investigated
for regenerative effect with and without cotton gauze. The higher
operating temperature was obtained as the system starts-up
quickly because of regenerative effect and low thermal inertia of
wick absorber. As a result, more distillate output was obtained than
the conventional SS and the distillate output was obtained in night
duration because the water in reservoir was sufficiently warm
during night duration too.
Suneesh et al. (Suneesh et al., 2017) have evaluated the V-type
SS in which basin was partially and fully covered by wick. The effect
of cover angle has been investigated and found that maximum yield
occurs for partially covered basin by wick and at an optimum cover
angle of 25 .
Fig. 33. The schematic layout of concave wick SqPSS (Kabeel, 2009).
3.4. TrSS
Rubio-Cerda et al. (Rubio-Cerda et al., 2002) have examined the
Fig. 32. Schematic representation of SqPSS with reflector (Arunkumar et al., 2010).
Fig. 34. Schematic layout of modified SqPSS with PCM and v-corrugated absorber (Kabeel et al., 2017).
Fig. 35. Schematic layout of SqPSS with SSPCM (Cheng et al., 2019).
Fig. 36. Photographic view of modified and traditional SqPSS (Kabeel and Abdelgaied, 2020).
Fig. 37. (a) Experimental setup, (b) thermo-economic performance achieved from different systems (Sharshir et al., 2020).
shows the diurnal fluctuations of distillate at various depths of

water. The authors have concluded that condensing area is higher
than evaporative area in TrPSS that affect the fresh water produc-
tion and the distillate increases with increment in wind velocity.
Sathyamurthy et al. (Sathyamurthy et al., 2013) have investi-
gated the impact of use of 10 mm thickness of PCM at beneath of
TrPSS basin on productivity and achieved 20% enhancement in
productivity with PCM as shown in Fig. 26. Sathyamurthy et al.
(Sathyamurthy et al., 2014) have evaluated the performance of
TrPSS with and without latent ESM under the humid and hot
environment of Chennai, India. Fig. 27 shows the experimental
setup of TrPSS. The paraffin wax was utilized as latent ESM due to
its feasible general and economic properties and concluded that the
better latent heat of fusion, the higher specific heat capacity and
thermal conductivity of paraffin wax improves the productivity.
Nagarajan et al. (Nagarajan et al., 2017) have analyzed the effect
of air flow over the outer stratum of glass cover of TrPSS to improve
the distillate yield. Fig. 28 illustrates the schematic diagram of
TrPSS with cover cooling. With increment in air velocity over glass
Fig. 38. The schematic diagram of active SS (Kianifar et al., 2012). cover and reduction in water mass, an increment in distillate yield
was observed.
Kabeel et al. (Kabeel et al., 2019) have developed the TrPSS
influence of condensing covers orientation (NortheSouth and coated with 0.1% TiO2 nanoparticles doped in black paint on basin
EasteWest) experimentally for the TrSS. Fig. 23 shows the main to analyze the influence of water depth. TiO2 nanoparticles mixed
characteristics of experimental SS. The proposed model of Dunkle’s with black paint act as sensible ESM. The distillate yield was
procedure was extended to estimate the productivity for the covers increased by 6.1% than that of the conventional TrPSS.
orientation of SS as a function of temperature and area of SS. The Naveen Kumar et al. (Naveen Kumar et al., 2017) have pre-
closeness found between predicted and experimental outcomes for sented the theoretical analysis for TrPSS integrated with inclined SS
the cases studied. The higher variation was obtained for condenser (with the baffles on absorber plate) as shown in Fig. 29. The
temperature and the higher productivity was observed for SS with different mass of water from 20 kg to 100 kg was used for com-
glass cover oriented towards East-West direction. parison of performance. The performance of TrPSS relies on water
Terasaki et al. (Terasaki et al., 2016) designed and built TrSS mass in basin and the distillate output from TrPSS was enhanced by
with locally available materials in Parbayarjhapa village, located integrating with inclined SS with the baffles.
70 km south of Khulna. Fig. 24 shows the (a) schematic view and (b) Kumar et al. (Kumar et al., 2017) have experimentally analyzed
production mechanism of TrSS. Based on market survey in Khulna the influence of water flow rate and depth of water on performance
for the price of local materials, fabrication cost of TrSS and the of TrPSS coupled with inclined SS. The constant water flow rate has
water production cost (WPC) were calculated. Initially WPC per been maintained in inclined SS and outlet water from the inclined
liter was 3.1 BDT/L that reduced sharply in first three seasons and SS was supplied to TrPSS. The saline water temperature and
afterwards got stable to 0.82 BDT/L, which was lesser than the cost distillate output increased significantly at minimum 2 cm water
of potable water for residential consumers (z1 BDT/L). depth when pre-heated feed water from inclined SS was supplied
to TrPSS.
3.5. TrPSS
3.6. SqPSS
Sathyamurthy et al. (Sathyamurthy et al., 2014a) have exam-
ined the influence of water depth on performance of TrPSS. Fig. 25 Kabeel et al. (Kabeel et al., 2016) have experimentally analyzed
Fig. 39. SqPSS (a) with fan (b) without fan (Taamneh and Taamneh, 2012).
Fig. 40. (a) Photograph of second set of experiment (Modi and Nayi, 2020), (b) The results of three sets of experiments (Modi and Nayi, 2020).
Fig. 41. 3D illustration of experimental setup (Senthil Rajan et al., 2016).
Fig. 42. Photograph of experimental setup (Sharshir et al., 2019).
the influence of variation of glass cover angle on performance of 3.5 cm) for the SqPSS with 4 mm thermocol as insulation and
SqPSS. As shown in Fig. 30, 30.47, 40 and 50 were selected as a without insulation. The acrylic material was used as condensing
cover angle for experimental work. The productivity of SqPSS de- surface that has 2% higher transmissivity than normal glass. The
creases with increase in cover angle beyond latitude angle. El- variation in yield for SqPSS with and without insulation has been
Sebaii and Khallaf (El-Sebaii and Khallaf, 2020) have developed shown in Fig. 31. The efficiency of 28.50% and 26.17% was obtained
the mathematical model to examine the influence of variation of at 1 cm with and without insulation.
glass cover angle (10 to 60 ) on thermal performance of SqPSS. The Arunkumar et al. (Arunkumar et al., 2010) have examined
productivity increases with decrease in water depth and top loss experimentally the performance of SqPSS with and without the
increases with decrease in cover angle. With increase in cover reflector. As shown in Fig. 32, reflector was used to enhance the
angle, productivity increases and decreases for winter and summer solar irradiation received by SS. The 15% average efficiency of SqPSS
season respectively. was obtained with reflector.
Muthu Manokar et al. (Muthu Manokar et al., 2019) have As shown in Fig. 33, Kabeel (Kabeel, 2009) has proposed the
analyzed the influence of various depths of water (1, 2, 3, and concave wick surface absorber and pyramid shape glass cover to
Table 1
Summary of DSSBSS.
Author(s) Location Specification of Augmentation Method/ Maximum Occurrence with/Remarks

(Latitude, Longitude) Use of/Type of work productivity (l/
Basin Glass cover
m2/d) or
Area (m2) Thickness (mm) Angle Thickness Efficiency (%)
Material (mm)
Tarawneh (Tarawneh, 1 3 40 4 Cover cooling 6.693 With 0.5 cm depth

2007) Al Brackish water depth Yield increase with decrease in water depth
Karak, Jordan (0.5 cm, 2 cm, 3 cm, and 4
(31 00 N,36 00 E) cm)
Rajamanickam and 1 18 gauge 11 3 0.01m, 0.025m, 0.05m 3.07 With 0.01 m depth.
Ragupathy Galvanized Iron and 0.075m water depth.
(Rajamanickam and Sheet (G.I.S.)
Ragupathy, 2012)
Tamil Nadu, India
(13 50 N,80 170 E)
Kamal (Kamal, 1988) 1.5 G.I.S. 5 _ Cover angle 5.9 With 12.5 cover angle, 2 cm depth and East-
Qatar, Doha (25 170 7.5 Saline water depth west orientation.
N,51 320 E) 10 Orientation (East-West
12.5 and North-South
15 direction).
20
Palacio and Fernandez 40 1.60 _ 24 _ Numerical analysis _ The losses from SS can be reduced for the vertex
(Palacio and Fernandez, height higher than 0.3 m.
1993)
Mexico (19 260 N,99 80 W)
Akash et al. (Akash et al., 3 G.I.S. 15 4 Variation in cover angle _ 35 as an optimum tilt angle.
2000) 25 and water depth.
Amman, Jordan 35
(31 560 N,35 560 E) 45
55
Dubey and Mishra 2 F.R.P. 15 4 Cover angle. 4.29 At cover inclination of 30
(Dubey and Mishra, 30
2019) 45
Guna, India
(24 390 N,77 190 E)
Akash et al. (Akash et al., 3 4 25 4 Dyes, ink, and rubber 3.8 With black dye
1998) G.I.S. mat
Amman, Jordan
(31 560 N,35 560 E)
Murugavel et al. 2.08 0.84 M.S. 30 4 Sensible ESMs. 3.66 With 3/400 quartzite rock
(Murugavel et al.,
2010)
Kovilpatti, Tamil Nadu,
India (9 110 N,77 520 E)
Ali et al. (Ali et al., 2011) 1 e 15 _ GAC 1.433 0.1m water depth and GAC store the heat
Chennai, India Water depths (0.1m and energy and work as photo catalyst
0 0
(13 5 N,80 17 E) 0.3m)
Singh et al. (Singh et al., 4.2 Various building 20 3.5 Different basin material. 7.595 With vermiculite cement
2019) materials
Jodhpur, India,
(26 180 N,73 040 E)
Rajamanickam et al. 1.25 0.8 G.I.S. 20 4 Charcoal as ESM 4.5 The higher productivity with charcoal placed in
(Rajamanickam et al., vertical cylinder in SS.
2020)
Annamalai Nagar, India
11.23 N,79.42 E
Sadhana et al. (Sadhana 0.72 G.I.S. 26 5 Fins. _ 17% and 20% higher productivity during day
et al., 2015) time and night time than conventional DSSBSS
Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh,
India
(25 270 N,81 510 E)
Jani and Modi (Jani and 0.3 0.6 2 20 4 Hollow circular and 1.4917 Hollow circular fin at 10 mm achieved yield
Modi, 2019) G.I.S. square section fins. 54.22% higher than SS with square fin.
Valsad, Gujarat, India
(20.61 N,72.91 E).
Sahota and Tiwari 2 F.R.P. 30 4 Variation in 2.744 Higher yield with 0.012% concentration of Al2O3
(Sahota and Tiwari, concentration in in brackish water of 35 kg.
2016) nanoparticles. Productivity increases with increase in
New Delhi, India concentration
(28 350 N,77 120 E)
Sahota and Tiwari 2 Glass Reinforced 30 4 Different nanoparticles 50.34% With Al2O3 nanoparticle
(Sahota and Tiwari, Plastic (G.R.P.)
2016b)
(continued on next page)
Table 1 (continued )
Author(s) Location Specification of Augmentation Method/ Maximum Occurrence with/Remarks

(Latitude, Longitude) Use of/Type of work productivity (l/
Basin Glass cover
m2/d) or
Area (m2) Thickness (mm) Angle Thickness Efficiency (%)
Material (mm)
New Delhi, India

(28 350 N,77 120 E)
Modi et al. (Modi et al., 0.3 0.6 2 20 4 Nanoparticles 27.27% With 0.1% CuO nanoparticle at 20 mm depth for
2020) G.I.S. Brackish water depth NortheSouth orientation.
Valsad, Gujarat, India (10, 20 and 30 mm)
20.61 N,72.91 E
Kantesh (Kantesh, 2012) 0.54 Tin 23 3 PCM 27% With PCM distilled water increased by 1.96% at
NMAMIT energy park, Saline water depth of 2, 4 2 cm depth of water and by 2% at 1.5 cm.
Karnataka, India and 6 cm.
(130100 N,740560 E)
Shukla and Sorayan 1 F.R.P. 10 _ Multi-wick. _ Due to lesser reflection losses in summer,
(Shukla and Sorayan, double slope multi-wick SS have higher
2005) efficiency.
Delhi, India
(28 400 N,77 130 E)
Kalidasa Murugavel et al. 2.08 0.84 7.5 30 4 WMs. _ The black light cotton cloth as WM proved more
(Kalidasa Murugavel M.S. Porous materials. efficacious.
et al., 2008)
India (9 110 N,77 520 E)
Kalidasa Murugavel et al. 2.08 0.84 7.5 30 4 Fin covered with WM. 3.58 The lengthwise arrangement of rectangular Al
(Kalidasa Murugavel M.S. fin covered with cotton cloth was more
and Srithar, 2011) efficacious.
India (9 110 N,77 520 E)
Pal et al. (Pal et al., 2018) 2 5 15 4 Wall material 4.051 and 3.521 Theoretically and experimentally.
Allahabad, U.P, India F.R.P. Vertically hanging WM
(25 270 N,81 440 E) length.
Shanmugan and 0.96 0.50 _ _ _ Varying the insulating 4 With 5 cm insulation thickness of thermocol.
Saminathan material depth below the
(Shanmugan and tilted-wick portion.
Saminathan, 2013)
Chennai, India
(13 50 N,80 170 E)
Sharma and Sachan 1 G.I.S. 29 5 Stepped-tray basin 25.3% The inclusion of stepped-tray reduces the
(Sharma and Sachan, distance among water stratum and glass cover
2019) that result in higher water temperature.
Amroha, India
(28 900 N,78 270 E)
Eldalil (Eldalil, 2010) 2.064 Coated Steel 30 4 Vibratory harmonic 5.8 With flexible packed media as absorbing media
Saudi Arabia Sheets effect. Vibration breaks boundary layer and surface
(21.5 N,44 E) tension.
Ayoub and Malaeb 0.67 1.5 18 thick _ _ Rotating cylinder. 2.5 to 2 Slowly rotating hollow cylinder.
(Ayoub and Malaeb, plywood coated
2014) with black
Beirut, Lebanon (33 520 fiberglass
N,35 300 E)
Boukar and Harmim 1.037 Resin and fiber 10 4 SFPC 8.07 Integration of SS with SFPC yielded higher
(Boukar and Harmim, glass productivity at all basin water depths.
2001)
Adrar, lgeria Saharan site.
(27 540 N,0 170 W)
Dwivedi and Tiwari 2 G.R.P. 15 4 SFPC 2.791 Thermal efficiency is lower and exergy
(Dwivedi and Tiwari, efficiency is higher for active SS than passive SS.
2010)
Ghaziabad, (U.P), India
(28 400 N,77 250 E)
Morad et al. (Morad et al., 1.19 3 25 3,4,5 SFPC and glass cover 10.06 With cover cooling flash tactic 5 min off and 5
2015) G.I.S. cooling. min. on.
Zagazig University, Egypt
(27 00 N,30 00 E)
Sahota et al. (Sahota 2 _ 30 _ NPs TFPC _ CuO nanofluid resulted in higher productivity
et al., 2018) Variation in for hybrid SS.
New Delhi, India concentration of Al2O3 nanofluid resulted in higher productivity
(28 350 N,77 120 E) different nanoparticles for passive DSSBSS.
Hassan et al. (Hassan 1.5 1.5 26.5 4 TPTC 10.93 Yield increases with wire mesh and sand.
et al., 2019) G.I.S.
Sohag, Egypt
(27 00 N,30 00 E)
Rahbar et al. (Rahbar 0.4 0.6 6 35 6 Thermo-electric 2.5 Integrating thermo-electric modules as water
et al., 2017) Plexiglas sheet modules. heater with DSSBSS.
Semnan, Iran
(35 330 N,53 230 E)
Table 2
Summary of DSDBSS.
Author(s) Location (Latitude, Specification of Augmentation Maximum Occurrence with/Remarks

Longitude) Method/Use of/ productivity (l/m2/d)
Basin Glass cover
Type of work or Efficiency (%)
Area Thickness Angle Thickness
(m2) (mm) (mm)
Material
Kumar et al. (Kumar et al., 1991) 2 _ _ _ Varying water _ The utilization of latent heat (liberated from
New Delhi, India (28 350 N,77 120 E) depth in basin. lower basin) in upper basin of DSDBSS
enhances the efficiency.
Rajaseenivasan and Kalidasa 1 1.4 30 4 Water depth 2 cm 58.16% At 2 cm depth.
Murugavel (Rajaseenivasan and M.S. and 6 cm.
Kalidasa Murugavel, 2013)
Kovilpatti, Tamil Nadu, India
(9 110 N,77 520 E)
Rajaseenivasan et al. (Rajaseenivasan 0.9 0.7 1.4 30 4 Porous material, 3.580 With M.S. pieces
et al., 2013) Kovilpatti, Tamil Nadu, M.S. WMs and ESM
India (9 110 N,77 520 E)
Rajaseenivasan et al. (Rajaseenivasan 0.9 0.7 1.4 30 4 ESM 62.89% With M.S. pieces
et al., 2015) M.S. WMs
India (9 110 N,77 520 E)
Singh and Tiwari (Singh and Tiwari, _ F.R.P. _ _ Dual effect multi- _ Overall thermal efficiency reduces with
1992) wick SS. increment in mass flow rate.
New Delhi, India (28 350 N,77 120 E)
Modi and Shukla (Modi and Shukla, 0.6 0.3 1.6 20 4 Hybrid SS 26.19% 1417.22 ml/m2 water desorption rate from
2018) G.I.S. Nanoparticles weak CaCl2
Valsad, Gujarat, India Regeneration of LD Concentration of LD increases to 3.82%
(20.61 N,72.91 E). (CaCl2)
Shukla and Modi (Shukla and Modi, 0.6 0.3 1.6 20 4 Hybrid SS 19.20% 1357.78 ml/m2 water desorption rate from
2019) G.I.S Nanoparticles weak MgCl2
Valsad, Gujarat, India Regeneration of LD Concentration of LD increases to 2.97%
(20.61 N,72.91 E). (MgCl2)
Table 3
Summary of V-type SS.
Author(s) Location Specification of Augmentation Method/Use Maximum productivity Occurrence with/Remarks

(Latitude, of/Type of work (l/m2/d) or Efficiency (%)
Basin Glass cover
Longitude)
Area Thickness Angle Thickness
(m2) (mm) (mm)
Material
Kumar et al. 0.5 0.5 M.S. 22 2 Boosting mirror 3.515 With charcoal and boosting mirror
(Kumar et al., Charcoal float on water Yield increased with boosting mirror, but overall
2008) surface efficiency, reduced due to increase in loss.
Coimbatore, India.
(11 00 N,77 00 E)
Suneesh et al. 2 0.75 _ 0 - 3 Plain and Corrugated wick 2.8 Plain wick with drip system was more effective
(Suneesh et al., 45 integrated with drip system.
2013)
Coimbatore, India.
(11 00 N,77 00 E)
Suneesh et al. 1.5 _ 0 - _ Regenerative effect 68% With cotton gauze, at 20 optimum angle and 200
(Suneesh et al., 25 Glass cover covered with ml/min mass flow rate of through wick absorber.
2016) cotton gauze.
Coimbatore, India. Wick absorber
(11 00 N,77 00 E)
Suneesh et al. 1.5 _ 15 , _ Fully and partially covered 3.64 Basin partially covered by WM at a cover angle of
(Suneesh et al., 20 , basin by WM 25 .
2017) 25 Variation in angle (15 ,
Coimbatore, India. 20 and 25 ).
(11 00 N,77 00 E)
enhance the productivity. The use of concave jute wick absorber the evaporation because of capillary effect that increases the
enhances the evaporation surface area and the absorption of solar distillate output and efficiency of SqPSS and the cost effective too.
irradiation. The pyramid shaped glass cover increases the Kaushal et al. (Kaushal et al., 2017) have examined the influence of
condensation area. The concave shaped wick absorber enhances sponge on performance of SqPSS and compared with the
Table 4
Summary of TrSS.
Author(s) Location Specification of Augmentation Method/Use of/Type of Maximum productivity Occurrence with/Remarks
(Latitude, Longitude) work (l/m2/d) or Efficiency (%)
Basin Glass cover
Area (m2) Thickness Angle Thickness

(mm) (mm)
Material
Rubio-Cerda et al. 3.64 2.42 G.I.S. 45 5 Orientation of glass covers: facing _ Higher yield with glass
(Rubio-Cerda et al., North-South and EasteWest. cover facing towards East-
2002) West.
La Paz, Mexico
(24 100 N,110 180 W)
Terasaki et al. (Terasaki Trough (1.1 long _ _ _ Fabricated from locally available 0.44 kg Low yield with WPC of 0.82
et al., 2016) 0.28 wide 0.07 village materials (bamboo, polyolefin BDT/L.
Parbayarjhapa village, high) film).
Bangladesh
(24 00 N,90 00 E)
Table 5
Summary of TrPSS.
Specification of Augmentation Maximum Occurrence with/Remarks

Author(s) Method/Use of/ productivity (l/
Basin Glass cover 2
Location (Latitude, Longitude) Type of work m /d) or Efficiency
Area Thickness Angle Thickness (%)
(m2) (mm) (mm)
Material
Sathyamurthy et al. 1 _ 13 _ Variation in water 3.510 At 0.02 m depth.

(Sathyamurthy et al., 2014a) depth Condensation area was higher than evaporative area.
0 0
Chennai, India (13 5 N,80 17 E)
Sathyamurthy et al. 1 _ _ _ PCM 5.3 20% increment in productivity with PCM.
(Sathyamurthy et al., 2013)
Chennai, India (13 50 N,80 170 E)
Sathyamurthy et al. 1 _ _ _ LHES 4.5 With paraffin wax.
(Sathyamurthy et al., 2014)
0
Chennai, India (13 5
N,80 170 E)
Nagarajan et al. (Nagarajan 1 _ _ 4 Cover cooling. 4.84 An optimum velocity of 4.2 m/s to obtain maximum yield for
et al., 2017) 20 kg water mass.
Kabeel et al. (Kabeel et al., 0.25 M.S. _ 4 0.1% TiO2 6.6 Nanoparticles act as sensible ESM that increase the
2019) nanoparticle productivity.
Chennai, India (13 50 mixed with black
N,80 170 E) paint.
Naveen Kumar et al. (Naveen _ _ _ _ Inclined SS with 7.0 The yield decreases during daytime with increment in water
Kumar et al., 2017) baffles. mass, whereas yield increases during the night time due to
Tamil Nadu, India. Different water thermal energy stored by higher mass.
(13 50 N,80 170 E) mass
Kumar et al. (Kumar et al., 0.5 M.S. 13 4 TrPSS combined 7.52 At 0.02 m depth.
2017) with Inclined SS
Tamil Nadu, India Varying water
(13 50 N,80 170 E) depth.
conventional SS. The use of sponge enhances the evaporation rate without ESM at 20 mm compared to 30 mm.
and hence 419.42% higher productivity was obtained for SqPSS than Kalaivani and Radhakrishnan (Kalaivani and Radhakrishnan,
the conventional SS. 2012) experimentally analyzed the SqPSS augmented with a pure
Nayi and Modi (Nayi and Modi, 2020) have investigated the wax as PCM. The uniform size of 0.025 mm wax was stored in black
effect of ESM (black granite) at 20 and 30 mm water depth in SqPSS. Al box placed on basin. The heat capacity of SqPSS increases due to
The theoretical model was evolved for SqPSS with and without ESM latent heat of wax, which improves the productivity. As shown in
to study the transient analysis. The experimental outcomes were Fig. 34, Kabeel et al. (Kabeel et al., 2017) have investigated the
compared with theoretical outcomes and fair agreement was influence of PCM and v-corrugated absorber plate on performance
observed. The higher yield was achieved at 30 mm water depth of modified SqPSS. The distillate yield of modified SqPSS with PCM
than 20 mm for SqPSS with black granite. Compared to SqPSS was higher than conventional SqPSS and the cost effective too.
without black granite at 30 mm, 13.96% higher yield was achieved Cheng et al. (Cheng et al., 2019) have examined the performance of
for the SqPSS with black granite. The higher distillate output was SqPSS using SSPCM that has high thermal conductivity and able to
obtained for the still with ESM at 30 mm depth of water than the absorb the higher solar irradiation as shown in Fig. 35. The shape of
20 mm, whereas higher distillate output was obtained for the still SSPCM remains unchanged during the phase change process,
Table 6
Summary of SqPSS.
Specification of Augmentation Method/ Maximum Occurrence with/Remarks

Author(s) Use of/Type of work productivity (l/
Basin Glass cover
Location (Latitude, m2/d) or
Longitude) Area (m2) Thickness Angle Thickness Efficiency (%)
(mm) (mm)
Material
Kabeel et al. (Kabeel 0.64 1.5 30.47 _ Glass cover angle 4.13 Maximum productivity achieved when inclination of
et al., 2016) G.I.S. 40 glass cover angle is equal to latitude angle.
Tanta, Egypt. 50
(30.47 N,31 E)
El-Sebaii and Khallaf 0.5 0.5 _ 10 to _ Variation of glass cover 4.43 Yield decreases and increases with increase in cover
(El-Sebaii and 60 angle angle for summer and winter season respectively.
Khallaf, 2020)
Tanta, Egypt
(30.47 N,31 E)
Muthu Manokar et al. 0.25 G.I.S _ _ Variation in water depth 3.72 Higher transmissivity of Acrylic than glass covers and
(Muthu Manokar Acrylic material as cover use of insulation improve the productivity.
et al., 2019)
Tamil Nadu, India.
(13 50 N,80 170 E)
Arunkumar et al. 0.25 _ 15 4 Reflector 2.9 Reflector enhances the solar irradiation received to
(Arunkumar et al., basin.
2010)
Coimbatore, India
(11 00 N,76 570 E)
Kabeel (Kabeel, 2009) 1.2 1.2 2 45 3 Introduction of WM with 4.1 Concave wick surface and pyramid shaped glass cover
Tanta, Egypt G.I.S. thickness of 5 cm on enhance the productivity by increasing evaporation and
(30.47 N,31 E) concave absorber. condensation, respectively.
Kaushal et al. (Kaushal 0.64 0.5 _ 5 Sponge material 1.480 Sponge enhances the evaporation area and rate
et al., 2017) G.I.S.
Bhopal, India
(23 160 N,77 330 E)
Nayi and Modi (Nayi 0.5 0.5 1.6 20 4 Varying water depth (20 18.69% Higher efficiency of SqPSS with black granite at 30 mm
and Modi, 2020) G.I.S and 30 mm) than 20 mm.
Valsad, Gujarat, India Black granite as TSM
(20.61 N,72.91 E)
Kalaivani and 0.85 0.85 _ _ 3 PCM 1.876 With 0.025 size wax stored in black Al paced in basin.
Radhakrishnan
(Kalaivani and
Radhakrishnan,
2012)
Coimbatore, India.
(11 00 N,77 00 E)
Kabeel et al. (Kabeel 0.64 1.5 30.47 3 V-corrugated absorber 6.73 Integration improved the productivity by 87.4%.
et al., 2017) G.I.S. plate and PCM.
Tanta, Egypt
(30.47 N,31 E)
Cheng et al. (Cheng 0.6 0.6 1 32 3 SSPCM 3.41 SSPCM remains stable even in phase change process,
et al., 2019) Stainless leak-proof, high thermal conductivity and high solar
China, Hefei Steel absorption as compared to paraffin wax.
(117.26 N,31.84 E)
Kabeel and 0.75 0.75 1.5 30.47 3 High thermal 9.19 Graphite absorber plate stores the energy and releases it
Abdelgaied (Kabeel G.I.S. conductivity absorber during off-sun shine hours and the cooling of glass cover
and Abdelgaied, plate (graphite) and glass enhances the condensation rate.
2020) cover cooling
Tanta, Egypt.
(30.47 N,31 E)
Sharshir et al. 0.75 0.75 1.5 30 3 Basin material 5.26 Black coloured copper basin increases heat transfer,
(Sharshir et al., Copper Nanofluid graphite nanoparticle increases surface area, absorption
2020a) of solar radiation, thermal conductivity and heat
Kafrelsheikh city, transfer.
Egypt.
(31.06 N,30.56 E)
Sharshir et al. 0.75 0.75 1.5 30 3 V-corrugated absorber 60.5% V-corrugated absorber enhances the absorption area,
(Sharshir et al., G.I.S. with WM and nanofluid. WM provides capillary effect, and nanoparticles
2020) increases thermal conductivity and absorptivity.
Kafrelsheikh city,
Egypt.
(31.06 N,30.56 E)
Kianifar et al. 0.9 Polyethylene 36 4 Fan installed in basin 3.14 Small fan increases the daily productivity by 15e20%.
(Kianifar et al.,
2012)
Mashhad, Iran
(36 310 N,59 590 E)
(continued on next page)
Table 6 (continued )
Specification of Augmentation Method/ Maximum Occurrence with/Remarks

Author(s) Use of/Type of work productivity (l/
Basin Glass cover 2
Location (Latitude, m /d) or
Longitude) Area (m2) Thickness Angle Thickness Efficiency (%)
(mm) (mm)
Material
Taamneh and 0.95 _ _ 6 Fan for forced convection _ Productivity increased by 25% with fan.
Taamneh (Taamneh
and Taamneh, 2012)
Tafila, Jordan
(30 500 N,35 350 E)
Modi and Nayi (Modi 0.5 0.5 1.6 20 4 Varying depth of water 2.253 With forced evaporation and ESM at 30 mm.
and Nayi, 2020) G.I.S. (20 and 30 mm) ESM stores the heat energy, forced condensation
Valsad, Gujarat, India Black granite as ESM enhances condensation rate, forced evaporation
(20.61 N,72.91 E). Forced condensation enhances condensation and evaporation.
Forced evaporation
Senthil Rajan et al. 0.82 0.81 1.4 30 4 Biomass heat source _ Higher efficiency achieved with continuous flow mode
(Senthil Rajan et al., M.S compared to once flow mode and solar mode.
2016)
Tamil Nadu, India
(13 50 N,80 170 E)
Sharshir et al. 0.75 0.75 1.5 30 4 Vacuum tubes and 4.3 Vacuum tubes accelerate the rate of evaporation and
(Sharshir et al., Steel nanofluids 1.5% concentration CuO nanofluid stores the energy that
2019) increases the productivity.
Kafrelsheikh city,
Egypt.
(31.06 N,30.56 E)
which eliminates the problem of encapsulation and leakage. With without fan (Passive unit) and with fan (active unit) in two seasons
increment in melting temperature of SSPCM, distillate output and at two different depths of water. The higher exergy efficiency
increases. was found for active unit than passive unit during summer whereas
Kabeel and Abdelgaied (Kabeel and Abdelgaied, 2020) have no considerable difference among the exergy efficiency of units was
used the graphite absorber plate and glass cover cooling to enhance found in winter. The exergy efficiency was higher at lower depth of
the productivity of SqPSS as shown in Fig. 36. Graphite absorber water in basin.
plate acts as ESM that stores the energy during the daytime and Taamneh and Taamneh (Taamneh and Taamneh, 2012) have
liberates it during night time, cooling of glass cover enhances the examined experimentally the influence of forced convection on
water vapour condensation rate that ultimately enhance the pro- performance of SqPSS. Fig. 38 shows the SqPSS with forced con-
ductivity. Compared to traditional SqPSS, an improvement of vection (with fan) and free convection (without fan). The daily
97.23e98.93% in daily efficiency was observed and WPC reduced by productivity with forced convection was raised up to 25% than the
13.6% per liter. free convection and the photovoltaic solar panels operated fan was
Sharshir et al. (Sharshir et al., 2020a) have evaluated the per- found cost effective.
formance of SqPSS with graphite nanofluid and the basin made of Modi and Nayi (Modi and Nayi, 2020) have performed three
black painted copper material. The copper basin having high sets of experiment to enhance the performance of SqPSS: (1) SqPSS
thermal conductivity enhances the heat transfer and graphite with and without black granite as ESM at depth of water of 20 and
nanofluid increases the surface area, solar irradiation absorption, 30 mm; (2) SqPSS with the forced evaporation and forced
thermal conductivity and heat transfer. The yield of 5.26 L/m2 was condensation with black granite at 30 mm; and (3) SqPSS with
obtained. For the prediction of thermal performance of SqPSS, black granite and forced evaporation and without augmentation at
modified random vector functional link tunned with firefly algo- 30 mm. In forced condensation, 6 kg/h water flow rate was main-
rithm was studied and concluded that model saves the finance, tained at outer stratum of glass cover oriented towards north. In
time and efforts. Sharshir et al. (Sharshir et al., 2020) have devel- forced evaporation, fan was installed inside of SqPSS that provides
oped the three different systems to enhance productivity of motion to a mixture of air-water vapour at 3 m/s. Fig. 40 (a) shows
Traditional Pyramid Distiller (TPD): (1) TPD with V-corrugated the experimental setup for second set and (b) shows the results of
absorber called Developed Pyramid Distiller (DPD); (2) DPD with three sets of experiments. The ESM increases heat storage capacity
black WM known as DPDW; and (3) DPDW with CuO nanoparticles of SqPSS, forced condensation enhances the condensation rate and
known as DPDW þ CuO. V-corrugated that absorber increases forced evaporation increases the condensation and evaporation
evaporation area, double layer WM increases the heat transfer co- rate. The SqPSS with the black granite and forced evaporation at
efficient and the nanoparticles increase thermal conductivity and 30 mm was proved most productive configuration.
absorption of solar irradiation. Fig. 37 (a) represents the experi- Senthil Rajan et al. (Senthil Rajan et al., 2016) have examined
mental setup and (b) shows the thermo-economic performance the performance of SqPSS coupled with biomass heat source
achieved from different systems. Compared to TPD, an increment of (boiler) as shown in Fig. 41. The heat from boiler was supplied to
72.95% in productivity, 77.9% in energy efficiency and 93% in exergy brackish water in SS at a constant rate through a heat exchanger
efficiency was obtained for the DPDW þ CuO with lowest cost. (having five numbers of bend with dimensions of 3.5 m length and
Kianifar et al. (Kianifar et al., 2012) have carried out an exergy 2.5 cm diameter). The various latent, sensible and solid ESMs and
analysis of SqPSS coupled with a small fan to increase the evapo- evaporative surface materials were utilized in SqPSS to enhance the
ration rate, as shown in Fig. 39. The experiments were performed temperature of brackish water. The experiments were executed
with biomass heat source for solar heat radiation mode, continuous ➢ Use of concave basin in SS increases the evaporation area and
stream mode and once flow mode. The experimental outcomes the provision of multi-slope to glass cover increases the
were compared with theoretical outcomes obtained using the condensation area.
response surface methodology software. The close relation was ➢ The provision of agitation in SS removes the problem of stag-
found between the theoretical and experimental outcomes. The nation of water and improves the productivity of SS.
biomass heat source with SqPSS found more efficient than con- ➢ The productivity can be improved by utilizing latent heat of
ventional SS. condensation by providing an additional glass cover basin in SS.
Sharshir et al. (Sharshir et al., 2019) have conducted compara- ➢ The productivity can be increased by improving the condensa-
tive study among rectangular basin SS, conventional SqPSS and tion rate by providing thin cotton gauze over glass cover or using
modified SqPSS. The modified SqPSS consists of conventional SqPSS forced condensation (glass cover cooling) by flowing the thin
integrated with vacuum tubes (5 tube having 5.8 cm diameter and layer of water.
180 cm length) and the brackish water mixed with 1.5% w/w con- ➢ The productivity can be increased by provision of fan (forced
centration of CuO and carbon black nanoparticles as shown in evaporation) inside the SS that enhances the evaporation rate
Fig. 42. The vacuum tubes improve the evaporation rate and the and condensation rate.
sensible heat was stored by nanoparticles. The modified SqPSS with ➢ The long axis double slope SS should be oriented towards East-
carbon black naoparticles and vacuum tubes proved the most West direction to gain the higher solar irradiation for the higher
efficient configuration with 57.09% enhancement in yield and effi- latitude locations.
ciency of 64.5%. ➢ The productivity of V-type SS can be improved by providing the
optimum inclination to glass cover and with partially covered
basin by WM. The quick starts-up or yield can be obtained from
4. Summary
V-type SS with regenerative effect that provide the higher
operating temperature.
This section presents the brief summary of various MSGCSS that
➢ In TrPSS, production rate is more consistent for the glass cover
have been reviewed in section 3. The summary includes details
facing North-South direction compared to East-West direction.
such as basin specifications, coordinates of location, cover details,
➢ The integration of SFPC, TPTC, thermo-electric module, biomass
augmentation method, maximum yield-efficiency and remarks.
heat source and vacuum tube with SS improves the production
of potable water and efficiency.
5. Conclusion
In review, authors have discussed the techniques that enhance

the performance of MSGCSS. The summary of the literature review
5.1. Recommendations for the future work
on the various MSGCSS has been presented in Tables 1e6. The
provision of multi-slope to glazing glass cover in SS enhances the
The prime objective of the study is to analyze the various
condensation area that improves the condensation rate. The
enhancement techniques to improve the productivity of multi-
important findings from literature review are as below,
slope SS. From the augmentation point of view, productivity can
be improved by proper combination of design and operational
➢ For the SSs, maximum distillate output can be obtained when
parameter. In this context, the following recommendations for the
angle of glass cover should be equal to or nearly equal to location
future work would be helpful for improvement in performance of
latitude.
SS,
➢ With and without augmentation in SS, minimum water depth in
basin must be preferred to achieve higher productivity from SS.
➢ Need to optimize the thickness of a glass cover, basin material,
➢ Use of reflectors boost up the solar irradiation received by SS
insulation, WM, ESM etc. for the optimization of performance of
that improve the productivity of SS by enhancing evaporation
SS.
rate.
➢ For the optimization of SS performance, by developing an
➢ Use of low cost ESM improves the heat capacity of SS that im-
appropriate mathematical model and solving numerically using
proves the performance of SS and able to produce the yield in
software can save the time and cost.
off-shine duration.
➢ The effectiveness of SS basin can be improved by using the
➢ Use of nanoparticles acts as sensible ESM that accumulates the
stepped basin, using transparent glass as material and using
energy during the daytime and discharges it at night time.
vertical wick in combination with various ESMs.
Further, nanoparticles improve the thermo-physical properties
➢ Adjustable reflector can be used for improvement in solar irra-
such as thermal conductivity and heat transfer rate etc. in SS.
diation received by multi slope SS or can be placed at inner wall
➢ Al2O3 nanoparticles are most appropriate nanoparticles from
of basin.
the point of view of economic and thermo-physical properties to
➢ The multi-slope SS with various enhancement techniques such
enhance the output of SS.
as integration with collector, use of ESM, nanoparticles, PCM,
➢ Productivity of SS can be improved by coating the absorber plate
use of waste hot water from industries, with use of other
with a mixture of nanoparticle and black paint.
renewable energy sources like wind or geothermal should be
➢ PCM and ESM can increase the productivity even with higher
explored to enhance the productivity of SS.
water depth.
➢ Use of fin in SS increases the absorption area for solar energy
and transfers the uniform heat transfer along the depth of
brackish water from absorber plate. Declaration of competing interest
➢ The use of WM acts as porous medium that increases the
exposed area for brackish water which results in enhanced The authors declare that they have no known competing
evaporation rate due to capillary effect in SS. The black cotton financial interests or personal relationships that could have
cloth as spread WM proved the most productive. appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
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Journal of Cleaner Production 268 (2020) 122260

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Journal of Cleaner Production

Techniques to improve the performance of enhanced condensation

Declaration of competing interest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

Fig. 2. Main components of SS.

Fig. 4. Energy ﬂow diagram for DSSBSS (Kamal, 1988).

Fig. 15. Double-acting SS combined with TPTC (Hassan et al., 2019).

Fig. 19. Photograph of DSSBSS and DSDBSS (Rajaseenivasan et al., 2015).

transfer by providing forced vibration, which excites the ﬂexible achieved.

(TFPC) and operated with helically coiled heat exchanger. The

Fig. 23. Main characteristics of experimental SS (Rubio-Cerda et al., 2002).

3.2. DSDBSS day, efﬁciency of 62.89% and exergy efﬁciency of 2.072%.

Fig. 27. Experimental setup of TrPSS (Sathyamurthy et al., 2014).

Rubio-Cerda et al. (Rubio-Cerda et al., 2002) have examined the

shows the diurnal ﬂuctuations of distillate at various depths of

Fig. 41. 3D illustration of experimental setup (Senthil Rajan et al., 2016).

Fig. 42. Photograph of experimental setup (Sharshir et al., 2019).

Author(s) Location Speciﬁcation of Augmentation Method/ Maximum Occurrence with/Remarks

Tarawneh (Tarawneh, 1 3 40 4 Cover cooling 6.693 With 0.5 cm depth

Author(s) Location Speciﬁcation of Augmentation Method/ Maximum Occurrence with/Remarks

New Delhi, India

Author(s) Location (Latitude, Speciﬁcation of Augmentation Maximum Occurrence with/Remarks

Author(s) Location Speciﬁcation of Augmentation Method/Use Maximum productivity Occurrence with/Remarks

Area (m2) Thickness Angle Thickness

Speciﬁcation of Augmentation Maximum Occurrence with/Remarks

Sathyamurthy et al. 1 _ 13 _ Variation in water 3.510 At 0.02 m depth.

Speciﬁcation of Augmentation Method/ Maximum Occurrence with/Remarks

Speciﬁcation of Augmentation Method/ Maximum Occurrence with/Remarks

In review, authors have discussed the techniques that enhance

References medium. J. Clean. Prod. 161, 881e887. https://doi.org/10.1016/

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