REFERENCE DOCUMENT SUMMARY

REFERENCE DOCUMENT ONLY
DOCUMENT DE REFERENCE SEULEMENT
REPORT OF RAMO - ATLANTIC MppE"ND"»)t f\ .
On 1.2th December 1985, approximately W7:45 AST:
Notified of crash of Arrow Air aircraft DC-S N950JW at Gander.

Left Moncton shortly after 9:10 am with Inspector H. McConnell in
B-98. Arrived over crash site approximately 2 hrs later (11:30
N S T ) , circled areB for photos.
From the air it was obvious that there was almost total
destruction of the aircraft.
After landing the site was visited and massive destruction was
confirmed. Fire fighters were still spraying "hot spots". Many
bodies were observed along the crash path, becoming more numerous
from first terrain contact to end of crash path, where there was
a pile of bodies in a grotesque mass. All bodies appeared to
have sustained some degree of burning.
The site was being gridded with tapes and a survey began. Bodies
were being tagged by the RCMP. They also photographed bodies
before moving them from the site to a temporary morgue in hangar
2:1 which was unheated.
Removal of bodies continued until midn-ight of the 12th. The

province of Nfld had appointed Dr. A.E. Shapter, Gander District
Hospital Board Medical Director as Chief Co-ordinator of Health
Services for the investigation. He in turn had assembled a team
of pathologists as follows:
Dr. Chas Hutton as acting chief forensic pathologist.
Dr. Herman Alinsangan (local hospital)
Dr. S. Mandavia (Grand Falls Hospital)
Dr. Shap-ter had begun to assemble a temporary autopsy room in a

hangar adjacent to hangar 21.
The U.S. Armed Forces had sent in a team of 3 pathologists from

there Institude of Pathology, headed by Col/Dr. R. McMeekin. with
L/Col's Gormley and Cherry Gaffney.
During the morning of the 13th Dec, the Canadian Medical team,
myself, as Chairman Human Factors, Dr. David El combe CAMU
director. Dr. Stephen Blizzard, C.A.M. Hq's and the Nfld medical
representatives began to discuss the logistics of autopsies. It
was soon realised that we needed more qualified pathology
manpower, x-ray equipment, esp panore;: facitlties. We discussed
our options and it was agreed that the her,t appeared to lie that
me accept an offer from the American Armed Forces Institute of
Pathology, to transfer all remains to their facilities in Dover,
Delaware, where they arw well prepare-..! tor such undertakings.
:
t ;,ias also felt that such a move would dllf.'VMte ;-.ome of- the
pressure from Canadian authorities* but we must maintain full
control of this aspect of the inves 11 ya :. i • >-,.
Tne plan was approved by Peter Boay, lfi<_- invest igator~in--charge

and Superintendent I. Furey, R.C.M.P.
At this point the Americans were brouyM into the discussion and
che plan presented to the Nfld Department nt Justice and then the
r'prteral Department of Justice. Their -pp.-oval was obtained and a
iiiHrno of agreement signed on the 14th Dp*i;'•>ml"•<••?r .
In the meantime bodies were being moved to the temporary morgue

while identification was being undertaken by the RCMP. By the
end of the day all identifiable human remains had been recovered.
toon after the signing of the Memo of A*-vre<--mc?nt Dr. Elcombe

departed Gander, planning to be in Dovt ior the arrival of
remains at that facility where he will ta-^> over responsibility
for the autopsies and toxicology for CASB.
By 10:00 am NST, 15th December, the RCMP had finished inspection

of 1.20 bodies and felt that they had accomplished approximately
7Q)V. identities through "dog tags" and/or personal effects.
Finger printing will be carried out in DOVPI* because the bodies
arm still frozen, making this procedure unsatisfactory at this
stage.
They report that 251 bodies are reasonably complete, leaving 5

that Am severly fragmented. It is also felt that the Captain's
body has been identified (Capt. Griffin).
The RCMP finished their ident. work at 10 pm and feel that they
have fairly good ident. on 807. of the remains.
Shortly after 13:00 hrs NST on the 16th Dec the first aircraft-
departed for Dover carrying 20 bodies.
Dr. Hutton is also on his way to Dover and Dr. Elcombe has
arrived there also.
X*
Human Factors Group Members and Associated
Personnel Present at the Gander Accident Site:
Human Factors
Dr. Reynolds Regional Aviation Medical Officer,

Atlantic Region,
Health and Welfare Canada
Dr. Elcombe Chief, Civil Aviation Medical Unit,

Dr. Blizzard Safety Officer, Civil Aviation Medicine

Other Officials
(Non-CASB)
Dr. Robert McMeekin Col. Med. Corp US, Director, Armed

Forces Institute of Pathology
Dr. William T. Gormley Lieut. Col. USAF, Pathologist, Armed

Dr. Cherry Gaffney Lieut. Col. USAF, Pathologist, Armed
Dr. S. Mandavia Pathologist, Central Newfoundland
Hospital, Grand Falls
A.E. Shapter Medical Director
James Paton Memorial Board
and Chief Co-ordinator,
Medical Services
Charles Hutton Province of Newfoundland

Forensic Pathologist
Dr. Herman Alin Sangan Pathologist,
James Paton Memorial Hospital
.01-14-1966 AT 00t05 P«l
RCD. NORTHINGS EASTINGS ELEV ITEM DESCRIPTION
9 5419967.867 499101.834 3a. 2 BODY -C-22 SENT BY

6 S413983. 276 409172.810 46.3 BODY A-l,A-2
7 3419962. 653 409164.913 44.3 BODY A-10 FACSIMILF
8 5419974.117 409173.291 44.3 BODY A-11.A-12.A-13, A-14
9 5419973.339 409169. 397 44.8
10 5413972.238 409167.380 44. 1
11 5419969.774 409169.321 43.8
BODY
BODY
BODY
A-13
A-16,0-17
A-18,A-19. A-20
x*\
12 5419967.603 409160.964 43.0 BODY A-21,A~22. A-23,A-24,0-25
-^t3 5419975.748 409164.386 49. 1 BODY 0-26,0-27
14 3419970. 879 409199.000 43.0 BODY A-28,A-£9, A-30
15 5419979.272 409167. 048 49.4 BODY fl-3
16 5419970.096 409166.946 44.9 BODY 0-4,A-3
17 3419979.400 409169.963. 49.4 BODY A-6,A-7 /
0
10 5419941.632 409109.670 36.6 BODY A-64
19 5419941.S93 409114.598 37.2 BODY 0-65 V
20 5419982.000 409173.261 49.9 BODY A-8,A-9.A-10
21 5419960.032 409160.412 43.4 BODY B-l.B-2
22 5419940.419 409144. 460 40.7 BODY B-10
23 9419958.222 409139.903 42.3 •OOY B-ll
24 5419941.900 409133. 199 38.8 BODY B-12,B-13
29 5419939.608 409139.320 39.9 •OOY B-14
26 3419940. 130 409119.199 36.9 BODY 0-13,0-26
27 9419934.323 409117.009 36.1 BODY •-14
28 5419968.998 409197.096 44.1 BODY B-3
>r
29 5419962.064 409140.131 42.7 BOOY 1-4
30 3419962.392 409190.266 42.7 BODY B-5
31 5419338.917 409191.849 42. 1 BODY B-6
32 5419^55.037 409152.033 41.7 BODY B-7
33 5419951.324 409143.1S4 40.3 BODY B-8,B-9
34 5420062.333 409212.660 60.1 BODY BODY 834
35 9420022.762 409204.227 97.3 BODY C-t,C-2,C-3
36 5419960.009 409118.391 39.9 BODY C-13,C-14 1
37 9419992.722 409117.772 36.9 BOOY C-17 TO C-22
38 5419937.477 409122.260 37.9 BOOY C-23,C-24
39 5419938.480 409127.278 37.0 BOOY C-23,C-26
40 3419938.824 409133.516 36.9 BOOY C-27
41* 3419935.456 409131.067 38.9 BODY C-26,C-29
42 3419939.637 409096. 445 36.5 BODY C-30,C-3l,C-32, C-33 ,•>"''
43 5419942.390 409092.993 30.9 BODY C-34,C-33
44 5419956.243 409089.296 36.9 BOOY C-26
45 9419960.474 409099.339 37.4 BOOY C-37,C-36
46 5419997.913 409101.076 37.6 BOOY C-39
47 9420032.866 409197.431 36.9 BODY C-4
40 9419992.604 409101.892 37.7 BOOY C-40
49 9420033.399 409192.10* 97.4 •OOY C-9
90 9420046. 739 409200.067 94.6 BOOY C-4
^ 9 4 9419992.020 409129.361 39.1 •OOY C-7
31 9419998.077 409180.726 39.7 BOOY c-a,c-9,c-io,c«-U,C-12
•
93 9419979.299 409141.969 43.9 •00V 0-1
94 5419974.637 409124.899 41.8 •OOY 0-10,0-11,0-12
99 9419970.909 499122.244 49.7 BODY 0-13 '-
56 9419973.079 409110.901 40.9 BOOY 0-14
97 9419903.071 409136.014 42.3 BOOY D-13
VC'L. NORTHINGS EASTINGS ELEV ITEM DESCRIPTION
36 84199*3. I t S 4091£7.6i7
41.0 BODY D-16
59 S4i99te.eta 4 * 9 l t t . i t a
49. t BODY D-17,0-25
60 541*998.463 409119.111
39.6 BODY D - 1 6 t D - l »
SENT BY
61 5419978.49ft 409139.061
43.1 BODY D-ft FACSIMILE
t£ 5419971. £60-409113.37ft
39. ft BODY D-£9, D-21, D-£&» D~£3
63 8419966.667 499113.77ft
39.6 BODY D-E4
64 5419946; 69ft 469116.631
37.7 BODY D-06, D-E7 +fV\
BODY D - * 9 , D - 3 9 , D - 3 1 , D-38
68 8419946.908 409113.131
37.9
66 8419979.409 49913*. 831
40.0 BODY D-3
67 5419951.408 499114.049
Oft. ft BODY 0 - 3 3 , 0 - 3 4 . 0 - 3 5 •
66 5419983.405 409110.999
30.4 BODY 0-36,D-37
69 8419945.937 409100.176
37.4 BODY D-36,D-39
70 54l99ft0.1ftft 409136.133
43.0 BODY D-4.D-5
71 5419948.370 409109.580
37.4 BODY D-4£ f D-43
78 5419940.408 409106.656
37.0 BODY D-44,D-4S
73 5419937.066 409103.049
30.3 BODY D-46,D-47.D-46
74 5419940.700 409100.440
07.0 BODY D-49
78 5419941.900 409099.341
36.9 BODY D-80
76 4 0 V 1 — -BODY- - D - 6
5419900.300 409107*370
77 5419977.ft3l 409131.490
40.6 BODY D-7,D-6
70 5419974.131 409100*694
41.9 M D Y D^-9
79 5419940.939 409100.000
S7.0 BODY f r - l . E - e
69 5419946.087 409098.837
37.0 BODY B-18
01 8419947.711 409106.870
07.0 BODY E-1ft,D-49, D-41
62 8419980.087 409107.409
00.1 BODY fi-3.E-16.E-17
03 5419900.013 409100.99ft
07.7 BODY E-4,E-6
64 5419947.910 409101.030
07.4 BODY £ - 6 , E - 7 . E - 6
09 9419)944.004 409101.070
07.0 BODY E-9 TO E-14
66 541991ft. 477 499999.984
04.0 BODY PIT 01 P-31 TO A-63
07 5419901.009 499019.007
04.0 BODY PXT 9 0 D-117 TO D-139
M 8419908.079 400100.001 04.0 M O V PXT 93 0-119.0-11ft, 0-06 TO 0-00
09 8419900.119 499101.800 03.6 M O V PXT 94 091-09911 0ftl-D6ft|Dllft,0113.D
90 5419907.047 409097.144 00.3 M O V PXT 9S|Dft7-D7£ 1 D73-D1U
TOTAL
P r i n t * * 06 of thm 077 records.
& 1 - 1 6 - 1 9 8 6 AT 3 0 : 1 4 P«Q«
f»CD. NORTHINSS EASTINGS ELEV ITEM DESCRIPTION
* BS 542*224. 625 409322.60773. 0t PARTS \ {INITIAL TREE STRIK£>

36 3420114.308 409340.979 60.3 PARTS 19'
187 5420199.288 409*38.791 60.4 PART* 10-A-
188 5420112.381 409233.658 60.0 PARTS 10-8^
189 5419944.102 409160.962 47.4 PARTS 1001*
190 5419986.718 409172.318 46.8 PARTS 1008r
131 5419982.63 409191.735 48.7 PARTS 1003"
StNT BY
192 5419979.269 409188.191 47.3 PARTS 1004*
193 5419973.492 409174.361 44.7 PARTS 1003*
FACSIMILE
194 3419977.769 409168.117 43.2 PARTS 1006'
193 3419965.766 409164.397 43.4
196 5419971.219 409147.839 43.6
PARTS 1007*
PARTS 1008*
«*41 .
197 5419978.816 409131.63Q 44.6 PARTS 1099v
198 3419979.962 409133.376 43.0 PART8 1010*
139 3419980.004 409196.373 43.4 PARTS i0i r V - Cd-Ji Co - e»f On**c-'H
300 3419981.086 409163.370 45.6 PARTS 1012' <r A* 1 0
201 3419982.302 409144.893 44.9 PARTS 1013 *
202 5419990. 107 409130.378 44.8 PARTS^ 1014W - . - •
203 5419987.458 409133.962 43.0 PARTS 1013"

304 5419983.836 409133.847 42.8 PARTS 1016"
205 3419991.349 409123.763 41.9 PARTS 1017^
206 3419991.687 469111.130 40.7 PARTS 1018-
207 3419973.766 409129.230 40.4 PARTS 1919''
208 3419972.099 499116.664 49.2 PARTS 10*0-
269 3419966.164 409110.973 39.3 PARTS 1911'
210 3419971.338 409133.671 42.3 PARTS 1912^
1 3419996.914 409121.444 39.8 PASTS 1023*
el2 3419933.642 409113.733 39.2 PARTS 1924*
213 3419990.960 409117.993 36.6 PARTS 1025-
314 9419992.421 409113.664 36.9 PARTS 1926-
219 9419943.931 409091.021 36.6 PARTS 1917^
216 3419963.676 409090.196 37.9 PARTS 1928=' I
217 9420104.710 499237.191 69.3 PART8 It*
218 9429999.944 499225.449 99.6 PASTS 11*
219 9429974.924 499136.999 62.6 PORTS 13*
229 5429962.769 499949.601 61.5 PASTS 14«
221 9429971.199 499819.591 61.6 PARTS 13*
222 9419963.130 409136.712 42.6 PASTS 1599*-
223 3419960.669 499139.619 42.7 PASTS 1301-
224 5419934.623 499149.496 49.6 PASTS 1308"1
233 3419969.626 499149.189 42.9 PASTS 1593T*
226 3419930.913 499198.191 41.5 PARTS 1594*-
227 9419933.436 499136.219 39.9 PASTS 1395'
210 9419931.199 499117.199 39.9 PASTS 15S0>~
229 9419913.229 499991.154 3«.? PASTS 1597*
239 9419913.149 499991.729 32.3 PASTS 1300*
231.5419929.999 499999.999 33.5 PASTS 1599"-
232 9419916.272 499199.916 34.3 PAATS 1310*-
233 3419912.664 499192.786 34.7 PASTS 1511^ •
234 9419937.374 499139.177 39.2 PASTS 1911-
?-9 9419946.099 469139.666 39.9 PASTS 1313-- '
* 9419946.729 499129.391 39.5 PASTS 1514-
237 9419945.623 499196.971 37.7 PASTS 1515^
*; u-:9a& M ec«t 14 -*C
RCL. NORTHINOB EASTINGS ELEV ITEM DESCRIPTION
IS 5419933.845 409103.510 34.8 PARTS 1516*

_J9 5419941.728 409115.118 37.1 PART8 1517*
240 5419942.613 409180.661 37.9 PARTS 1510"-
241 5419953.734 409186.655 39.4 PART8 1519<- SENT BY
243 5419959.346*4091 S3.604 41.3 PAKTB 198«~ FACSIMILE
243 5419940,066 469096. 497 36.4 PARTS 1521'
£44 5419930.866 409066.768 35.0 PARTS 1522' ^.t^ s>
245
246
5420063.091 409801.122 56.9
5420059.430 409193.794 93.6
PARTS 16*
PARTS 17* HI
247 5429032.986 4092O9.376 57.7 PARTS 18'
248 5420053.731 409228.586 60.9 PART8 19*
249 5420165.514 409302. 458 75.6 PARTS 2 '
250 5430043.956 409224.175-59. 9 PART8 29*
251 5420036.363 409216.715 56.5 PARTS 21*
252 5420021.696 409204.078 57.2 PARTS 22*
252 5420036.614 409191.393 66.0 PARTS 23*"
254 5420047.786 409166.860 49.6 PARTS 24*
£55 5420033.523 409174. 402 50.9 PARTS 85*
256 5420031.577 409193.651 47.3 PARTS 26*
257 5420011.658 409168.164 46.6 PART8 8 7 *
256 5420001.870 409148.644 44.3 PARTS 86«
259 5420016.499 409139.451 44.4 PARTS 29-A*
260 5420022.506 409140.509 49.7 PARTS 29-B*
261 5420175.663 409894.102 75.5 PARTS 3*
262 5419996.636 409163.484 45.9 PARTS 36*
\3 5421£ 16.356 409690.430 PARTS 3001
-4 5421320.727 409670. 046 PARTS 3002
265 5421301.236 409665.374 PARTS 3003
266 5421634.663 409786.951 PARTS 3004
267 5421415.751 46)9540.999 PARTS 3009
266 5421*79.646 484643.179 PARTS 3006
269 5421305.296 409641.377 PARTS 30O7 t
270 5421324.595 409644.640 PARTS 3008
£71 5420012.562 409167.910 92.9 PARTS 3V<
272 5419994.099 409182.207 47.9 PARTS 32*
373 5420017.845 409189.370 43*3 PARTS 33*
274 5420169.570 409800.356 74.5 PARTS 4^
275 5420180.113 409866.474 71.0 PARTS 5*
276 5420156.070 409863.064 71.7 PARTS 4'
277 5480146.648 409874.478 66.6 PARTS 7*
278 5420133.81S 409890.389 63.1 PARTS 6*
279 5420129.979 409843. 649 61.7 PARTS 9*
280 5421055.29 409666.09 129.63 RUY COORDINATES OP CENTER LINE END OF
281 5424210.47 410885.47 137.65 RWY COORDINATES Or CsNTSR ^INE END OP
mi
TOTAL
Printed 97 of th« 277 records.

.31-17-1386 «T <B9t91
RCD. NORTHINGS EASTINGS ELEV ITEM DtSCRIPTION
91 5420J08. 129 499877.158 63.7 GRID GRID CORNEA 1 -er

92 3429112.883 499269.739 63.4 GRID GRID CORNER I -8'
93 5429117. 659 499269.819 68.9 BRIO GRID CORNER 1 -c---
34 3429123.694 499252.929 61.8 GRID GRID CORNER 1 -D"'
SENT BY
95 5426Tg3. 487 499844.616 61.8 GRID GRID CORNER 1 -£" FACSIMILE
96 3429134.156 499241.433 61.7 GRID GRID CORNER i -F-
37 5419979.679 409159.999 49.9 GRID GRID CORNER 1 0-B-. .
£/"7
38 3419976.226
99 5419961.794
499159.139 44. 3
499141.973 43.6
QRIO
GRID
GRID
GRID
CORNER 1 a-c
CORNER 1 a-D* \j * £> /
1*9 5419968.982 499134.495 42.7 GRID GRID CORNER 1 •a-E''
191 5419992.588 499183.382 41.8 GRID GRID CORNER 1 a-F-' /,*/..• W - « 2 « < '
198 3419956.159 499157.631 41.9 GRID GRID CORNER ! . ! - « ' /&?J4L
• '
193 5419963.499 499159.697.42.8 GRID GRID CORNER 1 1-B-' /

184 3419969.854 499143.982 43.5 GRID GRID CORNER 1,1-C-'
199 5419973.999 499139.173 42.8 9RXD GRID CORNER 1,1-D"*
196 5419962.389 489127.379 42.1 GRID GRID CORNER 1Li-E-
197 5419987.417 499119.282 41.4 GRID GRID CORNER ],l-F
198 3419948.464 499191.518 41.6 GRID GRID CORNER :12-0'-
199 5419959.452 499143.769 49.8 9RID GRID CORNER 112-8-'
119 5419961.699 499136.272 42.1 GRID GRID CORNER .L2-C--
H I 5419968.447 499186. 746 41. 3 GRID GRID CORNER 1L2-D*-
112 5419974.486 499121.989 49.6 GRID GRID CORNER L2-E'
113 5419989.168 499111.893 40.2 GRID GRID CORNER 112-F--
114 5419948.849 499144.476 49.5 GRID ORID CORNER 13-A-'
119 5419949.448 409137.563 39.9 SRXD GRID CORNER 113-8*-
'16 5419994.443 499126.673 39.8 GRID GRID CORNER 13-C'
17 9419969.964 499121.599 49.9 GRID .GRID CORNER :13-D- *
116 5419966.667 499113.778 39.6 GRID GRID CORNER 13-E*-
119 9419972.637 499196.432 38.9 GRID GRID CORNER 113-F-
128 5419936.941 499137.992 39.4 GRID GRID CORNER L4-A-*'
12) 3419942.584 499139.149 30.1 GRID GRID CORNER '14-B*'
122 5419946.392 499121.985 38.2 GRID •GRID CORNER L4-C-* i
123 5419994.267 499113.919 38.8 GRID GRID CORNER 114-D^".
124 5419969.283 i99999i 382 38.5 GRID GRID CORNER 14-E- Uofios.^^^ 1
129 9419964.997 499999.721 38.1 GRID GRID CORNER L4-F-
126 5419929.264 499139.439 36.1 GRID GRID CORNER 15-A'*
127 5419934.898 499123.399 37.3 GRID GRID CORNER 15-B'- -
128 5419941.893 499114.558 37.2 GRID GRID CORNER lS-C5'"
129 3419947.711 499196.579 37.6 GRID GRID CORNER IS-D<^' /*'•'
139 5419953.792 499999.401 37.3 GRID GRID CORNER 15-E1'- ,&
JV**
131 54199S7.U9 499093.109 37.2 GRID GRID CORNER 15-F
132 5419921.639 409125.237 37.8 GRID GRID CORNER 16-0 '"'
133 5419928.361 499116.573 36.3 GRID GRID CORNER lfc-0"
134 5419934.337 499199.412 39.9 GRID 6RID CORNER 16-CV'
133 5419949.279 499191.499 36.6 GRID GRID CORNER 16-D" # * * "
136 5419945.633 499992.649 36.6 GRID GRID CORNER 16-E"'
137.5419949.899 499089.830 36.3 8810 GRID CORNER 16-F
138 5419915.667 499115.627 36.3 GRID GRID CORNER 1 7 - 0 '
139 9419933.129 499993.373 39.6 GRID GRID CORNER 17-D'"'. . .
149 5429903.470 409260.197 62.4 9RI0 GRID CORNER 2-«v
' M 9420086.633 409892.484 61.4 GRID GRID CORNER 2-8 nt> o,z2.ooO lo
,2 5429992.658 499843.664 69.6 GRID GRID CORNER 2-C •' llC fZt-ODO !<•
143 5429998.487 499839.629 69.4 GRID GRID CORNER 2-0' / .
t86-
,60 -
:»C»
RCu. NORTHINGS EP6TZNQS CtEV ITEM DESCRIPTION
\44 54e0103.659 409006.660 60.0 ORID GRID CORNER 0-6"

45 5420110.750 409101.778 59.7 ORID GRID CORNER t-F
146 5420057.891 409640.614 61.0 0RID GRID CORNER 3-fiv
147 5400063.605 409036.736 61.6 BRIO ORID CORNER 3-B* SENT BY
146 5480070.309* 409830.914 61.1 ORID GRID CORNER 3-C'
FACSIMILE
149 5400075.689 409103.467 61.5 ORID GRID CORNER 3-D-'
150
151
152
153
5480061.947 409116.768 60.7
5480036.583 409887.151 61.6
5410043.005 409119.337 57.4
6400051.157 409811.963 56.5
8R10
ORID
GRID
0RZD
ORtD
GRID
GRID
GRID
CORNER
CORNER
CORNER
CORNER
3-E'
4-0 v
4-B""
4-0"
m
154 5480053.666 409004. £23 56.0 GRID GRID CORNER 4-D-'
155 5410059.677 409195.958 54.0 GRID GRID CORNER 4-E*"
156 5480015.791 409806.50% 56.0 ORtD GRID CORNER 3-Q"
1S7 5480020.197 409199.501 56.6 ORID GRID CORNER 3-BV
156 5480086.170 409191.015 56.9 ORID GRID CORNER 5-C
159 5480038.099 409163.656 55.0 GRID GRID CORNER 5-D*"
160 5480037.598 409179.845 50.6 GRID GRID CORNER 5-E-'
161 5419990.313 409191.405 46.5 GRID GRID CORNER fc-O'
168 5419997.465 409164.500 40.6 GRID GRID CORNER 6-E-
163 5480003.301 409176.466 46.1 GRID 6RID CORNER fc-C'
164 5480009.469 409166.939 47.1 GRID GRID CORNER 6-Du
165 5400014.066 409166.914 46.5 GRID GRID CORNER 6-E^
166 5480021.354 409154.906 46.3 GRID GRID CORNER 6-F"-
167 5419963.416 409108.156 47.9 GRID GRID CORNER 7-fi»-
166 5419909.757 409170.059 47.3 GRID GRID CORNER 7-B^
169 5419999.003 409170.869 46.1 ORID 8RID CORNER 7-CV
70 5480001.093 409161.119 49.6 GRID GRID CORNER 7-DV
171 5410006.100 409194.361 45.5 ORID GRID CORNER 7-E'
171 5480014.677 409147.901 45.8 GRID GRID CORNER 7-F-
173 5419975.690 409177.967 49.1 0RXD 00XD CORNER 8-fl"
174 5419903.000 409171.969 46.3 80X0 ORID CORNER 6-0V
175 5419909.979 409169.140 46.0 MID ORID CORNER e-c
176 5419995.590 409157.473 45.4 GRID ORtD CORNER e-D**
177 5410001.470 409149.411 44.4 GRID ORID CORNER 8-E'
170 5480007.114 409140.619 43.7 ORtD GRID CORNER 6-F>-
179 5419960.176 409170.395 43.9 ORID GRID CORNER 9-ft^
160 5419976.096 409166.946 44.9 GRID ORID CORNER 9-B^
161 5419963.374 409156.665 45.1 GRID GRID CORNER 9-C^
168 5419966.719 409151.717 45.3 GRID GRID CORNER S-Dv'
163
164
5419994.587 409141.974 43.7
S40O00O.386 409133.075 43.8
GRID
GRID
GRID
ORID
CORNER
CORNER
*-K
9-*"'
TOTAL
P r i n t e d 94 of t h » 877 r t c o r t t .
L.
MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING
BETWEEN
The Canadian Aviation Safety Board, the Department of Jusiico lor
the Province of Newfoundland, the Royal Canadian Mounted Policr?,
the United States National Transportation Safety Board and 11 in-
United States Department of Defence.
Whereas all parties to this Memorandum of Understanding aqrpp
that extraordinary measures are required to ensure adequate and
appropriate pathological and toxicological examinations
pertaining to the crash of Arrow Air DC-8 N950JW at Gander,
Newfoundland on December 12, 1985 are carried out, they further
agree to the following*
1. All pathological examinations and toxicological testing

pertaining to the crash will be conducted under the control
and supervision of the Canadian Aviation Safety Board.
2. Pathological examinations will be conducted by the Armed

Forces Institute of Pathology at Dover, Delaware.
3. Pathological examinations will include complete autopsies of

all victims of the crash and other studies or tests as
required.
4. Samples for toxicological testing will be obtained at the

time of autopsy and returned to Canada for analysis.
5. Autopsy reports will be prepared for all victims and death

certificates issued if possible.
6. Death Certificates will be signed by a qualified physician

licensed to practice medicine in the Province of
Newfoundland.
7. Reports will be prepared on any additional studies or tests

. undertaken., — .' '•'?•:••".•..":•" >'•'
. ; ' : ' * • • ' • - , * > - " • ' " ' • ' '
8. The Canadian Aviation Safety Board will be provided with,

within a reasonable period of time, certified copies of all
autopsy reports and reports of any additional studies or
tests.
9. The Department of Justice, Province of Newfoundland will be

provided with, within a reasonable period of time,.originals
of all autopsy reports, all death certificates and reports
of any additional studies or tests.
10. The National Transportation Safety Board will receivp copies

of all documentation provided to Canadian authorities.
11. The Armed Forces Institude of Pathology will immediately
communicate through the National Transportation Safety l'nar-d
to the Canadian Aviation Safety Board and the Department of
Justice* Province of Newfoundland any results of examination'.
or tests which may relate to the cause'of the crash.
12. The Canadian Aviation Safety Board will provide era*-It

information data necessary for evolution of injury patterns
and for human factors studies.
13. One pathologist nominated by the Province of Newfoundland

will be given observer status at any examinations or tests.
14. The Royal Canadian Mounted Police may at any time request
observer status at any examination or test. Such requests
will be immediately agreed to..
15. The Armed Forces Institute of Pathology will provide further

assistance as requested including! if necessary, expert
testimony at the Canadian Aviation Safety Boards Public
Inquiry into the accident.
16. All reports provided to Canadian authorities by the Armed

Forces Institute of Pathology will be accorded the maximum
priviledge possible under Canadian laws and regulations.
Dated December 14th, 1985.
^Z^X^KJL^K
Peter S_. B b a g ,\ .. •:;./...-
.,.,....,11..,. ... Ronald Richards
Canadian Avi at ion Saf ety Boar d>.
^-:.-;i.r.i=.->-
m Deputy Minister •';-' y."; *.
Department of Justice
Province of
Newfoundland
3ale Henry t
S v^-
George Seidlein
Chief Superintendent United States
Royal Canadian Mounted Police National Transportation
Safety Board
•J.
John S. Crosby
Major General, Ujnijed States Army
Executive Agency*—rt>r Multinational Force and Observers
United States Department of Defence
m^mww?$mm^ >- •
•
PATIENT IDENTIFICATION
c. [ ....«„'.V'.. ..* *'.'...\ ..: .,,.'.
At !• « i f f ','.11 * , » « • , W i l t •» ...1 • • , , . . , ' J ,1 . r '.
REPLY TO. THE DIRECTOR 2 !0

ATTN AFIP-RRR •<*Mt .!>»<.
SO»HiiC.*l.*'i'>» , S» »»tM4CCESSiON» S
I ' t . f . ' U M n « W i ) S O > * * » • * » i £ N T i o £ N t i r l r . * f i ' ) » 4 f BPO"'.
RCMP Detachment 1 "<v

3A Queen Elizabeth Drive
Gander, Newfoundland
DATE 1 July 1986
Canada A1V 1H6
L J
CONSULTATION REPORT ON CONTRIBUTOR MATERIAL
AFIP DIAGNOSIS: 1. Aircraft accident: fatal; DC-8; Gander, Newfoundland;

12 December 1985rapproximately 0645 hours.
2. Head and neck injuries:
a. Fractures of mandible.
b. Fractures of cervical vertebrae C2 and C3 with
contusion of spinal cord.
3. Chest injuries:
a. Fractures of ribs: right 1-10.
b. Lacerations of both lungs.
c. Hemothoraces: right 400 ml, left 300 ml.
d. Fracture of right clavicle.
4. Abdominal and pelvic injuries:
a. Laceration of spleen.
5. Extremity Injuries:
a. Right upper extremity: Fracture of distal humerus.
b. Left upper extremity: Fracture of distal radlua;
dislocation of the wrist.
c. Right lower extremity: Fracture of proximal femur.
d. Left lower extremity: Dislocation of the knee.
6. Thermal Injuries:
a. Third and fourth degree burns covering 80Z of the body.
AFIPF/161 1 Mai 31
02 0
DD-0
This wa. an on-site investigation by staff members of the AFIP (Division of
Aerospace Pathology)'
, ML. USA
Examination and repor£ by:
. US^fj, M'J/SFS
Forensic Sciences
AIRCRAFT ACCIDENT AUTOPSY PROTOCOL
Autopay Protocol Number: DD-O. AFIP Number: 204
Name:
SSN: Grade: Service: U.S. ARMY
Place of Death: Gander International Airport, Newfoundland, Canada
Date and Time of Death: 12 December 1985, approximately 0645 hours
local
Place of Autopay: Port Mortuary, Dover Air Force Base, Delaware
Date of Autopay: 18 December 1985
IDENTIFICATION: Fingerprint comparison

Personal effects (See attached DA Form 54)
AUTHORIZATION: Peter Boag, Investigator-in-charge
Canadian Aviation Safety Board
Owen Kennedy, Judge
Provincial Court, Gander, Newfoundland
Prosector:
, MC, USN
Assistant:
MC, USNR
Aircraft Accident Autopsy Protocol Page 2
EXAMINATION
The body is extremely burned and cold from refrigeration.
Post-mortem lividity is not discernible. Rigidity cannot be
evaluated due to trauma. X-ray examination of the body is performed
and films reviewed. There is evidence of post-mortem dental
examination. Clothing and personal effects are present on the body a
the time of autopsy include:
a. Charred passport.
b. Unburned airline ticket.
c. Unburned dog tags.
d. Charred desert fatigues.
Head and Neck: The head and neck are present and extensively
burned. Facial characteristics are obliterated. Trauma to this are;
includes fractures of the mandible and cervical vertebrae C2 and 3.
Torso: The torso is extensively burned. The body cavities
contain blood. All the organs in the chest and abdomen are of norma
size and shape and in normal anatomic position. Trauma to this area
includes:
a. Lacerations both lungs.
b* Lacerations of the spleen.
Aircraft Accident Autopsy Protocol Page 3
c. Fractures of right ribs 1-10.
d. Fracture of the right clavicle.
e. Hemothoraces: right 400 ml. left 300 ml.
There is no soot in the trachea below the vocal cords.

The genitalia are those 6f a male.
The pelvis is intact.
The appendix is present. The gallbladder is present.
EXTREMITIES:
The left arm is charred with the hand present.
The right arm is charred with the hand present.
The left leg is charred.
The right leg is charred.
There are fractures of the right huaerus, left radius and right
femur. There are dislocations of the left wrist and left Icnee.
Pre-Existing Disease: No pre-existing disease is identified.
Toxicology: Specimens of lung, liver, kidney, blood and urine

i
m
are submitted for toxicologic analysis.

SK
CLUT1F 1CATL OF DESTRUCTION CASl NUMBtlft _ _ppp
AR 638M CANAOIAN NUMBER ~_
DATE
The following Items of personal effects/property have been destroyed IAW AR 638-1 for reason(s) indicated.
NAMES OF DECEASED.' GRADE/RANK SSAN DATE & PLACE OF DEATH, 12 DEC 85,
LAST. FIRST. MI NEWFOUNDLAND, CANADA
-
•.
ITEMS CONTAMINATE! BURNEl SORE! UNSAN- DAMAGEt REMARKS
ITARY
1EA BELT W/BUCKLE BLACK IN COLBR (B)(1) X . X
1EA UNDERWEAR WHITE IN COLOR (B)(1) X X
1EA T-SHIRT BROWN IN COLOR (B)(1) X X
1EA SOCK GREEN IN COLOR (B)(1) ' X X
1EA JACKET DESERT (B)(1) X X
1EA TROUSERS DESERT (B)(1) X X
WITNESS: :STROYING OFFICIER:

R r )-
PPQ. -
RECORD OF PERSONAL EFFECTS - OUTSIOE COMBAT AREAS
, ) l l IMITI*L
APIP #
DD # 0
•¥*•
INVCNTONV o r c r r c c T S TOTAL fUNOl
OUAMTITV ITCM V U M O I T u t m u i r t t D W I T H t r r i c t i M « H M I I ««< < 'fanj
1EA ID TAGS W/CHAIN

NONE
B POS BAPTIST (B)
1EA RING GOLD IN COLOR THREE
CLEAR STONES INSCRIBED
ON INSIDE - U K (B)
1EA KEY RING EICHT KEYS ( B ) ( ^ )
1EA US PASSPORT
co. r. .
(B)(1)
1EA AIRLINE TICKET, EGYPT All
500:5 (B)(1)
r U N O I I I < w > M I O , eOWVCWTtO. O O O I I T C O . C T g .
1EA BELT W/BUCKLE BLACK IN
AWOWMT «MO o e t e m » T i o n Dlt'OIITIOM
COLOR (B)(1)
1EA UNDERWEAR WHITE I N COLOR CONDITION CODES:
(B)(1) —B-BURNED
1EA T-SHIRT BROWN IN COLOR D-OAHAGED
(B)(1) 1-INCOMPLETE
1EA SOCK GREEN IN COLOR (B)( \ S-SOILED
1EA JACKET DESERT (B)(1) W-WET
1EA TROUSERS DESERT (B)(1)
1EA SUNGLASSES, ONE LENS (B)
(I)
AllmtS ispplmmmfl «A—« »»> > « t n » « « l n — «

• 0. i r r t C T I » M I » » I O TO» • t. o t i c AMowcTMOoer i B i » u c m ( « / L /»•.. «««I«I»T * • • . ••» )
<«. lUMMAMV COUNT OM COMMANOINC O f r i C I I ' l *C*«CSCNTATIVC l « . I ACKMOVICOOC H C C C I ' T o r ALL AftTICLC* L I I T C O IN
ITCM • AMO ALL r U N O * "KCOnOCO IN I T C H * • .
•ICNtTUm
tllm*m+tm • # « • • < « f K M . i.»4mt #• • # « • • • « • • • • • • •« /*•*«»«.»»••
DA.::::, 54
F.
PROSECTORS. ASSISTANTS AND REPORT REVIEWERS
PROSECTORS:
Michael J. Dunne 27
Larry J. Godfrey 45
Steven S. Sohn 36
Donald G. Wright 32
Vernon D. Armbrustmacher 29
Roland E. Ochia 12
William T. Gormley 10
Cherry Gaffney 15
Michael R. Sherman 13
James L. Luke 16
Michael A. Clarke 40
Charles S. Springate 4
ASSISTANTS TO THE PROSECTORS;

Michael R. Sherman 28
Harry Bonne11 3
Glen N. Wagner 3
David G. Perkins 37
James L. Luke 16
Roland E. Ochia 32
Robert Thibault 39
Michael J. Dunne 13
Cherry Gaffney 5
Steven S. Sohn 7
Donald G. Wright 11
Larry J. Godfrey 2
Elisabeth S. Rogan 25
R.E. Lathrop 43
James J. Canik 3
REPORT REVIEWERS; • Or CASES PROCESSED

Cherry Gaffney 128
Charles J. Ruehle 47
Larry J. Godfrey 45
Michael A. Clark 95
Donald G. Wright 27
Vernon D. Armbrustmacher 20
James L. Luke 17
Charles S. Springate 4
PROVINCE OF
REGISTRATION OF
NEWFOUNDLAND (Conodo)
IVpjtimcnc ol H C J I I I I
Vital Statistics Division DEATH
Office of t h * Regiatror Gonetol, St. J o h n ' *
Tl. Surname ol d t c r a i t d ipnnt or type) A H given n j m r i f i n ordeit {print or I v p r l I J . SK.\
NAME OF
DECEASED JMAI.K
p. . * , I i. Name of h o s p i t a l or i n s t i t u t i o n ( o i h e r w i » e tfive e x a c f l o c a t i o n where d**th occurred; C . t y . l J * n , ur other p l a c e (by nutm
OF PEATH jwear Gander A i r f i e l d . Newfoundland

' U eUAL I *' C ^ m p U t * »ddress. If rural give e a a c l location 'nor f*o«< Other or R u r a l H o u r r . i d d r r . v j C i t y . t o w n , or other place (toy riMi: . »' •
RESIDENCE iSVC BTRY 2ND BN 31ST FA, FT CAMPBELL, KY 42223
MARITAL *• S i n g l e , married w i d o w e d , or divorced ( kprcifi-j 6 . If m a r r i e d , w i d o w e d , or d i v o r c e d , give full n.*mr of hu*t>.in*l or f u l l moidcn u.i:.
STATUS j SINGLE
7. T y p e of work done during m o i l of working l i f e MEDICAL CERTIFICATE OF DEATK
'Soldier, U . S . Army 24. D A T E O F D K A T I I : M.Milh |bt n j i r . - j , .lay. year
O C C U P A T I O N r S. W T~y* p e *of business y
* or industry in which worked December 1 2 , 1985
Military 2S. C A U S E O F DEATH
Port I
9. Month (by naoiej, de>', ymr ot birth
Immediate cause of deoth
^multiple traumatic injuries i n s tan-
BIRTHDATE due to, or a s M c on * e que nee ot
10. Age (ymmiB) (Month,) >(Dmyt) (Hours) J (Mimitoa) Antecedent couses,

i f any. g i v i n g r i s e lo
maircraft accident taneous
ACE
' I I under J I I f under • due f o , or as a consequence ot
I year J I I day _|_ the immediate cause (a)
a b o v e , s l a t i n g the under-
Province for country) of b i r t h (c) ...}
t 1 . C i t y or p l a c e tying c a u s e l a e r
BIRTMPLACEl Port I I
Other s i g n i f i c a n t
conditions contribut-
12. Surname and given n a m e * of (ether (print ar type) i n g to death but not
c a u s a l l y r e l a t e d to the
immediate c a u s e ( a ) a b o v e
FATHER
I I . D I R T H P L A C E - C i t y or place P r o v i n c e for c o u n f r v j 26. A u t o p s y *
Yes No
27. D o r s the c a u t r of death
s t a l e d above take a c c o u n t of
uutopsy f i n d i n g s '
Y n
X~~
N< 1 26. M.,) l u n h r f i : i U . : : J ' . . J H
r e i ^ l i n ^ t o Ihf . i.sc JI
d » - . . : h l.i ..-. . . : . . • .«- I - . l r - *'- X
] t e . Moiden eumame and given narnee of mother fprinf or rypej
& D
29. If a c c i d e n t , s u i c i d e , homicide \Q. P l a c e of injur\ '«•.,.. tV
MOTHER TsVe^yKKldent C.fiWfcaV'al-rf-leiaj Dec 12, 198 5

I S . B I R T H P L A C E - C i t y or p l a c e P r o v i n c e for c o u m r v j 32. How d i d injury o c c u r ' /describe- c i r c u m s r « n c « i j
aircraft accident
33. I certify that the Signature £efftending
.ire Cat e n d i n g phyx$c
phy*$c i4*ti, tic-cftiuJ f t . i . - i i i i i n
14. Signature of informant
above named person
d i e d on the date
and from the causes
SICHATURE stated herein:
OF 17. P o o t a l addreaa o f informant 34. Desig- Last attending Medical Dale certified' Mjnth '(>»
n
naa tt ii o
onn: ph
p hy
yss ii c
c ii a
ann eseminer
c mmintr I - r - *»% •
INFORMANT
It. Relationship lo deceaaed I I t . D a t a signed: fmonrli, d a v . ymmr) 3 $ , Name of l a s t attending p h y s i c i a n or m e d i c a l examiner fprintJor tyi»v* *»-l A '.tri-4*.
Robert R. McMeekln, MD AFIP-ZA Wash DC 20306

2 0 . B u r i a l , cremation or other 2 1 . D a t e of burial or d i s p o s i t i o n : For O f f i c e U s * Only CERTIFICATION Of OiViilO.s KfcCiTniK
disposition (specify; Month (by namtt), d a y , veer
DI$P0
SITION
- Ltranai* »cenber
| 2Z. Name and address ul . emelery or p l ^ c r of -li tpo*itit>ti
14^_19B&_
i ertily IhiH ni..
G
D o v e r AFB, D e l a w a r e __ USA
2J» Name and a d d r e t s of funeral d i r e c U r {or p r f . o n in charge ol t<m*tt\s)
FUNERAL |
\ DIRECTOR i
H I C R O S C O t F-" i"> T I I U l_ O »..-'. v C (J f J T >
n
I C l . . i . ? •- J' 1
"CASB "CASE "NO."" "J"" !-;-: i-: s E P ',' A r ION I- PH.'i

SPECIMEN NO. t OknTu
TT"PCrHRTTFriCT COPF
:.: GRADE l 1 NONE
ARTIFACT GRADE 2
SEVERITY 4 GRADE 3
r*
•i POLYMORPHS
GRADE 4
1 FREEZING CELLULAR LYMPHOCYTE':
3
AUTOLYSIS INFILTRATION
TYPE 3 FR. & AUTOLYSIS 4 OTHER
4 BACTERIAL GROWTH
5 GAS BUBBLES 5 MIXED
6 OTHER
1 VASCULAR PATHOLOGY 1
1 Embolization! 1 ___ Hypertensive Changes !_____
1 Bone Marrow 1 Thrombus Formation 12 - SLIGHT
1 Other r _-._ Other (see comments) 14 - EXTENSIVE
T ALVEOLAR PATHOLOGY T
1 Oedema 1 Desauamated Macrophages 1
1 Hyperemia 1 Pneumonia? 11
1 ___ Focal Haeaorrhage 1 —_._. Viral l-l—

1 Focal Alveolar Dilation 1 Pneumoconiosis 121 SLIGHT
1 Emphysematous Changes 1 Pigmentation 11
1 ... iRitiicttf is I _—.. Hemosiderin i - i —————---———

1 Interstitial Fibrosis 1 Other (see comments) 141 EXTENSIVE
1 ALVEOLAR PATHOLOGY 1 CODE

1 Granuloma 1 Lymphofollicular 11
1 Corpora Amalacea 1 Other (see comments) 121 YES
1 BRONCHIAL PATHOLOGY I CODE

I Bronchitis 1 Pyrolytic Changes 111 NO
1 Aspiration 1 Other (see comments) 12 1 YES
1 PLEURAL PATHOLOGY 1 CODE

! , Inflamation 1 Other 11 1 NO
1 Thickening 1 121 YES
1 COMMENTS - Please comment to enhance information provided above which wss

1 limited by space considerations or classification scheme^
BifeNWtofce 'flATE"
; - •
i M'CWD of mrNTiriCATioM ptoctuiMc

B JJCl . MitMcu n u n
•CCORO * f IDCRTiriCATIO* rtOCCSSI«6 *%*m
utuvu. cutt
•i>c« wn ' i « i » i ••• • i t t m i i • l » « «t«MJ»*«<«
is
1
>••••<• • « • • ! • /»»»
H m» « » f t t " . !»•«•«••• M M !
M M MMU
I M I I I I *M ft—') ftlfcllf* • I I M t
luinu «wi«
HUtiu «tn»nwm«—«••••»•!
*gi&*
l«fif»ll
/"ft
8P
u
••sat M tl«ll»i«l • ' u l M i n i M D I «c»««'*"« «• •••
< ( a m m«UM • • MMCNI* •» !••» M I U I U C « M

n t t O t t M | <M> «M M»l M I I I I M M
•WIH4 MIMWIMIU «•«••*
._y-
_ lllll 1101 -i~tii
^U^£f*L~Ju. ' »
1
5U*:. aii \~ -w«r -~~-~s tOH ISO Z2JiiiO.
U ii£it»«tv»»t_
<• V f f r
ff-y.
• •••»•— » • K5KS?•W 5; '..•*
r
. •
•b£ • : » « • • » —
/^(•X0 \— fl £V *.- IE
•^*
vJ
fljrHaV )••*•*,[ f ^ J * % )
V % ...
5>^ ~
""'Z.
« • i * • • » • » » • » • « • «
i a» » n a » a a a » n a » » w « » * « *
M *••#• I R | ~ —.
Wr RC*
BJffH"Wt«>fr-
I* r-- a 4 . i r . i i /
i: ,iAic . <r. •
--H-
......,...,..
• *M»^g- XT?**-..
CCv -^ v-'-'_'— —
i. fc. -»»*<-. .
LzSztzzT OA "T 2H6fl '•ei'MManc * « « • » •
t» i "-«- j . . . . - . . - • " * i
r
".Kr.-'ji- -.
..c
JQ
I v.
1
1
!!
I
1
1
H
! #
111
Joum«l ol Anilylicil To»ICOtogy. Vol 11 J«nuify/F»t>ru«ry 1 0 6 /
Technical Note
Cyanide in Blood by Gas Chromatography with NP

Detector and Acetonitrile as Internal Standard.
Application on Air Accident Fire Victims
J. Zamecnik and J. Tarn
Civil Aviation Medical Unit, Health and VMtana Canada, PO. Box 1035, Downsvlew, Ontario, Canada M3H 5V5
Apparatus
Abstract A Model 5840A gas chromatograph (Hewlett-Packard) with
a nitrogen-phosphorus detector (NPD) was used with a
180-cm x2-mm i.d., silanized glass column packed with 100/120
An Improved go* chromatographic method for HCN In Wood
with acotonttrUo w an Interna) standard has baon developed.
mesh Porapack Q. The injector temperature was 200*C; column,
The ncceeetty to toot for cyanide on eamptco froni air 120*C; detector, 2S0*C; and helium carrier gas, 20 mL/min.
accident fire yictlme la dlactiaaad in view of the fact thai Oases used for the NPD were 8.5% of hydrogen in helium
carbon monoxtdo moeoureaiente uauewy do not oofroteto (28 mL/min) and air (50 mL/min). The gas chromatograph
with cyanide Andatoa. iaiie ooaae (out of 97|t wfltn btoad was equipped with an HP data station which ia turn tent re-
CO saturation of loco thaw 2 0 * and cyanide coimeiitiaMun ports via RS-232C serial interface to the authors' laboratory
over 2 mg/L, are daacrfbid. PDP-11/44 minicomputer. One Genie vortexer and a Model
J-21C centrifuge (Beckman) were also used.
Introduction
An internal standard stock solution was prepared by pipet-
The analyses for hydrogen cyanide in the Wood of ak ting 25 aL of acetonitrile into 100 mL of water. One mg/mL
accident victims is aa important test, which can assist ia stock sorotJon of NaCN was also prepared aad used to spike
determining the survivability of aa accident aad possible tspiiwd Red Cross blood to prepare reference cyanide blood
causes of death from post-impact fires. Modern planes have standards of 0.25.0.5.1,5. aad 15 mg/L. Aliquou (0.5 mL)
a high content of plastic material in their cabins which can of blood standards were pipetted Into 1-mL disposable vials and
generate HCN as a product of pyrotyses ia fires. Ia the spiked with 100 aL of interna! standard aad 5 aL of 1-octanol.
authors' experience, there have been a number of casts where The vials were then sealed with Teflon-Uned rubber septum-
carboxyhemoglobin (HbCO) blood concentrations were low aluminum caps. Sbnflarty, 0.5-tnLattquots of samples in dupli-
and cyanide concentrations were in the toxic/lethal range. In cate were pipetted into the same viab followed by 100 aL of
most air accidents, the availability of fluid blood samples internal standard stock solution and 5 aL of 1-octanol. Samples
from victims is severely limited; therefore, an ideal test should were then sealed and 50 »L of glacial acidic add were, injected
consume as little as possible of the sample. This paper re- into all vials. These were then vortexed, spun at 3000 rpm for
ports a major improvement in the gas chrceaatographk an- 5 tain aad let equilibrate for 30 mm at room temperature. The
alyses of cyanide in blood as described by McAuley et al. head space (50 aL) was injected into the gas chromatograph.
(1) and Darr et al. (2). The method is suitable for auto- After each injection, the syringe was flashed many times with
mation (1) and requires a minimum amount of sample han- air to ensure that no carry-over of residual cyanide occurred.
dling and technician time. The use of acetonitrile as an in- The blank air injections were run routinely between samples to
ternal standard greatly improves the precision and reliability ensure that this was not a problem.
of the method. Carbon monoxide was measured by a modified saturation
method described by Kupfenchmidt and Perrigo (3).
Experimental iwauna
All reagents used in the assay were of reagent grade and The typical retention times for the HCN and acetonitrile peaks
purchased through BDH Chemicals. Porapack Q, 1-mL dis- were 0.6 and 2.5 min, respectively. No interference peaks were
posable air-tight vials with a crimper, and an air-tight 100-pL encountered after the analyses of hundreds of postmortem whole
syringe with a Teflon-tipped plunger were purchased from blood samples. The ratios of areas of internal standard and HCN
Chromatographic Specialties Co. standards were plotted against the Mood coocentxations. A
nftptfJffWCtJQn tpM8aWHg^fafl8jp fw CMMflcV CSMOM Bjf 8MB |BJtjnfcJI H jnamawwaw VfennsMl ptsMaaftelrt) fHtVMajgjgajgs, 47
Journal of Analytical Toilcology. Vol I I , January/February 1987
linear least square fit was calculated with ihe help of the on-line Table 1. Blood Samples with Low Percentages of CO
minicomputer, resulting in a typical equation y = I. I4x - 0.0084 Saturation and High HCN Concentrations Obtained
with a correlation coefficient of 0.999. The assay was linear over from Air Accident Victims*
the range of the standard curve and the sensitivity was the same lampla
as that stated by McAuley et al. (I), 0.05 mg/L. The intra-assay NO. HCN (meA) CO ftt tituratlon)
coefficient of variation was 1.31% (n= 10), and the inter-
assay was 9.16% (n -10, same sample analyzed over a period of 1 60.4 6
two months). 2 148 13
3 14.1 <5
4 11.3 10
5 5.5 <5
Discussion 6 5.1 <5
7 3.7 <5
8 2.6 <5
The cyanide test on victims of air accidents is very valuable 9 2.1 <5
to determine survivability of the accidents and subsequent
* From n.«7. with «HMr blood CO>204t Muratkxi Of cyanide >2 mgA.
cause of death by post-impact fires or on-board fires prior to
impact. Hydrogen cyanide is a product of thermal degradation
of a number of macromolecular compounds containing nitrogen
atoms in their molecules. The aircraft industry is using more absolute must for a forensic lab specializing in analyses of
and more plastics, which fall into this category of materials, samples from air accident disasters. The addition of an internal
in the construction of plane interiors. The cyanide assay should standard improves considerably the reliability of the headspace
be viewed as complementary to the carbon monoxide tests. The sampling.
present results corroborated those of Peclet et al. (3) and
Weatherell (4), that there is no correlation between carboxy-
hemoglobin and cyanide blood concentrations in fire victims.
Neither assay can be eliminated based on the negative results References
of the other. In recent accidents, victims have been found with
1. F. McAuley and OS. Rieve. Rapid quantitation of cyanide in blood
carbon monoxide blood saturation around 10% or less and by gas chromatography. J. Anal, foxicol. 7: 213-15 (1963).
cyanide levels over 2 mg/L (Table I, n - 67, with either blood 2.R.W. Darn T.L Capeon, and F.D. Hileman. Determination of
HbCO > 20% or cyanide > 2 mg/L). In about one quarter hydrogen cyanide In blood using gas chromatography with alkali
of the cases, there were toxic/lethal cyanide blood levels found thermionic detection. Anal. Cham. 82:1379-81 (1980).
with high HbCO blood concentrations, but the incidence of low 3.GJ. Kupferechmkn and B. Perrigo. Carbon monoxide and
CO blood saturations (<20%) and high cyanide blood con- hemoglobin determinations in autopsy blood samples. Can. Sec
centrations (> 2 mg/L) is in fact quite high (9 out of 67 cases). Fotanatc Set. J. 10:13-25 (1977).
4. C. PecMt, M. Rouaaeau, Q. Ponton, and JJ . Rouseeeu. Carbon
monoxide and cyanide iririalation. Can. Soc Fontnaic Sci. J. IS:
81-86 (1962).
Conclusions 6. H.P. Wethereil. The occurence of cyanide In blood of fire victims.
J. Fonmale Sd. 21:167-73 (1966).
An assay which requires minimum sample handling and small
sample sizes, with a possibility of total automation (1), is an Manuscript received Jury 31, 1986.
48
K
Categorization
of
Injury Severity by Location,
Time Interval from Injury to Death,

Mechanism of Death.
INJURY SCALE
01- Head 0-6

02- Chest 0-6
03- Abdomen 0-6
04- Pelvis 0-6
05- Right Arm 0-6
06- Left Arm 0-6
07- Right Leg 0-6
08- Left Leg 0-6
09-6 Survival Time 0-6 None - 6
09-5 No heart
Respirations < than 30 sec. - 5
09-4 No lungs
Heart < than 30 sees. - 4
09-3 30 sees. - 5 mins. - 3
09-2 5 mins. - 2 hrs. - 2
09-1 2 hrs. - 24 hrs. - 1
09-0 over 24 hrs. - 0
10-% Burns %
11-1 Inhalation of soot - below level of larynx + ve
11-0 - ve
12- Carbon Monoxide
13- Cyanide
14- Alcohol
15- Pulmonary Fat .Embolism
16- Other
GAIIDER ACCIDENT VICTIMS INJURY ANALYSIS
NAME: DD-OOl
01- 6 05- 0 09- 3 13-
02- 4 06- 2 10- 0 14-
03- 2 07- 0 11- 0 15-
04- 0 08- 0 12- 16-
COD: Multiple injuries

Notes:
NAME: DD-002
01- 6 05- 0 09- 3 13-
02- 1 06- 2 10- 8% 14-
03- 2 07- 2 11- 0 15-
04- 1 08- 0 12- 16-
COD: Massive head injury

Notes:
NAME: DD-003
01- 6 05- 2 09- 6 13- 0
02- 4 06- 2 10- 0 14-
03- 2 07- 0 11- 0 15-
04- 3 08- 3 12- 6 16-

Notes:
NAME: DD-004
01- 4 05- 2 09- 3 13-
02- 3 06- 10- 14-
03- 0 07- 11- 15-
04- 0 08- 12- 16-

Notes:
GANDER ACCIDENT VICTIMS INJURY ANALYSIS
-2-
NAME: DD-005
01- 6 05- 2 09- 6 13-
02- 6 06- 2 10- 18% 14-
03- 4 07- 3 11- 0 15-
04- 3 08- 2 12- 16-
Notes:
i
i
NAME: DD-006
01- 4 05- 0 09-3 13-
02- 3 06- 0 10- 30% 14-
03- 2 07- 3 11- 15-
04- 4 08- 2 12- 16-
Motes:
NAME: DD-007
01- 6 05- 0 09- 4 13-
02- 4 06- 2 10- 0 14-
03- 3 07- 0 11- 0 15-
04- 0 08- 2 12- 16-
Motes: i
NAME: DD-008
01- 4 05- 2 09- 3 13-
10- 100% 14- **'
02- 4 06- 1
03- 2 07- 2 11- 0 15-
04- 4 08- 2 12- 16-
Notes:
-3-
NAME: DD-009
01- 6 05- 0 09- 6 13- .0129
02- 6 06- 2 10- 90% 14-
03- 3 07- 0 11- 0 15-
04- 4 08- 2 12- 7 16-
Notes: No survival after impact
NAME: DD-010
01- 6 05- 0 09- 6 13-
02- 5 06- 2 10- 100% 14-
03- 3 07- 3 11- 0 15-
04- 4 08- 3 12- 16-
Notes:
NAME: DD-011
01- 4 05- 0 09- 4 13-
02- 4 06- 2 10- 36% 14-
03- 3 07- 0 11- 0 15-
04-0 08- 0 12- 16-
Notes:
NAME: DD-012
01- 4 05- 0 09- 3 13-
02- 1 06- 2 10- 30% 14-
03- 3 07- 0 11- 0 15-
04- 0 08- 2 12- 16-
COD:
Notes: Massive head injury
-<*.-
NAME: DD-013
01- 6 05- 2 09- 6 13-
02- 6 06- 2 10- 30% 14-
03- 3 07- 0 11- 0 15-
04- 0 08- 3 12- 16-
Notes:
NAME: DD-014
01- 4 05- 0 09- 3 13-
02- 1 06- 2 10- 100% 14-
03- 0 07- 0 11- 0 15-
04- 4 08- 2 12- 16-
COD: Head injury
Notes:
NAME: DD-015
01- 4 05- 2 09- 5 13-
02- 5 06- 2 10- 20% 14-
03- 2 07- 0 11- 0 15-
04- 0 08- 0 12- 16-
Notes:
NAME: DD-016
01- 6 05- 2 09- 4 13- .0707
02- 4 06- 2 10- 80% 14-
03- 3 07- 3 11- 0 15-
04- 0 08- 3 12- 0 16-
Notes:
NAME: DD-017
01- 4 05- 2 09- 5 13-
02- 6 06- 0 10- 75% 14-
03- 2 07- 3 11- 0 15-
04- 4 08- 2 12- 16-
Notes:
NAME: DD-018
01- 3 05- 2 09- 4 13"
02- 5 06- 0 10- 0% 14-
03- 0 07- 3 11- 0 15-
04- 0 08- 3 12- 16-
Notes:
NAME: DD-019
01- 4 05- 2 09- 3 13-
02- 4 06- 2 10- 0% 14-
03- 3 07- 3 11- 0 15-
04- 0 08- 0 12- 16-
Notes:
NAME: DD-020
01- 6 05- 0 09- 6 13-
02- 6 06- 0 10- 0% 14-
03- 4 07- 0 11- 0 15-
04- 0 08- 3 12- 16-
Notes:
-6-
NAME: DD-021
01- 6 05- 2 09- 6 13-
02- 4 06- 3 10- 10% 14-
03- 2 07- 3 11- 0 15-
04- 4 08- 3 12- 16-
Notes:
NAME: DD-022
01- 6 05- 2 09- 6 13-
02- 6 06- 3 10- 100% 14-
03- 0 07- 3. 11- 0 15-
04- 0 08- 2 12- 16-
Notes:
NAM3: DD-023
01- 6 05- 3 09- 6 13-
02- 6 06- 3 10- 100% 14-
03- 5 07- 3 11- 0 15- '
04- 4 08- 2 12- 16-
Notes!»
NAME: DD-024
01- 0 05- 2 09- 3 13-
02- 2 06- 0 10- 100% 14-
03- 0 07- 3 11- 0 15-
04- 0 Q8- 3 12- 16-
Notes: i
GAIIDER ACCIDENT VICTIMS INJURY ANALYSIS
-7-
NAME: DD-025
01- 6 05- 0 09- 6 13-
02- 2 06- 0 10- 80% 14-
03- 2 07- 0 11- 0 15-
04- 4 08- 0 12- 16-
Notes:
NAME: DD-026
01- 6 05- 0 09- 3 13-
02- 4 06- 0 10- 90% 14-
03- 4 07- 3 11- 0 15-
04- 3 08- 3 12- 16-
Motes:'
NAME: DD-027
01- 6 05- 0 09- 3 13-
02- 6 06- 2 10- 100% 14-
03- 3 07- 3 11- 0 15-
04- 0 08- 3 12- 16-
Notes: Massive henothorax indicates over 30 second survival
NAME: DD-028
01- 6 05- 2 09- 5 13-
02- 6 06- 2 10- 0% 14-
03- 4 07- 3 11- 0 15-
04- 4 08- 3 12- 16-
Notes:
-8-
NAME: DD-029
01- 6 05- 0 09- 6 13-
02- 6 06- 2 10- 65% 14-
03- 4 07- 3 11- 0 15-
04- 0 08- 3 12- 16-
Notes:
NAME: DD-030
01- 3 05- 2 09- 3 13-
02- 4 06- 2 10- 100% 14- *u '*•
03- 3 07- 2 11- 0 15-

04- 4 08- 2 12- 16-
Notes:
NAME: DD-031
01- 6 05- 0 09- 3 13-
02- 3 06- 2 10- 100 14-
03- 0 07- 3 11- 0 15-
04- 0 08- 3 12- 16-
Notes:
NAME: DD-032
01- 3 05- 2 09- 3 13- .0200
02- 4 06- 2 10- 80 14-
03- 3 07- 0 11- 0 15-
04- 0 08- 2 12- 6 16-
Notes: Toxicology not significant
-9-
NAME: DD-033
01- 0 05- 0 09- 3 13-
02- 3 06- 2 10- 100 14-
03- 0 07- 0 11- 0 15-
04- 0 08- 3 12- 16-
Notes: i
NAME: DD-034
01- 6 05- 0 09- 3 13-
02- 3 06- 0 10- 75 14- V "*.
03- 0 07- 0 11- 0 15-
04- 0 08- 3 12- 16-
Notes:
NAME: DD-035
01- 0 05- 3 09- 3 13-
02- 2 06- 3 10- 100 14-
03- 3 ,07- 3 11- 0 15-
04- 0 08- 0 12- 16-
Notes:
NAME: DD-03 6
01- 0 05- 0 09- 3 13- .0400
02- 4 06- 2 10- 90 14-
03- 0 07- 0 11- 1 15-
04- 0 08- 0 12- 43 16-
COD: i. Inhalation of products of combustion ii. Multiple

injuries
Notes: Shock due to injuries is contributing factor
-10-
NAME: DD-037
01- 0 05- 0 09- 3 13- .0300
02- 2 06- 0 10- 100 14-
03- 0 07- 3 11- 0 15-
04- 0 08- 3 12- 61 16-
COD: la. Inhalation of products of combustion
Notes: Injury not a major factor
NAME: DD-038
01- 0 05- 2 09- 3 13-
02- 3 06- 2 10- 90 14- \
03- 3 07- 2 11- 0 15-

04- 2 08- 3 12- 16-
Notes:
NAME: DD-039
01- 3 05- 2 09- 3 13- .0276
02- 4 06- 3 10- 100 14-
03- 3 07- 3 11- 0 15-
04- 0 08- 3 12- 0 16-
Notes:
NAME: DD-040
01- 5 05- 0 09- 3 13- .0200
02- 2 - 06- 3 10- 100 14-
03- 0 07- 3 11- 0 15-
04- 0 08- 3 12- 43 16-
COD: la. Inhalation of products of combustion 2. Multiple

injuries
Notes: Head injury would have incapacitated
-11-
NAME: DD-041
01- 5 05- 2 09- 3 13- .0600
02- 0 06- 3 10- 100 14-
03- 0 07- 3 11- 0 15-
04- 0 08- 3 12- 79 16-
COD: Inhalation of products of combustion
Notes:
NAME: DD-042
01- 6 05- 0 09- 3 13- .0455
02- 4 06- 3 10- 100 14- -t
03- 3 07- 3 11- 0 15-

04- 0 08- 3 12- 0 16-
Notes:
NAME: DD-043
01- 0 05- 2 09- 3 13-
02- 4 06- 2 10- 70 14-
03- 3 07- 3 11- 0 15-
04- 2 08- 3 12- 16-
Notes:
NAME: DD-044
01- 0 05- 3 09- 3 13- .1500
02- 3 06- 2 10- 100 14-
03- 0 07- 2 11- 1 15-
04- 0 08- 0 12- 50 1-6-
Notes: Injuries not a major contributing factor
-12-
NAME: DD-045
01- 0 05- 3 09- 3 13- .02
02- 0 06- 3 10- 100 14-
03- 0 07- 3 11 15-
04- 0 08- 3 12- 31 16-
COD: 1.Inhalation of products of combustion II. Multiple injuries
Notes: Body severely incinerated
NAME: DD-046
01- 0 05- 3 09- 3 13- .0500
02- 3 06- 0 10- 95 14- '•w
03- 0 07- 3 11- 1 15-

04- 0 08- 3 12- 46 16-
COD: la. Inhalation of products of combustion II. Multiple injuries
Notes: Chest injuries contributed to death
NAME: DD-047
01- 3 05- 3 09- 3 13-.1900
02- 2 06- 2 10- 95 14-
03- 2 07- 3 11- 0 15-
04-0 08- 3 12- 76 16-
Notes:
NAME: DD-048
01- 0 •• 05- 3 09- 3 13- .0209
02- 2 06- 0 10- 70 14-
03- 3 07- 3 11- 0 15-
04- 3 08- 3 12- 0 16-
Notes: i
-13-
NAME: DD-049
01- 3 05- 2 09- 3 13- .0118
02- 4 06- 2 10- 100 14-
03- 0 07- 2 11- 0 15-
04- 0 08- 0 12- 6 16-
Notes:
NAME: DD-050
01- 6 05- 0 09- 3 13-
02- 3 06- 2 10- 50 14- --. ._
03- 0 07- 3 11- 0 15-
04- 3 08- 2 12- 16-
Notes:
NAME: DD-051
01- 0 05- 3 09- 3 13- .0900
02- 4 06- 3 10- 100 14-
03- 3 07- 3 11- 1 15-
04- 0 08- 3 12- 33 16-
COD: la. Multiple injuries II.Inhalation of products of combustion
Notes:
NAME: DD-052
01- 0 05- 3 09- 3 13-
02- 0 06- 3 10- 100 14-
03- 0 07- 3 11- 1 15-
04- 0 08- 3 12- 16-
Notes: CO level not given
-14-
NAME: DD-053
01- 4 05- 0 09- 3 13-
02- 3 06- 0 10- 100 14-
03- 0 07- 0 11- 0 15-
04- 0 08- 0 12- 16-
Notes:
NAME: DD-054
01- 0 05- 3 09- 3 13-
02- 0 06- 3 10- 95 14- V. .
03-0 07- 3 11- 0 15-

04- 0 08- 0 12- 16-
Notes:
NAME: DD-055
01- 6 05-2 09- 3 13-
02- 4 06- 0 10- 90 14-
03- 0 07- 2 11- 0 15-
04- 0 08- 0 12- 16-
Notes:
NAME: DD-056
01- 6 05- 2 09- 3 13- .0234
02- 2 06- 2 10- 80 14-
03- 3 07- 0 11- 0 15-
04- 0 08- 0 12- 0 16-
Notes:
-15-
NAME: . DD-057
01- 0 05- 2 09- 3 13-
02- 4 06- 0 10- 80 14-
03- 3 07- 2 11- 0 15-
04- 4 08- 3 12- 16-
COD: Mult.iple injuries
Notes:
NAME: DD-058
01- 3 05- 0 09- 3 13-
02- 4 06- 2 10- 85 14-
03- 2 07- 2 11- 0 15-
04- 4 08- 0 12- 16-
Notes:
NAME: DD-059
01- 6 05- 2 09- 6 13-
02- 6 06- 0 10- 20 14-
03- 4 07- 3 11- 0 15-
04- 0 08- 2 12- 16-
Notes:
NAME: DD-060
01- 6 05- 3 09- 3 13-
02- 4 06- 0 10- 60 14-
03- 3 07- 3 11- 0 15-
04- 2 08- 2 12- 16-
Notes:
-16-
NAME: DD-061
01- 6 05- 0 09- 6 13-
02- 6 06- 0 10- 50 14-
03- 6 07- 2 11- 0 15-
04- 4 08- 2 12- 16-
Notes:
NAME: DD-062
01- 0 05- 0 09- 3 13- .0300
02- 4 06- 0 10- 100 14- Vv.
03- 0 07- 0 11- 1 15-
04- 4 08- 0 12- 19 16-
COD: l a . Multiple injuries II. Inhalation of products of conbus
Notes:
NAME: DD-063
01- 6 05- 0 09- 3 13- .0362
02- 6 06- 0 10- 50 14-
03- 4 07- 3 11- 0 15-
04- 4 08- 3 12- 0 16-
Notes:
NAME: DD-064
01- 6 05- 2 09- 3 13-
02- 4 06- 2 10- 80 14-
03- 4 07- 2 11- 0 15-
04- 0 08- 2 12- 16-
Notes:
-17-
NAME: DD-06
01- 6 05- 0 09- 3 13- .1548
02- 2 06- 2 10- 80 14-
03- 3 07- 2 11- 0 15-
04- 2 08- 3 12- 0 16-
Notes: Cyanide level probably artefactual
NAME: DD-066
01- 6 05- 2 09- 6 13- .0751
02- 2 06- 3 10- 100 14-
'*• «.
03- 4 07- 2 11- 0 15-
04- 0 08-2 12- 0 16-
Notes:
NAME: DD-067
01- 6 05- 3 09- 4 13- .5465
02- 4 06- 3 10- 100 14-
03- 0 07- 2 11- 0 15-
04- 4 08- 2 12- 0 16-
COD: Multiple Injuries
Notes: Cyanide level nay have contributed but is more likely
to be artefactual
NAME: DD-068
01- 4 05- 2 , 09- 3 13- .0439
02- 4 06- 0 10- 35 14-
03- 0 07- 0 11- 0 15-
04- 4 08- 6 12- 0 16-
Notes: i
-18-
NAME: DD-069
01- 4 05- 2 09- 6 13- .0386
02- 6 06- 0 10- 100 14-
03- 5 07- 2 11- 0 15-
04- 4 08- 2 12- 0 16-
Notes:
i
NAME: DD-070
01- 6 05- 0 09- 6 13- .0336
02- 6 06- 2 10- 100 14-
• '"~ >•
03- 0 07- 3 11- 0 15-
04- 0 08- 0 12- 0 16-
Notes:
i
i
NAME: DD-071
01- 6 05- 3 09- 6 13- .0328
02- 5 06- 0 10- 100 14-
03- 3 07- 3 11- 0 15-
04- 4 08- 3 12- 0 16-
Notes:
NAME: DD-072
01- 6 05- 0 09- 4 13-
02- 4 06- 0 10- 80% 14-
03- 3 07- 3 11- 0 15-
04- 0 08- 3 12- 16-
Notes:
-19-
NAME: DD-073
01- 0 05- 2 09- 3 13-
02- 4 06- 0 10- 100 14-
03- 4 07- 2 11- 0 15-
04- 4 08- 3 12- 16-
Notes:
NAME: DD-074
01- 6 05- 2 09- 3 13- .0411
02- 3 06- 2 10- 40 14- X *..
03- 2 07- 0 11- 0 15-
04- 3 08- 0 12- 0 16-
Notes:
i
NAME: DD-075
01- 6 05- 2 09- 5 13- .0337
02- 6 06- 2 10- 100 14-
03- 4 07- 3 11- 0 15-
04- 0 08- 3 12- 0 16-
Notes:
NAME: DD-076
01- 0 05- 3 09- 3 13-
02- 0 06— 3 10- 100 14-
03- 0 07- 4 11- 1 15-
04- 4 08- 4 12- 16-
COD: Inhalation of products of coabustion
Notes: No CO level available
-20-
NAME: DD-077
01- 6 05- 3 09- 6 13- .0425
02- 6 06- 0 10- 80 14-
03- 3 07- 3 11- 0 15-
04- 0 08- 3 12- 0 16-
Notes:
NAME: DD-078
01- 6 05- 2 09- 3 13-
02- 0 06- 2 10- 0 14-
03- 3 07- 3 11- 0 15- *• v.
04- 4 08- 3 12- 16-
Notes:
NAME: DD-079
01- 1 05- 2 09- 3 13- .1200
02- 0 06- 3 10- 100 14-
03- 0 07- 3 11- 1 15-
04- 3 08- 2 12- 37 16-
Notes:
NAME: DD-080
01- 4 05- 0 09- 6 13- .0372
02- 6 06- 0 10- 100 14-
03- 4 07- 3 11- 0 15-
04- 4 08- 3 12- 0 16-
Notes:
-21-
NAME: DD-081
01- 6 05- 2 09- 3 13-
02- 3 06- 2 10- 100 14-
03- 3 07- 4 11- 0 15-
04- 4 08- 3 12- 16-
Notes:
NAME: DD-082
01- 4 05- 0 09- 6 13- .0354
02- 6 06- 0 10- 100 14-
. ^ v.
03- 0 07- 2 11- 0 15-
04- 0 08- 3 12- 0 16-
Notes:
NAME: DD-083 01-

0 05- 2 09- 3 13- .0300
02- 2 06- 0 10- 100 14-
03- 0 07- 4 11- 0 15-
04- 0 08- 4 12- 32 16-
COD: la) Inhalation of products of combustion ZZ.Multiple injuries
Notes:
NAME: DD-084
01- 4 05- 2 09- 6 13- .0251
02- 6 06- 2 10- 100 14-
03- 4 07- 3 11- 0 15-
04- 0 08- 0 12- 0 16-
Notes:
-22-
NAME: DD-085
01- 0 05- 0 09- 3 13- .0325
02- 0 06- 3 10- 100 14-
03- 0 07- 4 11- 0 15-
04- 0 08- 4 12- 0 16-
Notes: Description is limited - body badly burnt
NAME: DD-086
01- 0 05- 0 09- 3 13- .0100
02- 4 06- 2 10- 90 14- \ *••
03- 3 07- 3 11- 1 15-
04- 0 08- 0 12- 46 16-
COD: l a . I n h a l a t i o n of products of conbustion I I . M u l t i p l e i n j u r i e s
Notes:
NAME: DD-087
01- 0 05- 2 09- 3 13- .1000
02- 4 06- 0 10- 100 14-
03- 0 07- 0 11- 0 15-
04- 0 08- 3 12- 79 16-
COD: I n h a l a t i o n of products of conbustion
Notes:
NAME: DD-088
01- 0 05- 0 09- 3 13- .0500
02- 3 06- 3 10- 100 14-
03- 0 07- 4 11- 0 15-
04- 0 08- 3 12- 31 16-
COD: l a . I n h a l a t i o n of products of conbustion I I . Multiple i n j u r i e
Notes:
-23-
NAME: DD-089
01- 0 05- 3 09- 5 13- .0500
02- 6 06- 0 10- 100 14-
03- 0 07- 4 11- 0 15-
04- 0 08- 4 12- 67 16-
Notes :Lacer. of heart will still allow for absorption of CO.
NAME: DD-090
01- 4 05- 0 09- 3 13- .0394
02- 4 06- 0 10- 100 14-
03- 3 07- 2 11- 0 15-
04- 0 08- 4 12- 0 16-
Notes:
NAME: DD-
01- 0 05- 2 09- 3 13- .4700
02- 3 06- 2 10- 100 14-
03- 0 07- 3 11- 0 15-
04-0 08- 3 12- 41 16-
Notes:
NAME: DD-092
01- 3 05- 3 09- 3 13-
02- 0 06- 2 10- 100 . 14-
03- 0 07- 3 11- 0 15-
04- 0 08- 4 12- 16-
Notes:
•24-
NAME: DD-09
01- 6 05- 3 09- 3 13- .2668
02- 1 06- 3 10- 100 14-
03- 0 07- 4 11- 0 15-
04- 2 08- 4 12- 0 16-
COD: M u l t i p l e i n j u r i e s
N o t e s : HCN l e v e l p r o b a b l y artefact
NAME: DD-094
01- 0 05- 3 09- 3 13-
02- 0 06- 3 10- 100 14-
x "">•
03- 0 07- 3 11- 0 15-
04-0 08- 4 12- 16-
COD: Not determined
Notes: Body incincerated
NAME: DD-095
01- 0 05- 3 09- 3 13-
02- 2 06- 3 10- 100 14-
03- 0 07- 0 11- 0 15-
04- 0 08- 0 12- 16-
Notes:
NAME: DD-096
01- 0 . 05- 2 09- 3 13- .0300
02- 0 06- 0 10- 0 14-
03- 0 07- 4 11- 1 15-
04- 0 08- 4 12- 19 16-
Notes: Burns may be a contributing factor
-25-
NAME: DD-097
01- 0 05- 3 09- 3 13-
02- 0 06- 3 1 0 - 100 14-
03- 0 07- 4 11- 1 15-
04- 0 08- 4 12- 16-
COD: I n h a l a t i o n of products of combustion
Notes: Probable inhalation of smoke. No CO level.
NAME: DD-098
01- 0 05- 3 09- 3 13- .2300
02- 4 06- 3 10- 100 14-
•• >.
03- 0 07- 4 11- 1 15-

1
04- 0 08- 4 12- 53 16-
COD: la. Inhalation of products of combustion II. Hultiple injuries
Notes:
NAME: DD-099
01-0 03- 3 09- 3 13- .0200
02- 0 06- 0 10- 75 14-
03- 2 07- 3 11- 0 15-
04- 0 08- 3 12- 31 16-
COD: la.Inhalation of products of combustion II. Multiple injuries
Notes:
NAME: DD-100
01- 0 05- 0 09- 3 13- .0580
02- 0 06- 3 10- 100 14-
03- 0 07- 4 11- ? 15-
04- 2 08- 3 12- 6 16-
Notes:
-26-
NAME: DD-101
01- 6 05- 3 09- 3 13- .1000
02- 0 06- 3 10- 100 14-
03- 0 07- 3 11- 1 15-
04- 0 08- 3 12- 36 16-
COD; la. Inhalation of products of combustion II. Head injury
Notes:
NAME: DD-1
01- 0 05- 0 09- 3 13- .0282
02- 4 06- 2 10- 100 14-
S V.
03- 3 07- 3 11- 0 15-
04- 0 08- 3 12- 0 16-
Notes:
NAME: DD-103
01- 0 05- 0 09- 6 13-
02- 0 06- 0 10- 100 14-
03- 3 07- 3 11- — 15-
04- 0 08- 3 12- 16-
COD: Not determined
Notes: Probable multiple injuries
NAME: DD-104
01- 0 05- 3 09- 3 13-
02- 3 06- 3 10- 100 14-
03- 0 07- 3 11- 1 15-
04- 0 08- 3 12- 16-
Notes:
-27-
NAME: DD-105
01- 0 05- 2 09- 5 13-
02- 6 06- 2 10- 100 14-
03- 4 07- 3 11- 0 15-
04- 3 08- 3 12- 16-
Notes:
NAME: ) DD-106
01- 0 05- 3 09-#* ' 13- .0410
02- 0 06- 0 10- 100 14-
07- 3 11- 0 15- ^ **
03- 0
04-0 08- 3 12- 0 16-
COD: la. Not determined
Notes: Body severely burned and incomplete
NAME: DD-107
01- 5 05- 3 09- 4 13- .0355
02- 4 06- 3 10- 95 14-
03- 3 07- 3 11- 0 15-
04- 4 08- 3 12- 0 16-
Notes:
NAME:
01- 0 05- 0 09- ?
y DD-108
13- .0500
02- 0 06- 0 (No 10- 90
03- 0 07- 0 fractures 11- 0 15-
04- 0 08- 0 confirmed)12- 39 16-
Notes:
-28-
NAME: DD-109
01- 0 05- 0 09- 3 13- 1.0200
02- 4 06- 2 10- 80 14-
03- 0 07- 0 11- 1 15-
04- 0 08- 0 12- 43 16-
Notes:
NAME: DD-110
01- 0 05- 0 09- 5 13-.0302
02- 6 06- 2 10- 100 14-
03- 3 07- 3 11- 0 15-
04- 0 • 08- 3 12- 0 16-
Notes:
i
i
NAME: DD-111
01- 0 05- 2 09- 3 13- .3900
02- 0 06- 3 10- 100 14-
03- 0 07- 0 11- 1 15-
04- 0 08- 0 12- 40 16-
Notes:
NAME: DD-112
01- 0 05- 2 09- 5 13- .0364
02- 6 06- 2 10- 95 14-
03- 0 07- 3 11- 0 15-
04- 3 08- 3 12- 0 16-
Notes:
-29-
NAME: DD-113
01- 0 05- 2 09- 3 13- 1.52
02- 4 06- 3 10- 100 14-
03- 0 07- 3 11- 1 15-
04- 0 08- 3 12- 68 16-
Notes: Cavities exposed - hemothorax
NAME: DD-114
01- 0 05- 3 09- -> 13-
•
02- 0 06- 3 10- 100 14-
03- 0 07- 3 11- 0 15-
04- 0 08- 3 12- 16-
COO: Not determined
Notes: Body charred and incomplete
NAME: DD-115
01- 0 05- 3 09- 3 13-
02- 0 06- 3 10- 80 14-
03- 0 07- 3 11- 0 15-
04- 0 08- 3 12- 16-
Notes:
NAME: DD-116
01- 0 05- 3 09- 3 13- .0300
02- 4 06- 3 10- 100 14-
03- 0 07- 3 11- 0 15-
04- 0 08- 3 12- 52 16-
COD: l a . Inhalation of products of combustion I I . Multiple i n j u r i e s
Notes:
-30-
NAME: DD-117
01- 0 05- 2 09- 3 13- .0900
02- 0 06- 3 10- 100 14-
03- 0 07- 3 11- 1 15-
04- 0 08- 3 12- 62 16-
Notes:
NAME: DD-118
01- 6 05- 3 09- 4 13-
02- 3 06- 3 10- 100 14-
03- 0 07- 3 11- 0 15-
04- 0 08- 3 12- 16-
Notes:
NAME: DD-119
01- 0 05- 3 09- ? 13-
02- 0 06- 3 10- 100 14-
03- 0 07- 3 11- 0 15-
04- 0 08- 3 12- 16-
COD: Not determined
NAME: DD-120
01- 6 05- 2 09- 6 13- .0866.
02- 5 06- 3 10- 100 14-
03- 4 07- 3 11- 0 15-
04- 0 08- 3 12- 0 16-
Notes: i
-31-
NAME: DD-121
01- 0 05- 0 09- 3 13- .0500
02- 0 06- 2 10- 100 14-
03- 0 07- 0 11- 1 15-
04- 0 08- 3 12- 52 16-
Notes:
NAME: DD-122
01- 0 05- 3 09- 3 13-
02- 0 06- 3 10- 100 14-
03- 0 07- 3 11- 0 15-
04- 3 08- 3 12- 16-
Notes:
NAME: . DD-123
01- 4 05- 3 09- 4 13- .0320
02- 4 06- 3 10- 100 14-
03- 4 07- 3 11- 0 15-
04- 4 08- 3 12- 0 16-
Notes:
NAME: DD-124
01- 5 05- 2 09- 3 13- .0200
02- 0 06- 0 10- 100 14-
03- 0 07- 0 11- 1 15-
04- 0 08- 2 12- 20 16-
COD: la. Massive head injury II. Inhalation of products of combust
Notes:
GANDER ACCIDENT VICTIMS INJUP.Y ANALYSIS
-32-
NAME: DD-125
01- 6 05- 2 09- 4 13-
02- 6 06- 3 10- 100 14-
03- 3 07- 3 11- 0 15-
04- 4 08- 3 12- 16-
Notes: i
i
NAME: DD-126
01- 6 05- 3 09- 4 13-
02- 0 06- 3 10- 100 14-
03- 0 07- 4 11- 0 15-
04- 3 08- 3 12- 16-
Notes:
NAME: DD-127
01- 0 05- 3 09- 3 13-
02- 0 06- 2 10- 50 14-
03- 0 07- 3 11- 1 15-
04- 4 08- 3 12- 16-
Notes: CO level not available
NAME: DD-128
01- 6 05- 0 09- 6 13-
02- 6 06- 2 10- 90 14-
03- 0 07- 3 11- 0 15-
04- 0 08- 3 12- 16-
Notes:
-33-
NAME: DD-129
01- 6 05- 3 09- 3 13- .0380
02- 4 06- 3 10- 50 14-
03- 3 07- 3 11- 0 15-
04- 0 08- 4 12- 0 16-
Notes:
NAME: DD-130
01- 0 05- 3 09- 3 13- .0200
02- 5 06- 3 10- 99 14-
. ^ *w
03- 0 07- 3 11- 0 15-

04- 0 08- 3 12- 18 16-
COD: la. Multiple injuries II. Inhalation of products of combustion
Notes:
NAME: DD-131
01- 6 05- 3 09- 4 13- .1464
02- 4 06- 3 10- 100 14-
03- 0 07- 3 11- 0 15-
04- 0 08- 3 12- 0 16-
Notes: Cyanide level probably artefact.
NAME: DD-132
01- 4 05- 2 09- 3 13-1.000
02- 2 06- 3 10- 100 14-
03- 0 07- 0 11- 1 15-
04- 0 08- 0 12- 43 16-
COD: la. Inhalation of products of combustion II. Multiple injurii
Notes:
-34-
NAME: DD-133
01- 0 05- 0 09- 3 13- .0700
02- 5 06- 0 10- 85 14-
03- 0 07- 0 11- 1 15-
04- 0 08- 4 12- 75 16-
COD: I n h a l a t i o n of products of combustion
Notes:
NAME: DD-134
01- 6 05- 3 09- 6 13-
02- 0 06- 3 10- 100 14-
03- 0 07- 4 11- 0 15-
04- 0 08- 4 12- 16-
Notes:
NAME: DD-135
01- 3 05- 0 09- 3 13- .2400
02- 0 06- 2 10- 70 14-
03- 0 07- 0 11- 1 15-
04- 0 08- 0 12- 77 16-
Notes:
NAME: DD-136
01-0 05- 3 09- 3 13- .0600
02- 5 06- 0 10- 95 14-
03- 0 07- 2 11- 0 15-
04- 0 08- 3 12- 63 16-
COD: la. Inhalation of products of combustion II. Multiple injuri*
Notes:
-35-
NAME: DD-137
01- 3 05- 2 09- 5 13- .0412
02- 6 06- 3 10- 100 14-
03- 0 07- 4 11- 0 15-
04- 0 08- 3 12- 0 16-
Notes:
NAME: DD-138
01- 0 05- 3 09- 3 13- .1900
02- 2 06- 2 10- 80 14-
15- ^ "%
03- 0 07- 0 11- 0
04- 0 08- 0 12- 32 16-
Notes:
NAME: DD-139
01- 3 05- 3 09- 3 13- .0337
02- 5 06- 3 10- 100 14-
03- 0 07- 3 11- 0 15-
04- 0 08- 3 12- 0 16-
Notes:
NAME: DD-140
01- 4 05- 2 09- 4 13-
02- 6 06- 2 10- 90 14-
03- 5 07- 2 11- 0 15-
04- 4 08- 2 12- 16-
Notes:
-36-
NAME: DD-141
01- 6 05- 3 09- 3 13- .0500
02- 0 06- 3 10- 100 14-
03- 0 07- 0 11- 0 15-
04- 0 08- 0 12- 48 16-
Notes:
NAME: DD-142
01- 6 05- 2 09- 6 13-
02- 6 06- 2 10- 40 14-
03- 3 07- 2 11- 0 15-
04- 4 08- 3 12- 16-
Notes:
NAME: . DD-143
01- 0 05- 3 09- 3 13- 1.4800
02- 1 06- 3 10- 100 14-
03- 0 07- 4 11- 0 15-
04- 0 08- 4 12- 0 16-
Notes: HCN either artefact or postmortem absorption
NAME: DD-1
01- 0 05- 3 09- 3 13-
02- 0 06- 3 10- 100 14-
03- 0 07- 3 11- 1 .15-
04- 0 08- 3 12- 16-
COD: l a . I n h a l a t i o n of products of combustion I I . Multiple injuries
Notes: No CO
-37-
NAME: DD-14 5
01- 0 05- 2 09- 3 13- .0600
02- 0 06- 0 10- 95 14-
03- 0 07- 3 11- 1 15-
04- 0 08- 3 12- 65 16-
Notes:
NAME: DD-146
01- 2 05- 0 09- 3 13- .0400
02- 0 06- 0 10- 80 14-
03-2 07- 2 11- 0 15-
04- 0 08- 0 12- 0 16-
Notes:
-
NAME: DD-147
01-0 05- 3 09- 3 13-
02- 1 06- 3 10- 100 14-
03- 0 07- 4 11- 0 15-
04- 0 08- 4 12- 16-
Notes:
NAME: DD-148
01- 4 05- 0 09- 3 13- .0426
02- 4 06- 0 10- 100 14-
03- 3 07- 3 11- 0 15-
04- 0 08- 3 12- 0 16-
Notes:
-38-
NAME: DD-149
01- 0 05- 2 09- 3 13-
02- 0 06- 3 10- 100 14-
03- 0 07- 4 11- 1 15-
04- 0 08- 4 12- 16-
Notes:
NAME: DD-150
01- 6 05- 0 09- 3 13-
02- 4 06- 2 10- 100 14- - V
07- 3 11- 0 15- .*, ^
03- 4
04- 4 08- 3 12- 16-
Notes:
NAME: DD-151
01- 0 05- 3 09- 3 13-
02-0 06- 3 10- 100 14-
03- 0 07- 4 11- 0 15-
04- 5 08- 4 12- 16-
Notes:
NAME: DD-152
01- 6 05- 2 09- 6 13- .0363
02- 6 06- 0 10- 100 14-
03- 4 07- 3 11- 0 15-
04- 0 08- 2 12- 0 16-
Notes:
-39-
NAME: DD-153
01- 4 05- 3 09- 6 13-
02- 6 06- 3 10- 100 14-
03- 6 07- 4 11- 0 15-
04- 6 08- 4 12- 16-
Notes:
NAME: DD-154
01- 6 05- 2 09- 3 13-
02- 0 06- 0 10- 90 14-
03- 0 07- 3 11- 0 15-
04- 0 08- 3 12- 16-
Notes:
NAME: DD-155
01- 0 05- 3 09- 3 13- .1100
02- 0 06- 2 10- 100 14-
03- 0 07- 0 11- 1 15-
04- 0 08- 0 12- 38 16-
COD: la. Inhalation of products of combustion I I . Multiple injuries
Notes:
NAME: ,- » DD-156
01- 6 05- 3 09- 4 13-
02- 0 06- 3 10- 90 14-
03- 3 07- 4 11- 0 15-
04- 4 08- 3 12- 16-
Notes: i
i
-40-
NAME: DD-157
01- 0 05- 0 09- 3 13-.1200
02- 0 06- 2 10- 100 14-
03- 0 07- 4 11- 1 15-
04- 0 08- 4 12- 40 16-
Notes:
NAME: DD-158
01- 0 05- 3 09- 5 13-.0350
02- 6 06- 2 10- 90 14-
03- 5 07- 3 11- 1 15-
04- 0 08- 3 12- .0 16-
COD: la. Multiple injuries II. Inhalation of products of combustic
Notes:
NAME: ( DD-159
01- 6 05- 3 09- 6 13-
02- 6 06- 2 10- 100 14-
03- 4 07- 3 11- 0 15-
04- 0 08- 0 12- 16-
Notes:
NAME: DD-160
01- 0 05- 2 09- 3 13- .0826
02- 0 06- 2 10- 100 14-
03- 0 07- 0 11- 0 15-
04- 0 08- 4 12- 0 16-
COD: Not determined
Notes: Body severely burned
-41-
NAME: DD-16
01- 6 05- 2 09- 4 13- .0353
02- 6 06- 0 10- 95 14-
03- 4 07- 3 11- 0 15-
04- 0 08- 2 12- 0 16-
Notes:
NAME: DD-162
01- 4 05- 3 09- 3 13-
02- 1 06- 3 10- 100 14-
03- 0 07- 4 11- 0 15-
04- 0 08- 4 12- 16-
Notes:
NAME: •• DD-163
01- 6 05- 2 09- 3 13- .0200
02- 0 06- 0 10- 100 14-
03- 5 07- 3 11- 0 15-
04- 0 08- 0 12- 44 16-
COD: l a . Inhalation of products of combustion I I . Multiple injuries
t
Notes:
NAME: DD-164
01- 0 05- 3 09- 3 13- .0506
02- 0 06- 3 10- 75 14-
03- 0 07- 3 11- 1 15-
04- 5 08- 4 12- 0 16-
COD: l a . Inhalation of products of combustion I I . Multiple injuries
Notes: Could be inhalation of superheated a i r .
-42-
NAME: DD-165
01- 0 05- 3 09- 3 13- .0300
02- 3 06- 3 10- 100 14-
03- 0 07- 4 11- 1 15-
04- 4 08- 4 12- 74 16-
COD: l a . I n h a l a t i o n of products of combustion I I . Multiple injuries
Notes:
NAME: DD-166
01- 0 05- 2 09- 3 13- .0627
02- 3 06- 2 10- 85 14- V V.
03- 0 07- 0 11- 0 , 15

~
04- 0 08- 3 12- 6 16-
Notes:
NAME: DD-167
01- 5 .05- 2 09- 3 13- .0651
02- 3 06- 2 10- 100 14-
03- 0 07- 3 11- 0 15-
04-0 08- 2 12- 0 16-
Notes:
NAME: DD-168
01- 0 05- 3 09- 3 13- .0200
02- 0 06- 3 10- 100 14-
03- 2 07- 4 11- 0 15-
04- 0 08- 4 12- 25 16-
COD: la. Multiple injuries II. Inhalation of products of combustio
GANDER ACCIDENT VICTIMS INJUP.Y ANALYSTS
-43-
NAME: DD-16D
01- 0 05- 2 09- 3 13- .1300
02- 0 06- 2 10- 95 14-
03- 3 07- 4 11- 1 15-
04- 3 08- 4 12- 29 16-
Notes:
NAME: DD-170
01- 0 05- 3 09- 3 13-1.0500
02- 3 06- 3 10- 100 14-
03- 3 07- 4 11- 0 15-
04- 3 08- 4 12- 80 16-
Notes:
NAME: DD-171
01- 6 05- 2 09- 5 13-
02- 5 06- 3 10- 95 14-
03- 3 07- 3 11- 0 15-
04- 4 08- 3 12- 16-
Notes:
NAME:
01- 05- 09- 13-
02- 06- 10- 14-
03- 07« 11- 15-
04- 08- 12- 16-
COD:
Notes:
GANDER ACCIDENT VICTIMS
-4
NAME:
01- 6 05- 0
02- 2 06- 0
03- 0 07- 2
04- 0 08- 0
Notes:
NAME:
01- 6 05- 0
02- 6 06- 0
03- 4 07- 2
04- 0 08- 0
Notes:
NAME:
01- 0 05- 3
02- 3 06- 3
03- 0 07- 4
04- 0 08- 4
COD: M u l t i p l e injuries
Notes:
NAME:
01- 6 05- 3
02- 0 06- 2
03- 0 07- 4
04- 0 08- 4
Notes:
GAl.'DER ACCIDENT VICTIMS 1NJUP.Y ANALYST:;
•4 5 -
NAME: DD-17 7
01- 4 05- 3 09- 3 13- .0698
02- 0 06- 3 10- 100 14-
03- 0 07- 4 11- 0 15-
04- 0 08- 4 12- 0 16-
Notes:
NAME: DD-178
01- 6 05- 3 09- • 13-
02- 4 06- 3 10- 100 14-
03- 0 07- 4 11- 0 15- -m
04- 0 08- 4 12- 16-
Notes: Body incomplete
NAME: DD-179
01- 5 05- 2 09- 3 13- .0330
02- 3 06- 2 10- 64 14-
03- 3 07- 2 11- 0 15-
04- 0 08- 3 12- 0 16-
Notes:
NAME: DD-180
01- 6 05- 3 09- 3 13- .0336
02- 3 06- 3 10- 100 14-
03- 0 07- 4 11- 0 15-
04- "0 08- 4 12- 0 16-
Notes:
GANDER ACCIDENT VICTIMS TNJT.'PY ANALVnir:
-4G-
KAME DD-181
01- 05- 2 09- 5 13- .0513
02- 06- 2 10- 95 14-
03- 07- 2 11- 0 15-
04- 08- 3 12- 0 16-
Notes
NAME: DD-182
01- 6 05- 3 09- 3 13-
02- 0 06- 3 10- 100 14-
03- 0 07- 4 , li- o 15-
04- 0 08- 4 12- 16-
Notes:
NAME: DD-183
01- 6 05- 3 09- 4 13-.0500
02- 3 06- 3 10- 100 14-
03- 3 07- 4 11- 0 15-
04- 0 08- 4 12- 43 16-
COD: l a . I n h a l a t i o n of products of combustion I I . Multiple injuris
Notes:
NAME: DD-184
01- 0 05- 0 09- 4 13- .3671
02- 5 06- 2 10- 100 14-
03- 0 07- 3 11- 0 15-
04- 0 08- 3 12- 0 16-
Notes:
-47-
NAME: DD-185
01- 1 05- 2 09- 4 13- .0505
02- 5 06- 0 10- 99 14-
03- 4 07- 0 11- 0 15-
04- 0 08- 0 12- 0 16-
Notes:
NAME: DD-186
01- 6 1)5 2 -09- 4 13- .0385
02- 4 06- 2 10- 100 14- V. V.
03- 0 07- 2 11- 0 15-
04- 4 08- 0 12- 0 16-
Notes:
NAME: DD-187
01- 5 05- 2 09- 4 13-
02- 5 06- 2 10- 95 14-
03- 0 07- 3 11- ? 15-
04- 0 08- 4 12- 16-
Notes:
NAME: DD-188
01- 6 05- 2 09- 6 13- .0408
02- 6 06- 2 10- 100 14-
03- 0 07- 2 11- 0 15-
04- 0 08- 3 12- 0 16-
Notes:
-48-
NAME: DD-189
01- 4 05- 0 09- 5 13- .0328
02- 6 06- 2 10- 85 14-
03- 3 07- 3 11- 0 15-
04- 3 08- 3 12- 0 16-
Notes:
NAME: DD-190
01- 6 -os—3 -09-—4- -13-!=-
02- 6 06- 3 10- 100 14-
03- 0 07- 0 11- 15-
04- 0 08- 0 12- 16-
Notes:
NAME: DD-191
01- 4 05- 2 09- 4 13- .1014
02- 6 06- 2 10- 98 14-
03- 5 07- 3 11- 0 15-
04-0 08- 3 12- 0 16-
Notes: The HCN could be artefact or postmortem absorption
NAME: DD-192
01- 4 05- 2 09- 5 13-
02- 6 06- 2 10- 100 14-
03- 3 07- 2 11- 0 15-
04- 4 08- 0 12- 16-
Notes:
-49-
NAME: DD-193
01- 0 05- 0 09- 3 13- .0253
02- 3 06- 2 10- 100 14-
03- 0 07- 4 11- 0 15-
04- 0 08- 4 12- 0 16-
Notes; i
i
NAME: DD-194
01-4 T)5- 2 09- -4 13-
02- 6 06- 2 10- 95 14- «v "••
03- 4 07- 3 11- 0 15-

04- 4 08- 3 12- 16-
Notes:
NAME: DD-195
01- 0 05- 2 09- 6 13-
02- 6 06- 2 10- 100 14-
03- 0 07- 3 11- 0 15-
04- 0 08- 2 12- 16-
Notes:
NAME: DD-196
01- 6 05- 2 09- 5 13-
02- 6 06- 2 10- 100 14-
03- 2 07- 3 11- 0 15-
04- 0 08- 3 12- 16-
Notes:
-50-
NAME: DD-197
01- 6 05- 2 09- 4 13-
02- 4 06- 2 10- 95 14-
03- 0 07- 2 11- 0 15-
04- 4 08- 3 12- 16-
Notes:
NAME: DD-198
01- 0 — 05- 2 09- -3 - _ 13- .5162
02- 3 06- 0 10- 100 14-
"V
03- 0 07- 3 11- 0 15-
04- 0 08- 3 12- 0 16-
Notes: HCN could be postmortem absorption or artefact.
NAME: DD-199
01- 6 05- 2 09- 4 13-
02- 4 06- 2 10- 93 14-
03- 2 07- 4 11- 0 15-
04- 0 08- 2 12- 16-
Notes:
NAME: DD-200
01- 6 05- 2 09- 6 13- 0
02- 6 06- 2 10- 98 14-
03- 3 07- 3 11- 0 15-
04- 0 08- 0 12- 6 16-
Notes:
-51-
NAME: DD-201
01- 4 05- 2 09- 3 13-
02- 3 06- 0 10- 100 14-
03- 4 07- 0 11- 0 15-
04- 4 08- 3 12- 16-
Notes! i
•
NAME: DD-2
01- 0 05- 0 09- 3 13- "-
02- 4 06- 0 10- 100 14- v. -.
03- 0 07- 4 11- 1 15-
04- 0 08- 3 12- 16-
Notes: Ho Co level available
NAME: •-- DD-203

01- 6 05- 2 09- 3 13- .0259
02- 4 06- 3 10- 100 14-
03- 2 07- 3 11- 0 15-
04- 0 08- 4 12- 0 16-
COD*. Multiple injuries
Notes:
NAME: DD-204
01- 0 05- 3 09- 3 13- .0600
02- 0 06- 3 10- 100 14-
03- 0 07- 0 11- 1 15-
04- 3 08- 0 12- 36 16-
Notes: Body severely incinerated.
-52-
NAME: DD-205
01- 5 05- 0 09- 3 13- 0
02- 4 06- 2 10- 90 14-
03- 3 07- 1 11- 0 15-
04- 3 0.8- 1 12- 5 16-
Notes:
NAME: DD-206
01-0 05- 3 09- 6 13-
02- 6 06- 3 10- 100 14- **t '•.
03- 3 07- „ 11- 0 15-

04- 0 08- 3 12- 16-
Notes:
NAME: DD-207
01- 0 05- 0 09- 5 13- 1.15100
02- 5 06- 0 10- 0 14-
03- 3 07- 3 11- 100 15-
04- 0 08- 3 12- 31 16-
COD: Za. Multiple injuries ZZ. Znhalation of products of combustion
Notes: HCN could be postmortem absorption or artefact.
NAME: DD-208
01- 0 05- 2 09- 3 13- .1400
02- 5 06- 2 10- 100 14-
03- 0 07- 3 11- 1 15-
04- 0 08- 4 12- 51 16-
COD: la.Znhalation of products of combustion ZZ. Multiple injuries
Notes:
-53-
NAME: DD-209
01- 6 05- 3 09- 3 13-
02- 0 06- 2 10- 80 14-
03- 0 07- 3 11- -> 15-
•
04- 0 08- 2 12- 16-
Notes:
NAME: DD-210
01- 0 05- 3 09- "3 13-
02- 0 06- 3 10- 100 14-
03- 0 07- 4 11- 0 15-
04- 4 08- 3 12- 16-
Notes:
NAME: DD-211
01- 6 05- 3 09- 3 13- .0800
02- 3 06- 3 10- 100 14-
03- 0 07- 4 11- 0 15-
04- 0 08- 4 12- 57 16-
Notes:
NAME: DD-212
01- 0 05- 0 09- 3 13- .0400
02- 2 06- 2 10- 75 14-
03- 0 07- 0 11- 1 15-
04- 0 08- 2 12- 58 16-
Notes:
-54-
NAME: DD-213
01- 6 05- 3 09- 4 13-
02- 4 06- 2 10- 100 14-
03- 3 07- 3 11- 0 15-
04- 3 08- 3 12- 16-
Notes:
NAME: DD-214
01- 6 05- 2 09- 6 13-
02- 6 06- 2 10- 30 14-
03- 6 07- 3 0 15- v *•
11-
04- 3 08- 3 12- 16-
Notes:
NAME: -DD-215
01- 6 05- 2 09- 5 13- .0255
02- 6 06- 0 10- 100 14-
03- 3 07- 0 11- 0 15-
04- 0 08- 3 12- 0 16-
Notes:
NAME: DD-216
01- 6" 05- 2 09- 5 13- .0916
02- 5 06- 2 10- 90 14-
03- 5 07- 3 11- 0 15-
04- 3 08- 4 12- 0 16-
Notes: HCN could be artefact or postmortem absorption
-55-
NAME: DD-217
01- 0 05- 2 09- 3 13-
02- 06- 2 10- 100 14-
03- 07- 3 11- 0 15-
04- 08- 3 12- 16-
COD Multiple injuries
Notes:
NAME: DD-218
01- 4 05- 2 09- 3 13-
02- 4 06- 2 10- 100 14-
03- 3 07- 3 11- ? 15-
04- 2 08- 3 12- 16-
Notes:
NAME: DD-219
01- 0 05- 2 09- 4 13-
02- 5 06- 2 10- 100 14-
03- 3 07- 3 11- 0 15-
04- 3 08- 3 12- 16-
Notes:
NAME: DD-220
01- 0 05- 3 09- 3 i3- .0300
02- 3 06- 3 10- 100 14-
03- 0 07- 0 11- 0 15-
04- 0 08- 3 12- 28 16-
COD: la. Multiple injuries II. Inhalation of products of combustior
Notes:
-56-
NAME: DD-221
01- 0 05- 0 09- 3 13- .04 00
02- 3 06- 0 10- 100 14-
03- 2 07- 4 11- 1 15-
04- 4 08- 0 12- 34 16-
Notes:
NAME: DD-22 2
01- 0 05- 4 .09- •> 13-
*
02- 0 06- 4 10- 100 14-
"•^. "
03- 0 07- 4 11- -> 15-

•
04- 3 08- 4 12- 16-
COD: Not determined
Notes: Body incomplete
NAME: DD-223
01- 0 05- 3 09- 3 13-
02- 2 06- 3 10- 100 14-
03- 0 07- 4 11- 0 15-
04- 0 08- 4 12- 16-
Notes:
NAME: DD-224
01- 6 05- 0 09- 3 13- .0438
02- 2 06- 2 10- 98 14-
03- 0 07- 3 11- 0 15-
04- 0 08- 4 12- 0 16-
Notes:
-57-
NAME: DD-225
01- 0 05- 0 09- 3 13- .0256
02- 3 06- 0 10- 100 14-
03- 3 07- 0 11- 0 15-
04- 0 08- 4 12- 6 16-
Notes:
NAME: DD-226
01- 0 05- 0 09- 3 13- .0600
02- 0 06- 0 10- 80 14-
03- 0 07- 0 11- 15-
04- 0 08- 2 12- 47 16-
Notes:
NAME: DD-227
01- 5 05- 2 09- 5 13-
02- 6 06- 2 10- 100 14-
03- 3 07- 2 11- 0 15-
04- 4 08- 3 12- 16-
Notes:
NAME: DD-228
01- 0 05- 2 09- 3" 13-
02- 5 06- 2 10- 100 14-
03- 5 07- 3 11- 0 15-
04- 0 08- 3 12- 16-
Notes:
-58-
NAME: DD-229
01- 6 05- 2 09- 3 13-6.0430
02- 6 06- 2 10- 90 14-
03- 4 07- 2 11- 0 15-
04- 4 08- 0 12- 6 16-
Notes: HCN levels due to postmortem absorption and/or artefact.
NAME: DD-23 0
01- 6 05- 0 09- 6 13-
02- 6 .?** 2 10- 95 14-
03- 4 07- 3 11- 0 15-
04- 4 08- 3 12- 16-
Notes:
NAME: DD-231
01- 6 05- 2 09- 4 13- .0267
02- 4 06- 2 10- 95 14-
03- 3 07- 0 11- 0 15-
04- 4 08- 3• 12- 0 16-
Notes:
NAME: DD-232
01- 6 05- 0 09- 3 13- .0243
02- 3 06- 2 10- 95 14-
03- 0 07- 0 11- 0 15-
04- 0 08- 0 12- 0 16-
Notes;
-59-
NAME: DD-233
01- 3 05- 0 09- 3 13-
02- 3 06- 0 10- 100 14-
03- 2 07- 3 11- 0 15-
04- 0 08- 3 12- 16-
Notes:
NAME: DD-2 3 4
01- 0 05- 2 09- 4 13- .0214
02- 6 06- 0 10- 95 14- '«. «.
03- 4 07- 2 11- 0 15-
04- 4 08- 0 12- 0 16-
Notes:
NAME: DD-235
01- 0 05- 3 09- 3 13-
02- 1 06- 2 10- 99 14-
03- 0 07- 4 11- 0 15-
04-0 08- 3 12- 16-
COD: Not determined
Notes: Blood submitted but not apparently tested
NAME: DD-23 6
01- 4 05- 3 "09-3 13-.0300
02- 0 06- 3 10- 100 14-
03- 0 07- 4 11- 1 15-
04- 0 08- 3 12- 38 16-
COD: la. Inhalation of products of combustion II. Burns
Notes:
GANDER ACCIDE1T VICTIMS INJURY ANALYSIS
-60-
NAME: DD-237
01- 0 05- 3 09- 3 13-
02- 0 06- 3 10- 100 14-
03- 0 07- 4 11- 1 15-
04- 0 08- 4 12- 16-
Notes: Body severely charred
NAME: DD-238
01- 6 05- 3 09- 3 13-
02- 5 06- 3 10- 100 14- \ \
03- 3 07- 3 11- 0 15-'
04- 0 08- 4 12- 16-
Notes:
NAME: DD-239
01- 5 05- 2 09- 5 13- 1.4800
02- 5 06- 0 10- 100 14-
03- 4 07- 4 11- 0 15-
04- 0 08- 4 12- 13 16-
COD: la. Multiple injuries II.Inhalation of products of combustion,
Notes: HCN due to postmortem absorption or artefact.
NAME: DD-240
01- 6 05- 2 09- 3 13- .0465
02- 2 06- 2 10- 100 14-
03- 3 07- 3 11- 15-
04- 0 08- 0 12- 0 16-
Notes:
-61-
NAME: DD-2 41
01- 6 05- 2 09- 3 13-
02- 4 06- 2 10- 85 14-
03- 0 07- 2 11- 0 15-
04- 2 08- 3 12- 16-
Notes:
NAME: DD-242
01- ? 05- • 09- •3
13-
•
02- ? 06- ? 10- 100 14-
03- ? 07- 4 11- ? 15-
04- ? 08- 4 12- 16-
COD: Not determined
Notes: Body largely incomplete
NAME: DD-243
01- 4 05- 0 09- 3 13- .0340
02- 3 06- 0 10- 95 14-
03- 0 07- 3 11- 0 15-
04- 3 08- 3 12- 0 16-
Notes:
NAME: DD-244
01- 5 05- 2 09- 5 13- .0284
02- 5 06- 2 10- 100 14-
03- 0 07- 0 11- 0 15-
04- 4 08- 3 12- 0 16-
Notes:
-62-
NAME: DD-245
01- 05- 0 09- 3 13- .0429
02- 06- 2 10- 100 14-
03- 07- 0 11- 0 15-
04- 08- 3 12- 0 16-
Notes:
NAME: DD-246
01- 5 05- 2 09- 3 13- 1.6000
02- 3 06- 2 10- 90 14-
03- 0 07- 2 11- 0 15-
04- 2 08- 3 12- 17 16-
COD: la. Multiple injuries II. Inhalation of products of combustion
Notes: HCN probably due to postmortem absorption or artefact
NAME: DD-247
01- 4 05- 0 09- 6 13-
02- 6 06- 2 10- 90 14-
03- 5 07- 3 11- 0 15-
04- 4 08- 2 12- 16-
Notes:
NAME: DD-248
01- 0 05- 2 09- 5 13- .0300
02- 6 06- 0 10- 60 14-
03- 0 07- 0 11- 0 15-
04- 0 08- 0 12- 30 16-
Notes:
-63-
NAME: DD-249
01- 6 05- 3 09- 6 13- .2183
02- 06- 3 10- 100 14-
03- 07- 3 11- 0 15-
04- 08- 3 12- 0 16-
Notes: HCN due to postmortem absorption or artefact.
NAME: DD-250
01- 0 05- 3 09- c* 13-
02- 0 06- 3 10- 100 14-
03- 0 07- 3 11- 1 15-
04- 0 08- 2 12- 16-
Notes: Body severely incincerated. No CO.
NAME: DD-251
01- 4 05- 3 09- 6 13-
02- 6 06- 0 10- 0 14-
03- 6 07- 4 11- 0 15-
04- 5 08- 4 12- 16-
Notes:
NAME: DD-252
01- 6 05- 0 09- 3 13-
02- 3 06- 2 10- 99 14-
03- 0 07- 3 11- 0 15-
04- 0 08- 4 12- 16-
Notes:
-64-
NAME: DD-253
01- 0 05- 0 09- 3 13- .0300
02- 3 06- 0 10- 90 14-
03- 0 07- 0 11- 0 15-
04- 0 08- 0 12- 32 16-
Notes:
NAME:
01- 05- 09- 13-
02- 06- 10- 14-
03- 07- 11- 15-
04- 08- 12- 16-
COD:
Notes:
NAME: DD-255
01- 5 05- 2 09- 3 13-.0200
02- 3 06- 2 10- 100 14-
03- 2 07- 3 11- 0 15-
04- 4 08- 3 12- 0 16-
COD: Multiple injuries t
Notes:
NAME: DD-256
01- 05- 3 09- 3 13- .2100
02- 06- 0 10- 100 14-
03- 07- 3 11- 0 15-
04- 08- 3 12- 21 16-
COD: la. Multiple injuries II. Inhalation of products of combust
Notes:
GANDER ACCIDENT VICTIMS
NAME:
01- 6 05- 3
02- 6 06- 2
03- 4 07- 4
04- 4 08- 3
Notes:>
NAME:
01- 6 05- 3
02- 0 06- 3
03- 3 07- 4
04- 0 08- 3
Notes:
NAME:
01- 05-
02- 06-
03- 07-
04- 08-
COD:
Notes:
NAME:
01- 05-
02- 06-
03- 07-
04- 08<
COD:
Notes:
L.
ANALYSIS OF GANDER AUTOPSY RESULTS
(Revised)
Objectives
1. Explain the levels of HCN found by toxicology.

2. Summarize the evidence supporting or refuting the theory of
in-flight fire or explosion.
Database for analysis

o The database for this analysis consists of data extracted from
pathology, toxicology and micro-pathology results combined with data
on body location. These data have been extensively checked and
cross-checked by staff of CASB Safety Medicine branch.
Data is available on 256 victims, although in some cases, data is
very limited. In particular, data are available in 192 cases on the
level of HCN in the blood and in 194 cases on the level of CO. While
this data coverage is extensive, there are a significant number of^
cases where no information on gas levels are available. This could'
introduce a potential bias into the results obtained. From the data
available, there is no reason to suspect that there are systematic
differences between those cases for which there are data on gases
and those where there are not.
Note on Sevision
o After a detailed comparison of the injury analysis conducted by an

independent pathologist (see below) with the analysis done by AFIP,
a small, number (6) of survival time estimates were revised. The
analysis described under Issue 2 has been rerun and the small
adjustments to the data incorporated. The changes had no impact on
the results of the analysis, but are included here for completeness
Issue 1 - Analysis of Observed levels of HCN
o There are 4 known mechanisms leading to measurable levels of HCN in
the blood of accident victims:
a) Background — HCN may be found in low concentrations in

the blood of normal people. Smokers can have levels as
much as twice the "normal" level.
b) Neo-formation — A number of processes can produce HCN in

a body. These processes are very complex and their impact
is not well understood. They include bacterial activity,
the breakdown of thyocyanate and the production of HCN as.
a result of the burning and subsequent freezing of the
body. In addition, cyanide may also breakdown over time
leading to decreases in observed levels. It appears
therefore, that, under certain conditions, these processes
can result in wide variations of HCN levels.
c) Contamination — In victims who suffered penetrating chest
wounds, there is the possibility that combustion products
may have been introduced directly into the body cavity.
Since body fluid samples were drawn (in general) from the
chest cavity, HCN would be found in the sample.
b) Respiration of combustion products — HCN is given off as

a product of combustion of many of the materials found in
aircraft interiors. Victims breathing-in contaminated air
will show HCN levels in the blood. Depending on the amount
of contaminated air breathed in, and the concentrations of
HCN in the air, the levels of HCN in the blood could be
quite high.
In all likelihood all or some of these mechanisms were factors in

many of the cases where HCN was found. The first task is to, as far
as possible identify the relative contributions of each to the
observed levels. By comparison with other findings, in particular
soot and CO findings, and injury analysis it is hoped to test a
number of hypotheses concerning the timing and location of fires in
the Gander crash.
Three variables can provide evidence of the possible relative

effects of three of these mechanisms:
- The presence nicotine or cotinine in the blood or urine is

an indicator of exposure to tobacco products. HCN levels
related to this mechanism should vary with this indicator.
- The presence of chest wounds, particularly serious ones,
should be related to possible contamination directly via
the chest.
- Significant levels of carbon monoxide or the presence of
soot below the trachea are indicators of respiration of
products of combustion.
No indicator has been identified for the neo-formation mechanism.

Time from death to autopsy was considered, but does not show a
strong relationship, probably because of the complex nature of the
process.
The data were examined statistically to identify the relative

contributions of the three mechanisms, namely, respiration,
contamination via the chest, and exposure to tobacco products. A
technique called analysis of variance was used for the examination
of effects with the effect of the neo-formation process (if present]
assumed to be indistinguishable from random error.
The results of this analysis can be summarized as follows:
1) All three factors are statistically related to the
observed levels of HCN.
2) The respiration mechanism is clearly the most important,
followed by contamination via chest wounds and then the
effect of exposure to tobacco products.
3) The nature of the relationship between observed HCN levels
and these factors is complex, in that some high levels of
HCN appear to be due not to any one effect or the sum of
effects, but to a strong interaction among them.
o In summary, the statistical analysis indicates strongly that more

than one mechanism was involved in the production of the HCN levels
observed among victims of the Gander accident. Although the most
important effect is that of respiration of products of combustion,
contamination of the blood through direct entry via chest wounds and
the production of HCN through exposure to tobacco, have significant
effects both singly and in combination.
Issue 2 Evidence on the timing of fire(s) during the accident
o The presence of products of combustion in the bodies of accident

victims may be an indicator of the timing of fires during an
accident sequence. However, such indications are critically
dependent on whether or not the presence can be ascribed to
respiration during the fire.
Three possible indicators of exposure to fire are available for the
Gander accident, carbon monoxide, HCN, and the presence of soot
traces below the trachea. Carbon monoxide is considered a good
indicator of respiration of products of combustion, in that there
appear to be few other significant mechanisms by which it may appear
in the blood. Although exposure to tobacco products may also
contribute to the presence of carbon monoxide. Soot traces arc a
good indicator when present, but their ahsence may not indicate Hu*
lack of a fire but simply that the particles in the air are either
too few or of the wrong size to appear as traces in the body. As
noted above, HCN may be an indicator but the_interpretation of
findings may be confounded by other factors.
o To use respiration of products of combustion as indicators of the
timing of a fire, it is necessary to assess the likelihood of a
victim surviving the impact. Where a significant number of victims
unlikely to have survived the impact, showed respiration of
combustion products, this would indicate there was a fire before
impact. Where most of those with evidence of respiration of
combustion products were likely to have survived the impact and very
few of those unlikely to have survived showed traces of respiration
of fire products, this would be a strong indication of post-crash
fire only.
To estimate survival times, an independent analysis of the injuries

to each victim was performed using a modification of the Abbreviated
Injury Scale, a well accepted scale for accident injuries. Use of
this scale results in an estimate of the likely survival time of the
victim from injuries alone. These estimates have been compared to
the indicators of respiration of combustion products. The results
are as follows:
- Out of 27 cases where survival for any time was considered

very unlikely and blood samples were available, 24 cases
showed a zero level of carbon monoxide. The 3 cases
showing non-zero levels of -cartoon monoxide were all below
25 90.% saturation. Where survival was estimated to be
less than 30 seconds, 36 out 41 cases showed no carbon
monoxide. Out of 125 cases where survival was estimated at
30 seconds to 5 minutes, carbon monoxide was found in 62
cases.
ESTIMATED .•.>
CARBON MONOXIDE
TINE 0 1-24 25+ TOTAL
0 24 3 0 27
< 30 8EC. 36 / 1 4 41
1/2 - 5 WIN 63 14 48 125
TOTAL 123 18 52 (53)
In 39 cases where traces of soot below the trachea were
found, 38 were among victims where the time of survival is
estimated at 30 seconds to 5 minutes. In the one other
case, survival was estimated at less than 30 seconds.
There were no cases of soot traces where the survival time
was zero.
ESTIMATED SOOT TRACES
TIME NO YES TOTAL
0 39 0 39
•-•
< 30 SEC. 47 48
1/2 - 5 MIN 112 38 150
TOTAL 198 39 237
From 191 cases where measures of HCN are available, 51

showed positive levels of HCN where survival time was
estimated at less than 30 seconds. In general, this could
be taken as an indlcatTonT of pTe^crash fireV HoweverT as
noted above, there is strong evidence of other factors
contributing to the observed levels of RCN. When these
factors (specifically, severe chest wounds and exposure to
tobacco) are taken into account, the picture changes
dramatically. Of the 51 cases noted above, 45 involved
severe chest wounds or exposure to tobacco products or
both. The 6 remaining cases are all in victims where the
time of survival is estimated at less than 30 seconds but
not zero. There were no cases of positive RCN levels where
survival time was estimated at zero where the confounding
factors of chest wounds and tobacco exposure were not also
present.
ESTIMATED HYDROGEN CYANIDE
SURVIVAL
TIME 0 POSITIVE TOTAL
mm mm mm mm mm mmmmmmmm «»••• mtmm oMaw «m mm
0 8 17 25
< 30 SEC. 7 34 41
1/2 - 5 MIN 15 110 125
TOTAL 30 161 191
ESTIMATED HYDROGEN CYANIDE
TIME 0 POSITIVE TOTAL
0 1 0 1
< 30 SEC. 2 6 8
1/2 - 5 MIN 11 52 63
TOTAL 14 58 72
WHERE THERE WERE NO SEVERE CHEST WOUNDS OR
EXPOSURE TO TOBACCO PRODUCTS
o In summary, the comparison of survival time estimates and evidence

of respiration of combustion products strongly supports the
proposition that a number of victims survived the impact and were
killed in a post-crash fire, and provides no support for an
in-flight fire scenario.
Systems and Analysis Division,

Safety Programs Branch,
Canadian Aviation Safety Board,
April 20, 1988
Revised May 18, 1988
Analysis of Additional Hypotheses Concerning Fire and Explosion.
This note presents the results of a number of statistical analyses

performed to evaluate hypotheses based on micro-pathology and
related to the issues of survival, respiration of products of
combustion and explosion. The format of the note is to present the
hypothesis followed by the results of the statistical tests.
Detailed tables are referenced in the text and appended to the note.
The database for this analysis is the same as that described in an

earlier note dated April-20-1-9W.
Fat Embolism, Marrow and Bone Spicules,

o Evidence of fat embolism or marrow or bone spicules in the pulmonary
blood vessels of victims is related to the injuries they have
suffered and the length of time their circulatory system continued
to function after the injuries. These measures, therefore, provide
evidence on survival times in addition to that provided by the
injury analysis. However, the relationship with survival time may be
obscured by the degree of injury since these indications may result-
directly by mechanical processes in the case of severe injury to the
abdomen, pelvic areas or possibly the legs.
Results (Tables 1-3)
o There are very few oases of positive bone or marrow findings. Almost
all also show evidence of fat embolism. For that reason the testing
of the hypotheses was based on embolism alone.
o Embolism shows small but probably not significant variations with
injuries to pelvis, abdomen, and legs as hypothesised. The direction
of the relationship is as expected but very slight.
o The relationship of embolism to survival time is significant and in
the expected direction, i. e. increasing embolism with increasing
survival time. The relationship is pronounced but not perfect. There
are cases (5) of moderate or extensive fat embolism with zero
estimated survival time. This probably indicates the degree of noise
in the data, rather than a fundamental problem with the hypothesised
mechanisms.
o There is no evidence that injuries to pelvis, abdomen, or legs are

confounded with the embolism / survival relationship.
o The results are taken as supporting the survival time estimates

based on injury analysis, but reinforcing the need to look at these
data in terms of statistical relationships rather than a
deterministic, case-by-case basis.
Pyrolosis
o This is a possible indicator, at the micro level, of damage caused
by breathing of hot gases. As such, it should be correlated with
other measures of respiration of products of combustion (POC).
However, the observations may be confounded with post-mortem
burning. Further, it is a fairly subjective measure, and therefore
may not have been taken consistently throughout the sample.
Results (Table 4)
o The data indicate no relationship at all between pyrolitic changes
and indications of POC from gas and soot measures when cases with
severe burning and severe chest wounds are removed. This suggests
that the suspected problems in the measurement of this variable are
well founded.
Edema, hYPgraenia and macrophages

o These are all potential indicators of respiratory irritation by POC,
especially hydrogen cyanide. However, the first two may also be a
result of chest injuries or massive head injuries combined with ,
survival for some period of time. The hypothesis is that these
measures will be positively correlated with other POC measures if
the effect of chest and massive head injuries are removed.
Results (Table 5-7)
o All these variables are expected to be confounded with severe chest

injuries or severe head injuries combined with non-sero survival
time. Such cases were eliminated from the analysis for these
variables. None of the measures showed any relationship with
indications of POC based on gas and soot findings.
Pigment
o This is a direct indicator of the presence of POC. It is similar to
the observation of soot but at a microscopic level.
Results (Table 8)
o Again absolutely no relationship with POC indications from gas and

soot were found.
Dilatation
o This is an indication of a sudden, large increase in air pressure in

the airways. Such an effect can be hypothesised as a result of:
- Exposure to a violent blast of air possibly as a result of

an in-flight explosion or during the breakup of the
aircraft during the crash sequence.
- A sudden compression of the chest cavity as the result of
impact.
o It is expected that dilatation would be found in some cases with
severe chest injuries. If cases occur where there were no severe
chest injuries, this would indicate a blast effect. However there
seems little to distinguish between an effect caused by explosion
and one caused by the crash itself. One possibility is to look at
the location of victims with dilatation with no severe chest wounds.
It is be expected that victims exposed to the full blast of an
explosion would not be distributed evenly throughout the crash site.
o The analysis will therefore proceed in stages. First, cases showing
dilatation in combination with severe chest injuries will be
excluded. If any cases remain their relative locations will be
examined for any evidence of concentration. A distribution
throughout the site would be taken as counter-evidence to an
in-flight explosion hypothesis.
Haemorrhage,
o This is in general an indicator of chest injury in combination with
an post-injury continuation of circulation for at least a short
time. It is possible it may also be caused by the same kind of blast
effect discussed above in respect of dilatation. ,
o The measure will be analysed first to identify any cases where the
primary mechanism of chest injury and continued circulation appear
unlikely. Such cases will then be included in the location analysis -
noted above for dilatation.
/ . . . . . .
Results (Tables 9 - 1 2 )
o There is no support for the expected relationship with chest
injuries. There is no relationship at all in the case of dilatation
and a negative result for haemorrhage, i.e. severe chest injuries
are associated with negative haemorrhage findings and minor or no
injuries with moderate levels of haemorrhage.
o With respect to grid location, those with positive measures of
dilatation were distributed in almost exactly the same way as those
with negative results. Haemorrhage shows some evidence of
concentration, in that half the 71 cases with positive findings are
found in grids 16B and 16C compared to less than one quarter of
those with negative results. Since the expected correlation with
chest injuries or dilatation are not found its difficult to
interpret this finding. It does not appear to support an explosion
scenario, however.
Summary
o The additional evidence based on micro-pathology findings bears on
three issues, namely:
Further indications of post-impact survival.
Additional indicators of respiration of products of
combustion.
Possible indicators of exposure to blast which may,
in turn, provide evidence of an in-flight explosion.
o With respect to survival indicators, the analysis of the embolism
findings supports the survival time estimates based on injury
patterns in terms of trend (by its nature, such analysis can only
address relative survival times and not provide input re the
absolute magnitude of the survival time estimates themselves).
o There is no statistical relationship between any of the
micro-pathology indicators of respiration of POC and the classical
indicators such as gas or soot findings. Since gas and soot findings
are well supported in forensic practice, and are internally
consistent as shown in our earlier analysis, this result is taken to
suggest that the micro-pathology measures analysed here are not good
indicators of respiration of POC.
o The indications of possible exposure to a blast effect, do not show
the hypothesised relationship to injury patterns. Positive
dilatation findings are distributed throughout the crash site
providing little to suggest an explosion in flight. Haemorrhage
findings are somewhat concentrated in area where the main fuselage
section came to rest. Since haemorrhage findings are related to
general chest injuries combined with survival for some time, and
this combination is most common in this same area, it seems
reasonable to conclude that the concentration is not the result of
an in-flight explosion.
o In conclusion, the micro-pathology results add very little to our
understanding of this accident and the mechanism for their formation
appears to be not well understood, making hypothesis testing
virtually impossible.
Systems and Analysis Division,

Safety Programs Branch,
Canadian Aviation Safety Board.
May 20, 1988
M
MEMO
TO: Dr. David Elcombe
FROM: Dr. N.A. Kerenyi DATE; April 26, 1988
SUBJECT; GANDER ACCIDENT - MEETING IN WASHINGTON
I would like to briefly conveyrayunderstanding of the meeting that has taken

place in the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology on April 25, 1988.
In my opinion, the meeting was very interesting and useful. The objective of
the Meeting was to correlate and suiiiaarize findings of the members of our team,
discuss the more complicated cases and reach a final conclusion. We approached
the problem as follows:
1. Reviewed photographic documentation of the accident, the accident site as

well as illustration of autopsies.
2. We have discussed the need for full cooperation and for full exchange of
all informations and findings available.
3. The basic conclusion reached was that all occupants (256) of the aircraft
have died as a result of the accident (crash, subsequent fire and fumes).
No indication of in-flight fire was detected.
4. Every case where high cyanide and carbon monoxide levels were present was
discussed by the whole group. All the high values were exaplanable by
injury pattern by the position of the body or by documented special
circumstances.
5. In every case the cause of death and the potential survival time was
determined. In those cases, where the cause or mechanism of death was not
immediately apparent, the whole group discussed the case and reached a
unanimous conclusion. Using this method, 250 out of 256 cases had an
established cause of death as well as a survival time grade.
In summary, the unanimous conclusion of the meeting was that the accident
killed all occupants of the aircraft, either by severe multiple mechanical
trauma or by fire and burning products of combustion. There was absolutely no
evidence of in-flight fire. All autopsy, microscopic and toxicologic findings
were consistent with this basic conclusion.
/%r€^/flpMi>L*
O0G3:
T H E UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA ft Viol''<
2211 WE5BROOK MALL
VANCOUVER, B.C., CANADA
V6T 1W5
DEPARTMENT OF PATHOLQCY
FACULTY OF MEDICINE TELEPHONE [604] 2 2 8 7 , . :
May 11, 1988
Dr. David Elcombe

200 Promenade du Portage
4th Floor, Place Du Centre
Hull, Quebec
Dear Dr. Elcombe:
Re; Gander Aviation Accident
I am enclosing the final edition of the injury analysis
that I carried out on the basis of the postmortem examinations
on the Gander accident victims. This injury analysis document
together with the causes of death was finalized following the
meeting on April 25-26 at the Armed Forces Institute of Path-
ology, Bethesda, Maryland where X met with Commander Glen
Wagner, Lt. Col. William Gormley and Dr. Xarenyi.
At that time we reviewed the causes of death that I had
provided in my draft document. There was complete agreement on
these causes of death but it was suggested that the terms,
"Inhalation of smoke" and "Carbon monoxide poisoning" should be
replaced by the term, "Inhalation of products of combustion".
I agreed with this standardization of nomenclature and this has
been changed in the final injury analysis document.
At that meeting I was provided with complete access to
all autopsy files and original notes. These were of immense
value in checking on problems of injury classification and
causes of death.
We reviewed individually all cases with carbon monoxide
levels over 40% saturation, of which there were 33 cases and
all cases with HCN levels over 0.100, of which there were 32
cases. All causes of death were agreed on in these cases. In
no case was the cyanide explainable by other than postmortem
contamination artefact or post-impact inhalation. There was no
disagreement with any of the classifications in my initial
draft document.
The term decapitation which is used in the postmortem
report does not imply an impact injury. It was apparent from
my review of the autopsy reports, and this was confirmed at our
Dr. David Elcombe
Page 2
May 11, 1988
meeting at the A.F.I.P., that in most of the cases designated

as decapitation, the loss of head and brain tissues was the
result of postmortem burning of the bodies. In all cases of
decapitation in which high carbon monoxide levels were recorded
or soot'was reported*in the trachea below the level of the
larynx, these cases had been designated as survivable (Code 3)
on the basis of the injury pattern. It is important to note
that this injury pattern coding had been done without prior
knowledge of the carbon monoxide or cyanide levels.
All of the pathologists agreed that as a result of these
complete postmortem examinations and toxicological analysis
there was no evidence of pre-impact inhalation of the products
of combustion and that when these findings are combined with
the evidence of the accident scene, injury patterns and
mechanisms and timing of the crash such pre-impact inhalation
of the products of combustion can be excluded beyond any
reasonable doubt.
Radiological analysis of the bodies excluded evidence of
an explosive device. It also confirmed the flail nature of the
injuries suggesting a relatively lengthy deceleration of the
bodies which was also indicated by the crash scene examination.
A high correlation with exposed chest cavities and
hemothorax was noted in the cases with high HCN levels. In the
top 20 cases with the highest HCN concentration, 17 cases had
exposed chest cavities and 16 had either documented hemothorax
or multiple rib fractures which was accepted as evidence of
hemothorax. In two of the remaining cases without documented
hemothorax, soot was identified in the airway. This represents
a highly significant correlation between high cyanide levels
and hemothorax. Almost all of the blood samples were retrieved
from the body cavities and thus it was the agreement of all of
this group of pathologists that much of the HCN in the blood
was a direct result of postmortem exposure to fire.
Except for the general correlations observed between HCN
and CO levels, the variations in HCN concentrations that can
occur after death mean that this correlation can only be made
in general terms and that in no particular case can the cyanide
level be used to support any particular conclusion.
An analysis of the causes of death shows that
1) A total of 175 of the victims died as a direct result of
injuries sustained in the impact;
2} Thirty-one of the victims died as a direct result of the
inhalation of products of combustion following the impact
and that any injuries that they had sustained in the impact
played no material part in their deaths;
Dr. David Elcoabe
Page 3
May 11, 1988
3) Forty-one of the victims died as a result of the combined

effects of the inhalation of the products of combustion
together with the injuries sustained in the impact;
4) In nine cases because of postmortem disruption of the
bodies due in large part to incineration of the remains, it
was not possible to precisely determine the cause of death.
In conclusion, therefore, it was the joint opinion of all
of the pathologists attending the meeting at the Armed Forces
Institute in Pathology at Bethesda that all of the victims of
this accident had died as a direct result of the accident, that
many of the victims had injuries which allowed them to survive
the accident impacts and that some of these victims died as a
result of the inhalation of the products of combustion. No
evidence of any pre-impact fire or explosion was found as a
result of this detailed analysis of the accident.
Yours sincerely,—
James A. J. Ferris, M.O., M.R.C.Path.,D.M.J.

Professor of Forensic Pathology
Chief Forensic Pathologist
JAJF/mf Province of British Columbia
ARMED FORCES INSTITUTE OF PATHOLOGY
WASHINGTON, DC 20306-6000
ADDRESS REPLY TO TK£ DIRECT

ATTN AFIP-
June 21, 3988
Office of the Armed Forces cal Examiner.
Dr. David Elcombe

Canadian Aviation Safety Board DBeaCr
P.O. Box 9120 £ 2 * M****
Alta Vista Terminal
Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1G 3T8
Dear Dr. Elcombe:
We were pleased to review cases from the Gander aircraft accident with you
and your independent consultants. Dr. James A.J. Ferris from the University of
British Columbia and Dr. Mbbert Kerenyl from the University of Toronto. As you
know, we reviewed the original case folders on all cases for which your
laboratory reported elevated carbon monoxide and/or cyanide levels in blood.
We also reviewed with you and your consultants, the folders for all cases with
soot in the airways and fbr which your consultants were unable to confidently
establish the cause of death based on the autopsy protocols alone. In
addition, we reviewed Dr. Ferris' confidential injury severity scale data on
all victims and your confidential draft analysis.
We were in essential agreement with you and your consultants on the cases
discussed. The elevated blood carbon monoxide and airway soot deposition
reflected brief exposure to products of combustion in the post-crash fire.
Your cyanide data Is qualitatively comparable with the carbon monoxide data as
a marker for exposure to products of combustion. As we discussed, quantitative
cyanide levels are not reliable for a number of reasons; cyanide can be
passively absorbed by liwpaoed blood In a dead body exposed to a fire; cyanide
can be artlfactually increased by up to 4004 b y simply freezing specimens; and
most analytical methods for cyanide are far less accurate than those for carbon
monoxide.
There was no evidence of inflight explosion or fire. At autopsy, all

bodies were radiographed and carefully examined for injuries compatible with
blast or fragmentation associated with an explosive device. The radiographs
and bodies were also examined specifically for trace evidence and/or
identifiable portions of an explosive device. Mb characteristic injury
patterns, trace evidence, or explosive device fragments were Identified. An
inflight fire would probably have resulted in at least a few bodies with
demonstrable instantly fatal injuries in association with significantly
elevated carbcocyhaaoglobin and/or prominent soot deposition on mucosal surfaces
of the trachea, bronchi, and other airways. None of the 296 bodies examined
bad this combination of findings.
-2-
We are returning the two confidential documents which you left with us for
our review. Both documents are enclosed with this letter.
Sincerely yours,
William T. Gomley,*H.D
Bnclosures

REFERENCE DOCUMENT SUMMARY

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

REFERENCE DOCUMENT SUMMARY

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

REFERENCE DOCUMENT ONLY

DOCUMENT DE REFERENCE SEULEMENT

REPORT OF RAMO - ATLANTIC MppE"ND"»)t f\ .

On 1.2th December 1985, approximately W7:45 AST:

Notified of crash of Arrow Air aircraft DC-S N950JW at Gander.

Removal of bodies continued until midn-ight of the 12th. The

Dr. Chas Hutton as acting chief forensic pathologist.

Dr. Herman Alinsangan (local hospital)

Dr. S. Mandavia (Grand Falls Hospital)

Dr. Shap-ter had begun to assemble a temporary autopsy room in a

The U.S. Armed Forces had sent in a team of 3 pathologists from

Tne plan was approved by Peter Boay, lfi<_- invest igator~in--charge

In the meantime bodies were being moved to the temporary morgue

toon after the signing of the Memo of A*-vre<--mc?nt Dr. Elcombe

By 10:00 am NST, 15th December, the RCMP had finished inspection

They report that 251 bodies are reasonably complete, leaving 5

Personnel Present at the Gander Accident Site:

Dr. Reynolds Regional Aviation Medical Officer,

Dr. Elcombe Chief, Civil Aviation Medical Unit,

Dr. Blizzard Safety Officer, Civil Aviation Medicine

Dr. Robert McMeekin Col. Med. Corp US, Director, Armed

Dr. William T. Gormley Lieut. Col. USAF, Pathologist, Armed

Charles Hutton Province of Newfoundland

RCD. NORTHINGS EASTINGS ELEV ITEM DESCRIPTION

9 5419967.867 499101.834 3a. 2 BODY -C-22 SENT BY

f»CD. NORTHINSS EASTINGS ELEV ITEM DESCRIPTION

* BS 542*224. 625 409322.60773. 0t PARTS \ {INITIAL TREE STRIK£>

203 5419987.458 409133.962 43.0 PARTS 1013"

RCL. NORTHINOB EASTINGS ELEV ITEM DESCRIPTION

IS 5419933.845 409103.510 34.8 PARTS 1516*

Printed 97 of th« 277 records.

91 5420J08. 129 499877.158 63.7 GRID GRID CORNEA 1 -er

193 5419963.499 499159.697.42.8 GRID GRID CORNER 1 1-B-' /

RCu. NORTHINGS EP6TZNQS CtEV ITEM DESCRIPTION

\44 54e0103.659 409006.660 60.0 ORID GRID CORNER 0-6"

1. All pathological examinations and toxicological testing

2. Pathological examinations will be conducted by the Armed

3. Pathological examinations will include complete autopsies of

4. Samples for toxicological testing will be obtained at the

5. Autopsy reports will be prepared for all victims and death

6. Death Certificates will be signed by a qualified physician

7. Reports will be prepared on any additional studies or tests

8. The Canadian Aviation Safety Board will be provided with,

9. The Department of Justice, Province of Newfoundland will be

10. The National Transportation Safety Board will receivp copies

12. The Canadian Aviation Safety Board will provide era*-It

13. One pathologist nominated by the Province of Newfoundland

15. The Armed Forces Institute of Pathology will provide further

16. All reports provided to Canadian authorities by the Armed

Dated December 14th, 1985.

REPLY TO. THE DIRECTOR 2 !0

RCMP Detachment 1 "<v

AFIP DIAGNOSIS: 1. Aircraft accident: fatal; DC-8; Gander, Newfoundland;

Examination and repor£ by:

Autopay Protocol Number: DD-O. AFIP Number: 204

IDENTIFICATION: Fingerprint comparison

The body is extremely burned and cold from refrigeration.

Post-mortem lividity is not discernible. Rigidity cannot be

evaluated due to trauma. X-ray examination of the body is performed

and films reviewed. There is evidence of post-mortem dental

examination. Clothing and personal effects are present on the body a

the time of autopsy include:

b. Unburned airline ticket.

tllmm+tm • # « • • < « f K M . i.»4mt #• • # « • • • « • • • • • • •« /•*«»«.»»••