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Music & Arts

Quarter 1

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 Folk Songs from the Lowlands
Before we explore the music of the Luzon Lowlands, let us first recall the different musical elements that
you have learned in your previous music lessons.
The first element is Rhythm. Rhythm is the regular repeated pattern of sounds. It serves as the pulse of the musical
composition. This element has three components: beat, tempo and meter. Do you think you can identify these components in
a certain music while listening to it? Have you experienced nodding your head or tapping your foot every time you hear music?
If so, you are actually feeling the beat of the music. In singing your favorite videoke tune, you are actually singing the rhythm
because of the different note durations of the lyrics of the song.
Tempo is the speed of the beat. Every music has its own speed which depends on the mood of the whole music. Most
happy tunes are fast while sad music is relatively slow.
The meter, which composes of time signature is the combination of strong beats (accent) and weak beats.

For example (four four) time signature is like counting 1, 2, 3, 4, 1, 2, 3, 4,

1, 2, 3, 4, and so on. This type of meter is commonly used in pop songs. In time signature, you just count 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2,
3 and so on. This meter is commonly used in waltz music. For the time signature (two four), you just count 1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 4

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2 and so on. Marches, polkas use this kind of meter.
The second element is about the softness and loudness of the music - the Dynamics. This can be gradual (crescendo
and decrescendo) or sudden / abrupt. Dynamics in music suggests the emotional aspect of the composition. Soft music suggests
themes such as love while loud or strong music suggests bravery or war.

The next element is the most obvious among all musical elements – the Melody. It is the organized sequence
(horizontal) of single notes.

Melody

In other words, it is the main tune of the musical piece. It is what you hear and what retains in your head. It has two
types, the conjunct and the disjunct.

conjunct disjunct

Based on the diagram, which of the two do you think you can easily learn to sing? Why?

The more singable or playable type is the conjunct. The melody is easy to sing because the notes
have no skips or leaps. Try to sing a Filipino folk song and try to analyze the movement of the
melody. Does the tune tend to move far from the other or are the notes just next to one another?

The vertical arrangement of sound in a musical piece is called Harmony. It is the simultaneous sounding of two or
more notes.

harmony

This element can refer to the chords produced, the accompaniment styles, and the countermelodies. Harmony has two
types, the consonance and the dissonance. Consonant intervals in music are more pleasant and seems like “everything is ok”.
Dissonant intervals on the other hand produce a more “creepy” sound. It shows tension and needs to be resolved.

Texture is all about the thickness of the sound. In the three diagrams below, the lines represent the melodic movement of a
musical piece. For example, in the monophonic texture, only single line can be
seen which means there is only one melody or tune playing. It is like you are singing alone in the bathroom. In homophonic
texture, a single melody is present with an accompaniment of an instrument or several instruments. It is like you are singing
with a videoke machine. In polyphonic texture, two or more melodic contours or lines are playing simultaneously. It is like you
are singing with others in a choir contest.

monophonic Polyphonic

homophonic
The timbre is the quality of sound heard. If you and your friend sing “Bahay Kubo” in unison, you can easily
distinguish each other’s voice based on the quality of the sound of your voices. Luzon’s lowland music is made up of simple
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 vocal and instrumental music, primarily a product of daily experiences from folks like farmers, fishermen, artisans, vendors,
and other common people. Family or community members learned this music orally which they sang in their native tongue.
Mostly, the persons who originally made this music were unknown.

Folk songs in general have the following characteristics

A. The lyrics are according to the native tongue.
Because songs are based on the daily experiences of the people in a particular place and the message of the songs needs to
be understood easily to be appreciated, the lyrics of the songs are written or sung in their own dialects. For example, the
Tagalog folk songs came from the people who speak Tagalog. (Bahay Kubo, Leron, Leron Sinta, Magtanim ay „Di Biro).
The Ilocanos have their own (Manang Biday and Pamulinawen). The Kapampangan’s Atin Cu Pung Singsing, and the
Bicolano’s Sarung Banggi are just a few among the folk songs of Luzon that are sung in their own dialects.
B. Passed down through oral tradition to family or community members, hence, learned by mere memorization
Singing is a form of social bonding among early Filipino families. Because they did not have access to internet, T.V. and
radio during that time, singing folksongs became their favorite pastime.
C. Unknown composers and lyricists
Most composers of Filipino folk songs are unknown because songs are just based on daily experiences and are passed
down orally.
D. Simple key signature of the song
Do you know how to play a guitar? If you can play this instrument, you can try to play a simple folk song. While playing,
you will notice that it starts with a particular key (key of G for example) and ends in that same key. That only shows the
simplicity of the Luzon folk songs.
E. Duple, triple, or, quadruple are common meters used
These meters were very common during that time. The dances and common songs are based on these meters. The
composers of the folk songs adopted these rhythmic patterns to their compositions.

F. Primarily based on the community’s culture, tradition and livelihood

G. Short and simple
Aside from Tagalog, several other dialects are used by unknown composers from Luzon in composing their own
lowland folk songs such as Ilocano, Kapampangan, Pangasinense, and Bicolano. Spanish and other western influences are very
evident in the construction of the songs such as the meter used, and the minor and the major modes.

Folk Songs and the Rondalla

The Rondalla is an instrumental group that is made up of stringed instruments and is sometimes called the
“Filipino stringed band”. Although this ensemble is very much associated with Filipino culture, historians claimed that it
originated from Spain. During their colonization they brought with them the Spanish Rondalla which composed of
bandurias, violins, guitars, flutes,

tambourines, castanets and triangles. Later, the Filipinos modified the instruments to fit to their culture. But how did the
Rondalla get its name?
According to Dr. Antonio Molina, a national artist for music, the rondalla started as a very informal group of
music loving Filipinos. During the Spanish occupation, the Governors asked civilians to guard their mansions at night.
Their job is to go around the governor’s mansion all night. This is called “Ronda” or to make rounds. The civilians
became bored with this daily routine and decided to make music using guitars and bandurias while making rounds. Thus,
they are called Rondalla which means making music while doing rounds.

The Rondalla Instruments

1. Banduria
It is an instrument with the highest pitch range. Usually, this
instrument plays the melody. The Spanish banduria has 12 strings while the Filipino banduria has 14
strings. The specific notes of the strings are F# B E A D G or Fa#, Ti, Mi, La, Re, Sol.

2. Laud and Octavina

These instruments play the contra -puntal (counter). Their strings are tuned like the banduria strings
but ave lower. They also have 14 strings.

3. Guitar
The guitar is a popular instrument with usually 6 strings. It is
typically played by strumming or plucking the strings. It plays the rhythm or beat of the musical piece.

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4. Bajo de unas
It is the largest instrument of the rondalla. This stringed instrument has only 4 thick strings,
but there are rare bass instruments that have 6 strings. It plays the bass part of the musical
piece. The notes of the strings are E A D G or Mi, La, Re,
Sol.
Aside from the brass band, the rondalla became popular in fiestas and different Filipino celebrations. Today, it is a
fast-growing instrumental group in schools, churches, and communities participated in by the young and the old ones.

Liturgical Music
In Asia, the Philippines is the only Christian nation, in which majority of the population are Roman Catholics and
the remaining part of population belong to various Christian and Protestant denominations. Obviously, that is the result of more
than 300 years of Spanish colonization in our country. Our deep faith in God is very much seen in our culture and tradition.
Music, for example, can be heard in all religious celebrations throughout the country.
According to Merriam-Webster dictionary, a Liturgy is a fixed set of ceremonies that are used during public worship
in a religion. Every religion or sect has its own rites for praising God. These may be in a form of bible sharing, testimonies,
singing, dancing, and chanting. Our discussion will dwell more on the Roman Catholic religion’s liturgy, since majority of our
country’s population are baptized in this religion.
For the Catholics, liturgy is about God’s saving work present in the life, death and resurrection of Jesus, and the
highlight of these three is the celebration of the Holy Mass wherein the priest is the main celebrant. The Holy Mass is the
highest form of liturgy with which the body and blood of Christ is the center of the whole celebration. Liturgy is a ritual prayer
of a community and each member takes part in the celebration. And this is where Liturgical Music comes in.
The first type of liturgical music that Filipinos learned from the Spaniards was in Latin. During the Liturgy, they sang
Gregorian Chants, hymns and all forms of sacred music in Latin. Gradually, aside from singing, Spaniards taught the natives to
play musical instruments like guitar, violin, flute and the organ. Later on, the music in different churches blossomed - in 1857, a
boys’ choir was formed in Sto. Domingo Dominican convent and later a pipe organ was installed. In 1601, the first orchestra
was formed in the Augustinian convent in Guadalupe, in 1643, the Manila Orchestra was organized by a priest, between 1816 -
1824, the famous Bamboo Organ was built. In 1870, Marcelo Adonay, the first native Filipino to compose a mass, led an
orchestra which was formed at San Agustine Church in Intramuros.

Because the natives wanted a liturgy that they can understand aside from the Latin liturgical celebrations in churches,
extra liturgical services outside the churches evolved. The Panuluyan,Pabasa, Salubong and other forms of devotions were
sang in Spanish and in their native tongue.

Music of Lowlands of Luzon (Devotional Music and Brass Band)

The Philippines was under Spanish rule for more than 300 years. No wonder why a vast part of our culture is under the
influence of that country. And very evident of these influences is our deep faith in God and our inclination to music. We may
have different religions but most of these have the same roots - Christianity.
The first type of liturgical music the Filipinos learned from the Spaniards was the Holy Mass in Latin
language. Gregorian Chants and other sacred type of music were all sung in a dialect the
natives cannot understand. That is why they decided to make extra liturgical celebrations done in their homes or outside the
mass. These celebrations contain rites and music that were suited to their culture. In the lowlands of Luzon, there are various
religious beliefs that are experienced in almost every Christian community. The Pabasa or the Pasyon, the Salubong, the
Flores de Mayo, the Santa Cruzan, and the Pastores are just some of the many religious celebrations in the Philippines.

The PASYON or Pabasa is a narrative of the Passion, Death and Resurrection of Jesus Christ. It is written in stanzas
of five lines following a strict number of syllables and rhymes. The whole text is sung throughout the Lenten season,
although some musical elements vary in some provinces.
After the Lenten season comes the Easter season. This tradition starts with the SALUBONG, a re-enactment of Christ’s
meeting with His mother, the Virgin Mary, on the dawn of His resurrection. Here, a child dressed as an angel is lowered by
ropes from a high platform to lift the mourning veil of the grieving mother while other children dressed in angel costumes
sing the Regina Coeli Laetare, meaning Queen of Heaven.
FLORES DE MAYO or the Flowers of May is a Catholic festival on the month of May. The song Alay is sung while the
flowers are being offered to the image of the Virgin Mary. It is held in the church or chapel.
One of the most awaited and colorful religious celebration not only in Luzon but also in other parts of the country is the
SANTA CRUZAN. It is a religious historical event that shows the finding of the Holy Cross by the Queen Helena and her
son, Constantine the Great. Here, sagalas and escorts show off in their beautiful gown as the marching band accompanies the
procession with the music Dios te Salve (Hail Mary). One of the popular celebrations in our country, Christmas, has also its
own share of localized religious
activity. Bicolandia’s Pastores (Shepherds), a Spanish introduced tradition in the late 1800s until now, plays a major part in the
yuletide celebration in the Bicol Region. This tradition is about the shepherds
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celebrating the birth of Christ through singing and dancing. Musical groups composed mostly of children
and youth perform the song Pastores a Belen accompanied by strings and percussion instruments, from house to house with
their colorful costumes and decorative arkos.
Instrumental Music
The Brass Band
Our country is also rich with different genres of instrumental music. And during
religious festivities, one musical group still plays an important role - the Brass Band.
A fiesta is not a fiesta without the music of the brass band or the marching band. Its
music brings a joyful mood to everyone who hears it.
In the Philippines, this music group became popular during the 20th century although
there were some accounts by historians that during the Spanish time, the brass band
music is already heard. A brass band is a music ensemble composed of woodwind, brass wind and percussion
instruments. Usually, this group plays folk songs, marches, processional music and pop songs. Brass wind instruments are
instruments made of brass (metal). Some of the popular brass wind instruments that are present in the Philippine marching
bands are:
The Brass Wind Family
The Trumpet
The trumpet is the smallest instrument in the brass family. It usually plays the melody of the
music because of its bright and vibrant sound. Originally, the main function of this instrument
is to gather people, sound for alarm, and call to war.

The Trombone
The trombone is the only instrument in the brass family that uses a slide to change pitch. You
play the trombone by holding it horizontally, buzzing into the mouthpiece, and using your right hand to
change pitch by pushing or pulling the slide to one of seven different positions.
The French Horn
The French horn's 18 feet of tubing is rolled up into a circular shape, with a large bell at its end. To
play the French horn, hold it with the bell curving downward and buzz into the mouthpiece.
The Sausaphone
This instrument is known as the bass. The bell is above the player’s head and projecting
forward.
The Woodwind Family
A woodwind instrument is a musical instrument which produces sound when the player blows air against a sharp edge
or through a reed (usually made of bamboo). Most of these instruments are made of wood but can be made of other materials,
such as metals or plastics. Woodwinds can be further divided into 2 groups - the flutes and the reeds.

The Flute
The flute is an aero phone (wind instrument) that produces its sound from flow of air across
an opening. The sound it produces is thin in timbre.
The Piccolo Flute
This instrument is smaller than the flute and has a thinner sound.

The Clarinet
This instrument is a straight cylindrical tube with cylindrical bore, and a flared bell. It has a single -reed mouthpiece.

The Saxophone
Commonly used in concert bands, military bands, marching bands, and jazz bands. The tenor
saxophone is a medium-sized member of the saxophone family. It uses a large mouthpiece, reed,
ligature. It is easily distinguished by the bend in its neck (near the mouthpiece).
The Percussion Family
Traditional Philippine brass bands only have these major percussion instruments - the SNARE DRUM, the BASS DRUM,
and the CYMBALS.
The Snare Drum

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 The snare drum is also known as the side drum. It is known for its cylindrical shape and a powerful staccato sound. This
instrument is often used in orchestras, concert bands, and marching bands. It is played with drum sticks or brush.
The Base Drum
The bass drum produces a low pitch and serves as the rhythmic guide of the ensemble.
The Cymbals
The cymbals consist of thin, normally round plates of various alloys. The heavier the
cymbals, the louder the volume.

Secular Music: Harana and Balitaw

Music that is non-religious in nature is called secular music. There are many examples of secular music that
became part of the cultural identities of the Philippines, especially in the place where it originated.
Harana is a Filipino tradition of serenading a woman which derives its rhythmic style from the Spanish Tango
or Habanera. Harana is a secular music used by young men to expres their feelings, sentiments, love and appreciation to
young women by serenading them in their houses.
Balitaw is an extemporaneous exchange of verses between a man and a woman and usually sung in triple meter. This
secular music originated in the Visayas region, although some tagalog version of balitaw music can also be found in some
parts of the central and southern tagalog regions. A woman may express her message in the final stanzas of the song if she
willfully accepts a man’s suit or proposal for her. Both performers dance while singing. Tagalog versions of balitaw
sometimes describe nature, places, or things figuratively but the inner message will also lead in love and courtship.

Secular Music
Kumintang and Polka
Polka
How did polka emerge in the Philippines? In the previous module, it was discussed that our music was greatly influenced by
Spanish Colonization. Aside from Spain, other Western and European countries contributed to the evolution of music in the
Philippines. This resulted to the introduction of polka music and dance to our country by the early European immigrants and
by Filipinos who had been to Europe. Polka became popular in the Philippine fusion of Polka, folk music and dances. Polka
came from Bohemia (Czechoslovakia) and usually performed as a ballroom dance in social gatherings.
What is the basic step of polka? Basic steps are performed in accordance with a duple meter or time signature, with a step-
close-step pattern or with a combination of heel and toe pattern but dancers should know first the basic rhythmic patterns of
polka.

Step-Close-Step Pattern
Are you ready to learn the beats? Follow the clapping exercises below:
Count and clap the rhythmic pattern. You may also recite the word written below the notes to gain the precise clapping.

Now, while chanting/counting, play the “cof” by stomping your feet, followed by “fee” by clapping your
hands.

Stomping of Feet (“Cof”) Clapping of Hands (“fee”)

Did you notice the differences of sound produced by stomping your feet and clapping your hands? Which sound has the low
pitch or thick sound? Of course, the sound produced by stomping of the feet has the lower pitch or thicker sound than the
sound produced by the clapping of the hands. In this pattern, imagine that you are playing a bass drum every time you stomp
your feet followed by the playing of a snare drum every time you clap your hands. This is the basic rhythmic pattern for
polka. Since Filipinos easily appreciated and learned Polka, the said secular music became part of our culture. There are

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several versions of Polka in some parts of Luzon. One of which is the Quezon Polka with sets of four pairs in square
formation. In Batangas, the dance was called Polka sa Nayon. In Ilocos Norte, a courtship dance called sileledaang, which
means laden with sorrow has emerged. The dancers exhibit their fondness using the basic polka steps.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H7dgXgX7Cfs&t=48s (for listening: Polka sa Nayon)
Kumintang
Kumintang is a combination of song and dance performed by men and women in pairs. Like the balitaw, this secular music
also deals with love and courtship. It became popular in the province of Batangas where dancers pass a glass of coconut wine
or tuba from hand to hand as they sing. Since coconut trees are abundant in the said province, locals are good in making wine
from coconut. Most kumintang songs are arranged in 4 time signature and played in moderate tempo or at a walking pace.

Vocal and Instrumental Music

Art Music: Kundiman Pangkat Kawayan
Kundiman came from the phrase “kung hindi man.” Through its melody, lyrics and expressive singing, the kundiman
conveys a selfless and spiritual attitude, intense love, longing, caring, devotion and oneness not only with a romantic partner
but also with a parent, a child, a spiritual figure, or the mother land.

The dynamics or the softness and loudness of music adds more dramatic effects for a kundiman. It intensifies the
attitude and the emotions of the song. On the other hand, the tempo signifies the mood of a certain music. Oftentimes, a faster
tempo signifies a lively music while a slower one implies a darker mood or simply a sad or emotional music.
Some famous Filipino Kundiman composers are Francisco Santiago, Nicanor Abelardo, Bonifacio Abdon, Francisco
Buencamino and Angel Peña. Among the famous Kundiman performers in the early 1900’s are Atang de la Rama, Jovita
Fuentes, Conching Rosal and Ruben Tagalog.
In musical context, kundiman usually starts in a minor key then goes to the major key and in triple meter. Some
examples of the kundiman are:
 “Pakiusap” by Francisco Santiago
 “Nasaan Ka Irog” by Nicanor Abelardo
 “Jocelynang Baliwag” by an unknown composer inspired by the revolutionaries in Bulacan during the 1896
revolution
 “Sa Sariling Bayan” by V. Tolentino
 “Iyo Kailan Pa Man” by Angel Pena
Another instrumental music which we will highlight for this module is the Pangkat Kawayan. The group’s musical
instruments, numbering more than a hundred are made of six kinds of the versatile bamboo in various sizes, shapes and
designs. It includes:

 Angklung - It has bamboo-rattle tubes attached to a bamboo frame. Tubes are carved to have a
resonant pitch when struck, each angklung represents a note and is tuned to octaves. It plays the
counterpoint to the melody. It is played by shaking the lower part with one hand while the upper end
holding it with the other hand steady.
 Bumbong (Bamboo tube)- It is made of hollow pieces of bamboo that has been put together and
serve as the orchestra’s wind section. It is divided into bass (lower) and horn (higher) sections.
Each Each bumbong represents one note; to produce the sound it has to be blown through a
mouthpiece.
 Kalatok (bamboo knocker)- It is a percussion instrument made of pieces of bamboos that
are strung together with pieces of bamboo with varying tones when struck by a rubber mallet.
 Talunggating (bamboo marimba)- It is made from bamboo that follows the musical
scale and style of the typical xylophone It plays the melody. Mallets made out of rattan
and rubber are used to play the Instrument.
 Kalagong- It is a wind instrument that produces a hollow gong-like sound. It is played by
tapping the top holes of the bamboos by two flat and flexible surface tapper. It serves as
the bass of the group.
 Pan Pipes - It has small pieces of bamboo in graduated small tubes that has been put
together by a string. It has the sound and styling of the wind instruments found in Northern
Philippines. Each pipe represents a note and is blown to produce the sound.
 Tulali (bamboo flute) - It is made of baga (one of the smallest bamboo varieties). A bamboo
opening encircled by a banana leafing to a pentatonic scale played on four holes, one found
below and three on top of the bamboo tube.
 Kiskis - A bamboo piece with ridges and serves as a percussion instrument Kiskis is a
Filipino word which means “to scratch” or “to rub against something”. It is played by rubbing
a rattan stick on its ridges.

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 Rondalla and Pangkat Kawayan are both instrumental music of the lowlands of Luzon. But that is the only commonality
between the two. Each music possesses different qualities when it comes to sound, texture, especially the manner of playing the
instruments, and the materials used in producing the instruments.

Activity No. 1
Direction - Read carefully the representative music selections written inside the box.
Group each representative music selection to an appropriate column below. Write your answer on the
space provided.

O Ilaw Bahay Kubo

Leron Leron Sinta Sitsiritsit
Bituing Marikit Ikaw ang Ligaya Ko
Magtanim ay Di Biro Panginoon ay Maawa
Regina Coeli Laetare Lawiswis Kawayan

Voc Sacre Secula Kundima

al d r n
Music Music

Activity No. 2
Direction: Read carefully each question below. Choose the letter that best describes the correct answer. Write your answer
on the space provided.
______ 1. What is the distinguishing musical element of the song Bahay Kubo, which is not contained in other song
in the lowlands of Luzon?
A.Very slow B. Moderately slow C. fast D. Moderately fast
______ 2. How do you categorize the rhythm of the song Leron- leron Sinta?
A.Very slow B. fast C. Moderately fast D. Slow
______ 3. What timbre of voice is usually utilized by someone singing the folk song,Sitsiritsit?
A.Falsetto B. Chest tone C. Guttural D. Nasal
______ 4. What texture of music is implored in the song” Magtanim ay Di Biro” which is best accompanied by a
guitar?
A. Monophony B. Homophony C. Polyphony D. Heterophony
______ 5. The texture produced when all folksongs of lowlands of Luzon are sung and
accompanied by two or more musical instruments
A. Monophony . Homophony C. Polyphony D. Heterophony
______ 6. “Harana” is a traditional Filipino serenade which is usually accompanied by a guitar, the texture
is______.
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 A.Homophony B. Polyphony C. Monophony D. Heterophony
______ 7. What element in music tells the loudness or softness of a tone?
A. Dynamics B. Intensity C. Timbre D. Texture
______ 8. What word refers to the volume of a sound or note. It is also applied to the placement of musical notation
in a staff.
A. Texture B. Dynamics C. Timbre D. Pitch
______ 9. What element in music tells the highness or lowness of a tone?
A. Timbre B. pitch C. Intensity D. Texture
______ 10. What is the simplest musical texture, consisting of a melody typically sung by a single singer or played
by a single instrument?
A. Homophony B. Monophony C. Polyphony D. Heterophony

Activity No. 3
Direction: Answer the following questions. Write your answer after each question inside the box.

1. What is liturgy and devotional music?

2. Compare and differentiate liturgy and devotional music.

3. When do we celebrate Sta Cruzan? How?

4. What is the purpose of Sinakulo? When and how do we celebrate this?

5. What is the Spanish word for Pasyon?

Activity No. 4

Directions: Identify what religious music is being described. Write your answer on the blank provided before the number.
________________ 1. It is usually played by a marching band to accompany sagalas in procession.
________________ 2. This song is sung by a child dressed like an angel lifting the veil of the mourning Virgin Mary.
________________ 3. A narrative with stanzas of five lines and eight syllables.
________________ 4. It is sung while people offer flowers to the image of the Virgin Mary.
________________ 5. This is usually sung by elders in the community during Lenten season.
________________ 6. It is a group of musicians famous during fiestas and other celebrations.
________________ 7. This instrument plays the rhythm in the brass band.
________________ 8. A song that is sung in a chant-like manner.
________________ 9. The cymbals is an example of what kind of instrument?
________________ 10. This celebration is done during Easter celebration.
________________ 11. A group of wind instrument which produce sound through a reed.
________________ 12. The bass instrument of the wind section of the brass band is called ______________.
________________ 13. This wind instrument uses a slide to change pitch.
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________________ 14. A celebration wherein sagalas show off in their beautiful gown during a procession.
________________ 15. A music ensemble composed of brass wind, woodwind, and percussion instruments.

Activity No. 5
Directions: In this activity, you will use the Venn Diagram. You will distinguish the similarities and
differences between Harana and Balitaw by applying your understanding of its musical elements

(
( )

( )

Activity No. 6
Directions: Read the following statements below and choose the correct answer inside the box.
Pan Pipes Balitaw Angklung Harana Piccolo
Banduria Brass band Kumintang Bajo de Unas Bumbong
Trumpet Snare drum Guitar Kundiman Cymbals

_______________ 1. It came from the phrase “kung hindi man.”

_______________ 2. It is also known as the side drum
_______________ 3. It is a combination of song and dance performed by men and women in pairs.
in pairs.
_______________ 4. It is an instrument with the highest pitch range and plays the melody.
_______________ 5. It has small pieces of bamboo in graduated small tubes that has been
put together by a string.
_______________ 6. It is an extemporaneous exchange of verses between a man and a
woman and usually sung in triple meter.
_______________ 7. A popular instrument with usually 6 strings
_______________ 8. It is consist of thin, normally round plates of various alloys
_______________ 9. It has bamboo-rattle tubes attached to a bamboo frame.
_______________ 10. It is the largest instrument of the rondalla.
_______________ 11. It is a music ensemble composed of woodwind, brass wind and
percussion instruments.
_______________ 12. It is made of hollow pieces of bamboo that has been put together and
serve as the orchestra’s wind section.
_______________ 13. is the smallest instrument in the brass family
_______________ 14. An instrument is smaller than the flute and has a thinner sound.
_______________ 15. A secular music used by young men to express their feelings,

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 sentiments, love and appreciation to young women by serenading
them in their houses.

Activity No. 7
Directions:
A. Choose one musical instrument and a lowland song (which you can comfortably play and sing with)
from the frameworks. Mark a check () in the box.

INSTRUMENT SONG
Guitar Pamulinawen
Ukelele Manang Biday
Karatong Atin Cu Pung Singsing
Cymbals Magtanim ay ‘Di Biro
Flute Bahay Kubo

B. Find a musical instrument or any materials available in your house that has similar sounds to the instrument
you have chosen. Draw and describe the instrument or materials you have chosen to use for your musical
rendition.

MUSICAL INSTRUMENT DESCRIPTION

Name of RUBRIC for an INSTRUMENT SUBSTITUTE

Instrument 20 15 10 5 SCORE
(Proficient) (Approaching (Developing) (Basic)
Appropriate and Proficiency) Most materials Inappropriate;
creatively modified Appropriate appropriate; Messy and
materials; Decorated materials; Decorated but messy; incomplete
within the Decorated, neat; Neat but fragile; materials;
context of the Sound quality more Sound quality Sound quality
instrument; similar to that of somewhat similar but lacks
Neat and durable; the original. not exactly as the similarity with
Sound quality most original original
similar instrumental
to that of the original timbre
instrument.

C. Be ready with your musical show.

Ask three (3) members of your family to give rate to your musical show using the rubric below.

RUBRIC for SINGING LOWLAND SONG with LIVE ACCOMPANIMENT

Eleme 5 4 3 2 1 S
n
t
s
Sings entire song Sings entire song Sin S Couldn’t sing
MEL with appropriate with only 1 -2 slips g i most of the
O melody in melody enti n melody
D re g
son s
Y
g
wit e

12
 h n
onl t
y3 i
-4 r
slip e
s in
mel s
ody o
n
g

o
u
t

o
f

t
u
n
e
Sings entire song Sings entire song Sin S Couldn’t
RHY with appropriate with only 1 – 2 gs i demonstrate
T rhythm pattern slips in rhythm enti n most of the
H re g rhythm
son s
M
g
wit e
h n
onl t
y i
3-4 r
slip e
s in
rhy s
th o
m n
g

o
u
t

o
f

r
h
y
t
h
m

p
a
t
t
e
r
n
Sings with Sings with roughly Sin S Couldn’t sing
P interest and interest and gs i
E liveliness during liveliness during wit n
R entire song entire song h g

13
 F slig s
O ht
R inte w
M
rest i
A
N
and t
C live h
E line
ss N
D dur O
E ing
L enti i
I re n
V son t
E g e
R
r
Y
e
s
t

a
n
d

l
i
v
e
l
i
n
e
s
s
TOTAL

Arts and Crafts of Luzon

Attires, Fabrics, and Tapestries
Crafts and Accessories and Body Ornamentation
TEXTILE (Attire, Fabrics and Tapestries)
Inabel is a handwoven fabric made by Ilocanos which is more popularly known as
“Abel Iloco”. It comes from the root word “abel” which means “to weave”. The word Inabel of Ilocanos
literally means “woven”. It is created by skilled artisans using traditional wooden looms. It comes with
different patterns inspired by nature. One of the most recognizable patterns of Inabel is Binakol (also known as
binakel, Inabel binakael, or binakul). Binakol (meaning “twill”) can be easily recognized by its interlocked
geometric patterns which represent the waves of the sea that protects people from malevolent spirits.

14
 Kain is the basic dress for women of Cordillera region. It is a type of wrap-around skirt (tapis in Tagalog)
characterized by horizontal stripes bordered by decorated panels along the joins and edges, uses bright colors especially fiery
red and embroidered with beads and shells. Some kain used other colors like red, yellow, white, black and green which
signify the color of things in nature.

Kadangyan is a burial cloth for the rich people of Mountain Province. It is a

Cordilleran term which literally means “rich”. In earlier days, only the grandmothers
were allowed to weave burial cloths (Kadangyan) but now, any able weaver is allowed
to weave burial cloths for the dead.
The handwoven fabrics of Bontoc are characterized by different geometric shapes and different shapes of
things from nature. Siniwsiwan is the Bontoc’s blanket and clothing wanes and lufid and ginaspala wanes. Wanes
and Lufid are costumes of Igorots from the Mountain Province. Wanes is a long strips of
handwoven loincloth (bahag) for men and Lufid is a wrap-around skirt (tapis) for women.
These clothes mirror the personality of every Igorot and reflect their culture and traditions
(ex. Religious practices and rituals). Ginaspala wanes is a belt worn by a married women of
Bontoc and Kankana-y that has Inawin designs composed of continuing zigzag pattern.

Bakwat is a belt used by mothers after giving birth. It is designed with white beads as accents
and patterns of rivers and mountains with bead works on the central portion of the cloth. It is
made by Gaddang weavers of Nueva Vizcaya.

Tingguian Designs
Tingguian designs are very meaningful for the people of Abra. Their clothing has a simple
linear designs but are assigned with many meanings. Some of their textiles are reserved for use
only during special occasions such as birthgiving, weddings, and harvesting. They use natural
dyes from different trees and plants (mahogany-red, jackfruit/ginger – yellow, narra - brown,
malatayum-indigo).
Batangas Embroidery
Piňa and jusi are the traditional fabrics in Batangas. In Taal, hand embroideries are
characterized by a smooth stitches, fine, composed of fine delicate shapes, embossed, and durable.
Barong is an embroidered formal men's wear in the Philippines and it is the most versatile apparel on
special occasions like weddings and formal affairs.
CRAFTS
Burnay (locally known as tapayan or banga) is an earthenware jar crafted
by a skillful potters with the use of potter’s wheel and kiln. It is made by a grade- A clay and fine sand.
Burnay is commonly used for storage of water, grains, fermented fish (bagoong), basi (sugarcane wine),
salt, and other condiments. Burnay has small openings while those with bigger mouths are called
wangging.
Buri mat is the smoothly woven mat from Bolinao that is made of dried leaves of palm (buri, raffia,
and buntal), dyed and woven.

Labba is a bowl-shaped coil basket of Kalinga that is made from finely split rattan and nito vine. It is used for
carrying and storing rice or vegetables.

The lingling-o or dinumug is a common ancient artifact symbolizing fertility, prosperity

and love found in the Ifugao, Bontoc and other Cordillera regions of the northern Philippines. It
has a negative space formed that be considered the internal female reproductive system— the
womb and the birth canal. This fertility symbol
Lingling-o captured the feminine essence that nurtures life within itself and gives birth to it.
Vakul headdress is the headgear for Ivatan women of Batanes that is used to
protect them from the heat of the sun and rains.
Vests are worn by Ivatan men farmers. Vakul and vest are made from the Vakul
leaves of vuyavuy, a tree endemic to Batanes.
Singkaban of Bulacan is the art of creating an entrance arch and other decorative materials mainly from
bamboo.
Pastillas of Bulacan is different from other pastillas in the country. It has a unique, colorful and
intricately designed paper wrapper which is locally known as “pabalat or borlas de
pastillas”.
Kiping is a traditional Filipino leaf-shaped wafer made from glutinous rice. It originated
from the City of Lucban, Quezon. It is used to decorate houses during the Pahiyas Festival.

15
 The Bicol Region is abundant not only in natural fibers of abaca and raffia but also in their own arts and
crafts including baskets, bags, slippers, coin purses and other crafts. Their crafts designs are simple but colorful.

Giant lanterns of Pampanga are known for their special features. Before, giant lanterns of Pampanga
uses papel de hapon for coverings but were then innovated by using colored plastics as a material for
covering. In today’s ages, Pampangenos use fiber glass and homemade paper for their lanters.

ACCESSORIES AND BODY ORNAMENTATION

Kalinga's tattooing is a form of art that is usually covering the chest and arms.
It is considered as a clothing and decorations of the Kalingas. Batok is a thousand – year
tattooing tradition that uses indigenous materials like a charcoal mixed with water in a
coconut shell, a thorn of a citrus tree as a needle, a bamboo thorn holder,and a bamboo
used to tap it.
In Mountain Province the close examination of the Kabayan mummies reveal
that they have body tattoos similar to patterns found in their textiles.
Kabayan
The Majestic Architecture and Sculpture of Luzon
ARCHITECTURE
Calle Crisologo is a narrow and cobbled stoned 15th Century Spanish Street in Vigan,
Ilocos Sur and is considered to be one of the heritage sites in the Philippines. It is lined with
antique houses, and shops leading to the town's hundred-year-old churches.

Vigan is considered as the “Intramuros of the North”, which retains the Spanish
colonial architecture - a fullness of life on the celebration of Festival of the Arts.
Tumauini Church is a Baroque church that was built in 1873 and can be found in municipality of
Tumuini, Isabela. The structure was built entirely of red bricks and done in the style of Late Baroque or Early
Rococo. It has a four-story bell tower that looks like a wedding cake. It is a Roman Catholic Parish Church of
San Matias Apostol and is considered the most artistic brick structure in the country.
Spanish Gate, located in Olongapo City, Zambales was built in 1885 and serves as the
entrance to the original Spanish naval station that provides repair, ammunition, supply, and
medical support for ships. It has high walls made from locally- quarried stone connected to the
south gate that faced the waterfront.
The San Andres Apostol Parish Church, popularly known as Masinloc
Church, is a 19th- century Baroque church located at Brgy. South
Poblacion, Masinloc,
Zambales. The church structure is a standout among Spanish- era
churches in the Central Luzon region for having been built with
coral stone instead of adobe stone. Parish of the Three Kings in Gapan City is a Roman
Catholic Church built in 1800s and is one of the biggest and oldest churches

in Nueva Ecija. It has huge side doorways, with two standing images of their patron saints on both sides and a mural
of the Holy Trinity on the ceiling with the style of Byzantine architecture.
The Saint Dominic De Guzman Parish Church also known as Abucay Church, is a 17thcentury Baroque
church located at Brgy. Laon, Abucay, Bataan, Philippines. It was built in 1587 and was administered in 1588 by the
Dominicans. It is a Renaissance architecture with five-layer bell tower defined by decorative balusters and
ornamented with semicircular arched windows.

SCULPTURE
Bul’ul is a wooden sculpture also known as bul-ul or tinagtaggu that represents the rice
granary spirits that guard the rice crop of Ifugaos. It is a carved wooden human figure with simplified
forms made from a narra tree which signifies wealth, happiness, and well-being to the Ifugao.

Paete in Laguna is considered as the “Woodcarving Capital

of the Philippines”. Paete is popular for the carving culture of saints and other religious
images, decorative carvings of floral patterns and geometric design.
Higantes are big papier mache caricatures of humans that
represent farmers and fishermen but according to stories, the
original higantes were representation of hacienderos during the Spanish colonial period. The
16
 higantes are rendered as a man or woman in various costumes. Their faces give a commanding look with their hands on
the waist. The earliest “higantes” are composed of a father, mother, and a child. It originated in the “Art Capital of the
Philippines”, the Angono, Rizal Province.

Arts and Crafts of Luzon

Elements of Beauty and Uniqueness

The first element is line. A mark drawn by any tool that marks as it moves across a surface. Lines can be:
Other lines which can be measured, geometric, directional and angular are called constructive lines. They tend to appear to be man-made
because of their precision.
They can
make
movements,
zags, waves
curls. They may
Thick and Dotted and be horizontal,
Long and Short Rough and Smooth Broken and Solid
Thin Solid vertical,
diagonal.

Zigzags Waves and Curls Horizontal lines Vertical line

The next element is shape. Shape is created when a line becomes connected and encloses space. It is the outline or outward
appearance of something. Shapes are 2 Dimensional (2-D) which means you can measure its height and its width. There are two
basic types of shape: geometric shapes and organic shapes.
Geometric shapes have smooth even edges and are measurable

such as square, circle, triangle and rectangle.

Organic shapes have more complicated edges and are usually found in nature.

The other element is form. A Form is a shape that is 3- Dimensional (3-D) that has height, width, and depth.
The fourth element is color. Color can add interest and reality to artwork. These colors are: Red, Orange, Yellow,
Green, Blue, Indigo and Violet (ROY G BIV).
There are 3 primary colors: Red, Yellow and Blue
These colors are primary for 2 reasons:
A. They cannot be formed from other mixed colors
B. They make all the other colors on the color wheel
When you mix 2 primary colors together, you get a secondary color.

For example:

Hue is the actual color, or the identity of a color. Intensity is

the intensity of the color. When you mix a primary
and a secondary color together you get an
intermediate color. For example:
17
Color can be described by its Properties: Hue, Intensity, Value. brightness or dullness of a color.
Another element is value. Value is the lightness or darkness of a color. Value makes objects appear more real because it
imitates natural light. When showing value in a work of art, you will need a light source. A light source is the place where the
light is coming from, the darkest areas are always on the opposite side of the light.
Color Value
When you use only one color plus its tints and shades, you are using a monochromatic color scheme.
 A tint is a color plus white.
 A shade is a color plus black
Another element is texture. Texture is the way the surface of an object actually feels. In the artistic world, we refer to two
types of texture – tactile and implied.
Tactile or real texture is the way the surface of an object actually feels.

Implied Texture is the way the surface of an object looks like it feels. This is the type of texture that
artists use when they draw and paint.
The seventh element is space. The distance around, between, above, below,
and within an object. Positive and Negative space is a way that an artwork is divided. Space is basically
divided into 3 parts: Foreground, Middle Ground and Background. Space can be shallow or deep
depending on what the artist wants to use. Shallow space is used when the artist has objects very close to
the viewer.
Deep Space may show objects up close but objects are shown far away too.

Perspective is also a way of showing space in a work of art. Perspective is when the artist uses a
vanishing point on the horizon and then creates a sense of deep space by showing objects getting
progressively
smaller as they get closer to the vanishing point. Objects may overlap as well. When objects are overlapped it is obvious
that enough space had to be in the picture to contain all the objects that have been included.

Arts and Crafts of Luzon

Principles of Art: Balance, Emphasis, Rhythm, Unity and Variety, Movement,
Scale and Proportion
PATTERN refers to the visual arrangement of elements (line, shape, color, etc...) that is alternated or with a repetitive form or
sequence.
The illustration shows that there are alternated and repetitive form or sequence of two briefcases and
two Illustration of pattern lips.
BALANCE is the way the elements are arranged symmetrically or asymmetrically to
create a feeling of stability or impression of equality in weight in an artwork.

You can see in the illustration that there is a big rectangle on

the left side and a group of six small rectangles on the right side. You will notice that the size of a big rectangle on the left
is equal to the size of the grouped small rectangles on the right.
Symmetrical Balance
An artwork illustrates symmetrical balance when the parts of an image are
organized so that one side mirrors the other. This is an image of a
lung. You will notice that the left side of the lung mirrors the right
side of the lung.

18
 Asymmetrical Balance
Asymmetrical balance is illustrated in an artwork when one side of a composition does not reflect the design of the
other. You can see in the illustration the image of a finger print. You will notice that the left side of the finger print does not
mirror its right side because they have a different design.

Radial Balance
Radial balance is any type of balance based on a circle with its design extending from center
EMPHASIS
Emphasis shows the focal point of an image or when one area or thing stands out the most and gets a special
attention.
This illustration shows the group of red birds and a blue owl at the middle. It is clear that
the blue owl stands out the most because of its difference. Emphasis can be achieved through
color, contrast, location or placement of elements, size, repetition and etc. that makes an image as the focal point of the
design.
CONTRAST
Contrast has a large difference among different elements of designs that create
visual interest. It is a comparison of different elements of design in order to
highlight their differences. You can see on the illustration the two happy face icons that
show contrast using dark and light values.
RHYTHM and MOVEMENT
Rhythm and movement is a repetition of elements that focuses the eye of the viewers’ direct
to the image that produce the look and feel of movement.

HARMONY refers to the arrangement of elements that give the viewer the feeling on how
well all the visual elements work together as a whole.
The illustration shows different images or icons with different colors. You can see or
feel that there is a good harmony among them.

UNITY
When all the elements and principles work together to create a pleasing image it defines unity.

VARIETY
Variety is the use of different elements in an image that has differences and change to
increase the visual interest of the work. There are different elements used in the illustration with
different principles that make the viewers see all the parts of the artwork.

SCALE
It is the relationship between images in terms of size or measurement, number or amount, visual
weight and so on including the connection between parts of a whole.

Arts and Crafts of Luzon (Highlands and Lowlands)

Attire, Fabrics, Tapestries
Principles of Art are tools to make elements of art organized. The first principle is balance.
It is the arrangement of the
elements or objects to create a
feeling of stability in a work. Its
forms include symmetrical, asymmetrical, and
radial balance.
Symmetri cal Asymmetrical Radial

Rhythm and movement are the regular repetition or duplication of elements to produce
the look and feel of movement while pattern is the repetition of design. When one area or thing
stands out the most or serves as the focal point of an image, it is called the emphasis.
Another principle that shows large difference between two things to create interest and tension is contrast.

19
 Proportion comes when there is a comparative relationship of one part to another with respect to size, quantity, or degree
(scale). Variety refers to the changes and differences of the elements used to the work and thus, increase visual interest. Unity
is obtained when all the elements and principles are placed organized and work together to a pleasing image.
In the Philippines, textiles have unique designs, characteristics, materials, functions and uses. The process of making their
textiles, tapestries, attires and fabrics is called weaving. It is a tradition that dates back several centuries and is an intrinsic part
of the Filipino culture. Our ancestors make their own design using their knowledge and techniques in making textiles and
fabrics. It is important for them to preserve their traditional styles in creating the said crafts.
Highlands and lowlands of Luzon are rich in fabric or textiles, attires and tapestries. Fabric or textile
is a cloth produced by weaving, knitting, tufting, knotting or bonding together using natural or synthetic threads, yarns, and other
materials. Attire refers to the clothes or outfits worn by the group of people in a specific area or community. Tapestry corresponds
to any piece of decorative fabric to where the designs were originally applied through weaving as the fabric is being made. It is
used to cover furniture or floors, hang on walls and clothing
decorations. There are proper and unique techniques in weaving of raw materials used in highlands and lowlands of Luzon.

ILOCOS REGION (Textile/Fabric)

Inabel fabric is made of cotton and well known for its softness,
beautiful designs, and strength. Ilocanos use the wooden or pedal loom or what
they call pangablan, applied through several weaving techniques and features
different designs or patterns. One of their techniques is the double-toned basket
weave or dizzying binakul weave that represents the sea waves. They believe
that it protects the one wearing it from evil spirits. Another technique is the suk-
suk or discontinuous supplementary weft technique. Among the complicated
ones is the brocade weave or pinilian which uses sticks inserted on selected warp
threads to create designs that float on the threads. There are two kinds of Suk-
suk: Pinilian: scattered and continuous supplementary weft techniques.
The traditional Ilocano dress made from inabel came in a two-piece ensemble – blouse and skirt.
The blouse called kimona is either plain white or pastel, usually with a cowl neckline. The full-length skirt called
pandiling is cone-shaped with a drawstring around the waist. The designs of the weave are inspired by things in
nature such as diamonds, milky way, shells and stripes or checkered. The dress is worn over a full slip called
kamison. The tsinelas meanwhile, is a pair everyday footwear made of leather, while the formal footwear called
kutso kutso are made of beaded felt and leather which are worn on Sundays and fiestas.

A hand woven wrap-around cloth called tapis is a rectangular- shaped, vibrantly colored cotton fabric traditionally worn
by Ilocanos. It serves as clothing decoration that compliments to the pandiling. Another tapestry from Ilocos Region is their
blankets. The wasig blankets with striped design are hundred percent originally handwoven by the artistic weavers of Bangar,
La Union.
CORDILLERA ADMINISTRATIVE REGION (CAR) KALINGA (Textile/Fabric)
The natives of Kalinga are skilled in terms of weaving. They exhibit motifs as though they are embedded in the geometry
itself. Some characteristics of Kalinga textiles are tiny motifs, patterns and embellishments, including miniature lattice,
continuous lozenges pattern, locally called inata-ata, and pawekan or mother of pearl platelets, among others. The colors used in
their textile have cultural meanings: red signifies bravery; black is for the soil or land; white is for the flowers and coffee trees;
yellow for the sand; and green for the mountains. The attire for male Kalingas is the “bag” or commonly called bahag. It is a
long textile or fabric measuring about ten to fifteen inches wide and three to five feet long. It is used to cover their private parts
and is firmly secured at the waist to prevent the cloth from falling off. Females of northern Kalingas wear saya, an ordinary
woman’s skirt covering the body from waist to feet. In the old times, both male and female have no upper clothing. They only
have tattoos which covers their upper body. Southern Kalinga women wear a tapis called kain-- a large rectangular woven
clothing about three to five feet wide, and three to four feet long. It is worn below the abdomen and reaches below the knee.
Meanwhile, the cotton blanket called kagoy came from malbakan. It is a large rectangular blanket made of three strips of
material sewn together. It consists of color white cloth with red, yellow and green stripes.

BONTOC (Textile/Facbric)
Bontoc people are skilled weavers too. Their weaving method is called ikat, process of tying and dyeing the threads to
prepare the patterns before they are woven into the textile. A key factor in their life is seen on their textile design that revolves
around the idea of ‘centeredness’ which symbolizes permanence, order and balance. Young Bontoc girls usually start their
training with the simplest part of the cloth, the langkit or edging. Next, they move on to pa-ikid (side panels), leaning to simple
designs such as fatawil (warp- bands) and shukyong (arrows). After mastering this level, they move on to the most challenging
part, the sinangad-am design which represents the Sinamaki weaving. Bahag or wanes is the traditional attire of men in
Bontoc. It is made from lon long strips of hand woven loin cloth. The women wear a short and lufid, a narrow wrap-around skirt
which covers the navel down to the knees and has a side opening.

20
 CAGAYAN VALLEY (Nueva Vizcaya Textile/Fabric)
Gaddangs textiles of Nueva Vizcaya are usually decorated with little seed beads. They also use the twillweave technique
because they are located near Ifugao, Benguet and Quirino. Their textiles are very symbolic, from plain to intricate floating
Bakwat warps, "eye" designs and beautiful colorful twills. These textiles are woven by the women from homegrown cotton, and
dyed in bright natural colors. The attire of Gaddang women is long- sleeve, round-neck, collarless and waist- length blouse. An
upper collarless, short garment is also worn, together with headkerchiefs. They have lavishly tasseled and beaded headbands and
combs. The traditional costume for the Gaddang male is the G-string, which is held by a girdle, whose flap is weighted on the
hem by beaded tassles. Another work of art of Gaddang women is "tapis" or skirt. It is a lengthy piece of cotton cloth worn
around the waistline down to the knees. Bakwat is a cloth that serves as belt by the mother after givingbirth. The center part of
this cloth is commonly decorated with white beads accents embellished in patterns which represent rivers and mountain.

Activity No. 1

Background Information for Learners: During your elementary years, you make used of line, color, space, form, shape, and
texture in designing or making visual art. These are called as the Elements of Art. Furthermore, to make your visual art more
attractive and beautiful, you observed balance, emphasis, harmony, proportion, unity, contrast, variety, rhythm and movement.
These are called the Principles of Art. It is very important to know the elements and the principles of art in order to appreciate
and enjoy art.
Directions: Analyze the different elements and principles of art below and match it correctly. Write the letter of your choice
on the space provided before the number.

Column A Column B
______ 1. Shape A.
______2. Form B.

______3. Value C.

______4. Texture D.

______5. Color E.

______6. Rhythm F.

_______7. Balance G.

21
 _______8. Movement H.

_______9. Pattern I.

_______10. Variety J.

Activity No. 2
Directions: Match column A through selecting the correct described items in column B. Write the letter of your choice on the
space provided before the number.

Column A Column B
_____1. A hand weaving technique of the Ilocanos that is A. Calle Crisologo
produced using traditional wooden looms.
_____2. It is considered as the Art Capital of the Philippines. B. Batangas
_____3. Is an unglazed earthen jar with small opening used C. Inabel
as storage.
_____4. A hear gear used by Ivatan women to protect them D. Soot
from the heat of the sun and the rain.

___
__5. A well preserved cobbled stone street that is lined with E. Paete
Ancestral houses dating back to the Spanish colonization
of the Philippines.
_____6. Woodcarving Capital of the Philippines. F. Vakul
_____7. The last mambabatok or traditional Kalingal tattoo artist. G. Whang-od
_____8. Known as Balisong Capital of the Philippines. H. Angono
_____9. It is a wooden sculpture that represents the rice granary I. Bul-ul
Spirits that guard the rice crop of Ifugaos.
_____10. A rain cape Ivatan men used which are made from J. Burnay
fonds that covers the upper part of the body down from
the neck.

Activity No. 3
Directions: Choose the best possible answer. Write only the letter of the correct answer on the space provided.

_____1. It is located in Olongapo City, Zambales and was built in 1885 and served as the entrance to the original
Spanish naval station that provided repair, ammunition, supply, and medical support for ships.
A. Calle Crisologo B. Spanish Gate C. Tumauini Church D. Abucay Church
_____2. Considered as the “Woodcarving Capital of the Philippines” located at Laguna which is popular for the
carving of saints and other religious images, decorative carvings of floral patterns and geometric designs.
A. Masinloc B. Nueva Ecija C. Paete D. Abucay
_____3. A wooden sculpture that represents the rice granary spirits and is used in rituals that are performed to call
the ancestors to protect their rice fields from pestilence and to ask for an abundant harvest.
A. Higantes B. Bul’ul C. Giant lantern D. Calle Crisologo
_____4.They are big papier mache caricatures of humans that represent farmers and fishermen
A. Higantes B. Bul’ul C. Giant lantern D. Calle Crisologo

_____5. They are puppets rendered as man or woman in various costumes and their faces give a commanding
look with their hands on their waist.
A. Higantes B. Bul’ul C. Giant lantern D. Calle Crisologo

_____6. A Roman Catholic Parish Church of San Matias Apostol that was built in 1873 in Isabela.
A. San Andres Apostol Parish Church C. Tumauini Church
B. Parish of the Three Kings D. Abucay Church

22
 _____7. A church built through coral stones instead of adobe and founded by the Augustinian Recollects in 1607.
A. San Andres Apostol Parish Church C. Tumauini Church
B. Parish of the Three Kings D. Abucay Church
_____8. One of the biggest and oldest churches in Nueva Ecija that was built in 1800s with a mural of the Holy
Trinity on the ceiling.
A. San Andres Apostol Parish Church C. Tumauini Church
B. Parish of the Three Kings D. Abucay Church
_____9. A parish church that has five-layer bell tower ornamented with semicircular arched windows and has
established in 1587.
A. San Andres Apostol Parish Church C. Tumauini Church
B. Parish of the Three Kings D. Abucay Church

_____10. _____________ is a narrow and cobbled, stoned 15th Century Spanish Street in Vigan, Ilocos Sur and considered as
one of the heritage sites in the Philippines.
A. Calle Crisologo B. Spanish Gate C. Tumaini Church D. Abucay Church

Activity No. 4
Directions: Read the following statements below and choose the correct answer inside the box.
Kiping Ikat Buri mat Bakwat
Singkaban
Bahag Fabric Vigan Kadangyan
Kain

_____________1. It is a process of tying and dyeing the threads to prepare the patterns
before they are woven into the textile.
_______________2. A large rectangular woven clothing about three to five feet wide, and three to
four feet long worn by the Southern Kalinga women.
_______________3. It is the art of creating an entrance arch and other decorative materials mainly
from bamboo.
_______________4. It is a cloth produced by weaving, knitting, tufting, knotting or bonding together
using natural or synthetic threads, yarns, and other materials.
_______________5. It is the traditional attire of men in Bontoc.
_______________6. The traditional Filipino leaf-shaped wafer made from glutinous rice which
originated from the City of Lucban, Quezon.
_______________7. The burial cloth for the rich people of Mountain Province.
_______________8. It is a cloth that serves as belt by the mother after giving birth.
_______________9. It is considered as the Intramuros of the North.
_______________10. It is the smoothly woven mat from Bolinao that is made of dried leaves of palm (buri,
raffia, and buntal), dyed and woven.

Activity No. 5
Directions: On the given picture below, use your creativity in designing your jar by using the elements of arts and principles.
Use any type of art materials. Then, write five (5) uses of the jar.

23
 Five Uses:
1. ________________________________________________________________________.
2. ________________________________________________________________________.
3. ________________________________________________________________________.
4. __________________________
______________________________________________.
5. ________________________________________________________________________.
.

Activity No. 6
In this activity, you will use your creativity, imagination, and appreciation by designing your own
modern colorful tattoo. Follow the procedures carefully.
Materials:
• oil pastel / crayons
• pencil
• scissors
• scraper/ barbecue stick/
• pen or marker
• paper/ bond paper

Procedure:
1. In a clean bond paper trace your arm onto it using a marker or a pencil.
2. After tracing, cut the lines you have marked using any cutting materials like scissors.
3. Color your paper arm with light set of colors.
4. Put the black color over the first set of colors.
5. Using materials with sharp tip like barbecue stick, scrape or scratch the black color to create design and patterns. Your
appealing surroundings or your memorable experience may serve as a great influence on your tattoo design.

24
1 2 3

4 5

7
P.E & Health
Quarter 1

25
 PHYSICAL EDUCATION
Physical Fitness Test
Physical Fitness is the ability of the muscles to function effectively and efficiently without undue fatigue in work
and daily activities.
The Physical Fitness Test (PFT) is a set of measures designed to determine a student’s level of physical fitness. It
is intended to two categories of physical fitness commonly referred to “health-related” and “skill-related” components as refer
to those physical attributes which enable a person to cope with the requirement daily living such as cardiovascular endurance or
stamina, muscular strength and endurance, flexibility and the appropriate body mass index (BMI). Skill- related components are
physical abilities that show potential for good performance in certain skills like running speed, agility, reaction time or quickness,
balance and coordination.
The administration and implementation of the testing program shall be treated as essential component of the
Physical Education and Sports Programs for elementary (grades 4, 5, and 6) and secondary levels.
Factors to be considered for you to be physically fit:
1. Ability to perform daily activity without getting tired or fatigue. These daily activities are:

26
  Walking
 Shopping
 Going to market
 Doing house hold chores
 Going to school
 Participating in school/classroom activities
2. Recreational Activity- having a personal time to do activities that an individual love to do in spare time after
doing their normal daily routine. This activity is what we called Leisure that may include the following:
 Disco dancing
 Reading books/ listening to music
 Playing with your favorite sports
 Chatting and updating with your friends and relatives
3. Meeting Emergencies- Emergency are the unexpected event that need to use our strength and energy
unexpectedly, these include:
 Community involvement during calamities
 Grieving
 Facing / solving issues within the family and the community

Basic Exercise Program

What is an exercise program? It is a plan or a program detailing a range of physical exercises and the amount of
time each exercise should be performed, used especially in gymnasiums, where they are typically tailored to individuals' needs.
A good exercise program is a key to promote and maintain your good health. It is a way to make sure that you get
the most out of your workouts and that you are targeting all your muscle groups. Many people exercise but they do not get the full
benefits of their exercises. By planning out an exercise program, you can make sure that you are not wasting your time.
In engaging or participating in any physical activity or sports, it is important to start with a warm-up exercise to
prepare your body for the activity and end with a cool-down exercise to relax your muscle and return your body to its normal
temperature.
There are three things every exercise program should have:
1. Warm-Up Exercise
2. Major Exercise Focus
a. Flexibility exercise b. Strength Exercise c. Endurance Exercise
3. Cool down Exercise

Warm-Up Phase
It is important to increase the body’s temperature to prepare the muscles to any succeeding strenuous activity. By
warming up, the muscles are provided with sufficient amount of blood and oxygen supply so that they will contract more
efficiently. Without warming up, you may have greater risk of physical injuries as you proceed immediately with vigorous
activities.

Flexibility Exercises
This phase of exercise follows immediately after warm-up. It is done by doing gradual stretching activities from upper
to lower extremities. There are different types of stretching to improve flexibility: static, and dynamic stretching.
 Static stretching is more appropriate in the cool down as they help muscles to relax, realign muscles fibers
and re-establish their normal range of movement.
 Dynamic stretching exercises specifically prepare the muscles for active contraction. However, they do not
cause long-term improvement in flexibility because of the short stretching time.

Introduction to Individual Sports:

Running and Swimming
The Background of Athletics
Track and field athletics, commonly known as athletics or track and field, is a collection of sports events that
involve running, throwing and jumping. The name "athletics" is derived from the Greek word "athlos" meaning "contest".
Dating back to the Ancient Greeks, athletics was the only competition to be held in the first Olympic Games which
took place in Athens in 776 BC. At that time, the single athletic event was known as the stade, a foot race which covered the length
of the Athenian Olympic stadium.
In 1896, the first modern Olympic Games were staged. Although initially of limited appeal, the Olympics captured the
imagination of athletes and grew steadily, making track and field an international sport for the first time. In 1913, the International
Amateur Athletic Federation (IAAF) was formed by representatives from 16 countries. The IAAF was charged with establishing
standard rules for the sport, approving world records, and ensuring that the amateur code was adhered to; it continues to carry out
these duties today.
27
 Track Events
Track events often involve a field or a running track of varying measurements. These events are typically held in a
400-meter track. These include sprints, middle distance events, long distance events, hurdles, relays, road running and race walking.
Short Distance or Sprints
Sprint is a short running race. In a track and field competition, there are generally three different sprint distances:
100m, 200m, and 400m.
Middle Distance
The middle-distance races are 800m, 1500m, and 3000m. These races require different skills and tactics to win. They
rely more on endurance and pacing than just pure speed. Also, the runners don't stay in a single lane for the entire race.
Long Distance
There are three main long-distance races: 3000m, 5000m, and 10,000m races. These races are similar to the middle-
distance races, but the emphasis is even more on correct pacing and endurance.
Hurdles
A hurdles race is one in which obstacles are placed at intervals along the track that the runners must jump over on
their way the finish line. Typical hurdle races are the 100m and 400m for women and 110m and 400m for men. Timing, footwork,
and technique are the key in wining hurdles events. Of course, you still need to be fast, but jumping the hurdles in stride without
much slowing down is how to win in the hurdles.
Relays
Relay races are where teams of runners compete against each other. There are typically four runners and four legs to
the race. The first runner starts with the baton and runs the first leg handing off to the second runner. The hand off must typically take
place within a given area of the track. The second then hands off to the third and the third to the fourth. The fourth runner runs the
final, or anchor, leg to the finish line. Common relay races are the 4x100m and the 4x400m.
Facilities and Equipment used in Athletics
Track facility
Track Oval
Equipment

Baton Hurdles Starting Blocks Starting Gun Spike Shoes

Participating and performing well in running events require some key skills to make it well in every event. Mastering
these skills will not waste any movement, will use essential muscles, use optimum force, and relax the muscles that will not be
involved in your movements.

INTRODUCTION TO SWIMMING
Swimming is an individual or team racing sport that requires the use of one's entire body to move through water. The
sport takes place in pools or open water (e.g., in a sea or lake). Competitive swimming is one of the most popular Olympic, sports,
with varied distance events in butterfly, backstroke, breaststroke, freestyle.
History of swimming in the Philippines
• 1900s – Americans introduced swimming as a sport to the Philippines.
• 1912 – A number of local swimmers had emerged from different parts of the country who competed against
each other in championships organized by the Americans.
• 1928 – The greatest achievement of a Filipino in the sport.
 Teofilo E. Yldelfonso – nicknamed the “Ilocano Shark,” won the Philippines first Olympic medal by winning
bronze in the 200 m breaststroke event at the 1928 Olympics in Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
 He repeated this feat in the 1932 Olympics in Los Angeles, California, when he won his second bronze medal,
becoming the first Filipino to win multiple medals in the Olympics.
• 1951 – The first Asian Games was held in New Delhi, India.
 Artemio Salamat and Jacinto Cayco won gold medals for the 200m and 100m breaststroke events,
respectively.
• 1985 – Erik Buhain won a gold in the 400-meter individual medley at Southeast Asian Games held in
Bangkok, Thailand.

Equipment in Swimming

The following are the basic equipment used in swimming.

28
 Goggles Kick Bo ard Swim Cap Starting Gun

Swim Suit Touch pad Swimming trunks

Swimming is an individual or team racing sport that requires the use of one's entire body to move through water. The
sport takes place in pools or open water (e.g., in a sea or lake). Competitive swimming is one of the most popular Olympic, sports,
with varied distance events in butterfly, backstroke, breaststroke, freestyle.

Four Swimming Strokes

1. Front Crawl
• It is popularly known as Freestyle. It is also considered as the fastest and most efficient
swimming technique.
• The body must be kept horizontal, stretched and streamlined.
• Involves alternating over arm strokes and the flutter kick, the up and down movement of
the legs.
• The head remains in the water, the face alternating from side to side.

2. Butterfly
• It is a powerful and graceful technique; the most difficult and exhausting stroke.
• Hands enter the water shoulder width apart.
• Legs move in fishtail or dolphin kick, which the legs move up and down
together, with the knees bent on the upward swing.
• Arms move up and downward shoulder rotate bringing arms around.

3. Breaststroke
• It is the slowest of the four official styles in competitive swimming which requires
comparable endurance and strength to other strokes.
• Strokes begin with the body in a stretched out, horizontal position with the

• face in the water.

• Upper body lifts as the arms pull and the head lifts to breathe.
• Frog kick takes place under the water and begins with the legs in an extended position with feet together. Frog kick is
leg movement where the knees primarily turned outward and the legs alternately separated and closed.

4. Backstroke
• It has the advantage of easy breathing, but has the disadvantage of
swimmers not being able to see where they are going. This is the only competition
swimming style that has a different start.
• Push of the wall, on your back, in a streamline position.
• The alternating kick originates from the hip and remains within the body
width.
• Toes are pointed with ankles relaxed and the knees bend slightly with
each kick.
• The leg kick and arm actions should be controlled and steady while
maintaining a fixed head position.

Introduction to Individual Sports:

Rhythmic Gymnastics
Nature and Background of Rhythmic Gymnastics

Rhythmic gymnastics is a sport in which individuals or groups of five manipulate one or two pieces of apparatus: rope, hoop, ball,
clubs and ribbon, or freehand (no apparatus). Rhythmic gymnastics is a sport that combines elements of ballet, gymnastics, dance, and apparatus

29
 manipulation. Competitive rhythmic gymnastics began in the 1940’s in Soviet Union. The FIG formally recognized this discipline in 1961, first as
modern gymnastics, then as rhythmic sportive gymnastics, and finally as rhythmic gymnastics.
The first World Championships for individual rhythmic gymnasts was held in 1963 in Budapest. Groups were introduced at the
same level in 1967 in Copenhagen, Denmark. Rhythmic gymnastics was added to the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, with an individual
all-around competition. Canadian Lori Fung was the first rhythmic gymnast to earn an Olympic gold medal. The group competition was added to
the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta. The Spanish team won the first gold medal of the new competition with a team formed by Estela Giménez,
Marta Baldó, Nuria Cabanillas, Lorena Guréndez, Estíbaliz Martínez and Tania Lamarca.

Apparatus Used in Rhythmic Gymnastics:

Ball
A ball is made of either rubber or plastic. It ranges between 18 to 20 cm in diameter and must have a minimum weight
of 400g.

Hoop
A hoop may be made of plastic or wood, must have an in diameter of 80 to 90 cm and minimum weight of
300g.
Rope
A rope is made out of hemp and is knotted at each end. The height of the gymnast determines the length of the rope.
Clubs
Clubs are made out of wood or plastics, resemble bowling pins. The minimum weight per club is 150 g.

Ribbon
It is a 7-m strip of satin ribbon attached to a wooden stick. Holding the stick, the gymnast must keep the ribbon in
constant motion throughout her routine.

Rhythmic gymnastics is a sport that combines elements of gymnastics, dance, and calisthenics. Rhythmic gymnasts
must possess the following qualities in order to perform to their best; balance, flexibility, coordination, and strength.
Fundamental Skill of Rhythmic Gymnastics:
Ball
• Ball routine includes throwing, bouncing or rolling.
• The gymnast must use both hands and work on the whole floor area while showing continuous flowing movement.
• The ball emphasizes the gymnasts flowing lines and body difficulty.

Hoop
• Fundamental requirements of a hoop routine include rotation around the hand or body and rolling, as well as swings, circles, throws,
and passes through and over the hoop.

Rope
• The fundamental requirements of a rope routine include leaps and skipping.
• Other elements include swings, throws, circles, rotations and figures of eight.
Clubs
• Clubs are thrown from alternate hands; each passes underneath the other clubs and is caught in the opposite hand to the one from which it
was thrown.
Ribbon
• Compulsory elements for the ribbon include flicks, circles, snakes and spirals, and throws.
• It requires a high degree of coordination to form the spirals and circles as any knots which may accidentally form in the ribbon are
penalized.
• During a ribbon routine, large, smooth and flowing movements are looked for.
• The ribbon may not stop moving or else, points are taken off.

Activity Sheet No. 1

Direction: Perform the following Health-Related Fitness activities. Record the results of your performance with the given table.
Part 1: Health-Related Fitness

Height (Meters) Weight (Kilograms) BMI Classification

A. BODY COMPOSITION: Body Mass Index (BMI)

Formula of BMI:
BMI = Weight (in kilograms)
Height (in meters)

30
 BMI Classification
Below 18.5 Underweight
18.5 – 24.9 Normal
25 – 29.9 Overweight
30 – and above Obese

B. CARDIOVASCULAR ENDURANCE: 3-MINUTE STEP TEST

Instructions: (3-Minute Step Test) 
March up and down on the step to the metronome beat (up, up, down,
down) for a minute and check your heart rate after.
(Heart rate per minute)
Before the Activity After the Activity

https://www.clipart.email/
clipart/3-minute-step-test-
clipart-288248.html
C. Sit and Reach

Instructions: (Sit and Reach)

After performing a gentle warm up to help loosen up the muscles, sit on the floor with
your legs straight out in front of you with your feet 10” apart.  Place a tape measure or
meter stick between the legs with the 15” mark in line with your feet, and the zero
mark closer to your body.  Sit up straight with both arms extended in front of you, one
hand over the top of the other.  As you exhale, reach as far forward as you can,
keeping your legs straight.  Your reach is what is measured. Take the best of three
measurements. 
Score in Centimeters
1st 2nd 3rd

Activity Sheet No. 2

Direction: Perform the following Skill-Related Fitness activities. Record the results of your
performance with the given table.

Part 2: Skill-Related Fitness

A. COORDINATION: Juggling Score:

Instructions: (Juggling)
TWO BALLS: Hold one ball in each hand. Throw the ball in
your right hand across to your left hand. When the ball just passes the peak above your
left shoulder (that imaginary point / your target) and starts on its way down, toss the
ball from your left hand across your body towards the right. They cross in the air, but
they don’t cross at the same time. It’s like one passes in front of you, and then the other
does. Catch the first ball as it comes down with your left hand. Catch the second ball in
your right hand. Stop. That's it for now. Don’t think too much! Practice it until you can
do it ten times in a row without dropping, and try starting with the left from time to time
too. When you can go right-left-catch-catch and also left-right-catch-catch without
dropping, ten times each, consider moving on.
(Try to use small plastic ball, if you don’t have any, use other available things inside your house and record
how many catches you got)

B. POWER: Standing Long Jump

Instructions: (Standing Long Jump)
Find an area in your backyard or any place wherein it has a soft soil to
land on. The student stands behind a line marked on the ground with feet
slightly apart. A two foot takeoff and landing is used, with swinging of
31
 the arms and bending of the knees to provide forward drive. The subject attempts to jump as far as possible,
landing on both feet without falling backwards. Three attempts are allowed.

Distance ( Centimeters )
First Trial Second Trial Third Trial

Activity Sheet No. 3

A. Direction: Choose the letter that corresponds to the correct answer.
Write A if one statement is true while the other statement is false.
Write B if both statements are true.
Write C if both statements are false.

1 ___________ Swimming was first introduced in the Olympic games in Athens in the year 1896.
The world swimming association is called Federation Internationale de Natation (FINA)
2 ___________ Front crawl is also known as freestyle. It is also the most difficult and exhausting
stroke.
3 ____________ Backstroke has the advantage of easy breathing. Breast stroke is the slowest of the
four official styles in competitive swimming.
4 ____________ Swimming is an individual sport. Swimming has 4 different strokes.
5. ____________ Butterfly is the most powerful and graceful technique in swimming.
It is the most difficult and exhausting stroke.

B. Identify the name of equipment used in swimming. Lightweight-Anti-Slip-

Integrated/dp/
B01MTNB4CE
_________________6. ____________9.

swim-team-suits/

_________________7.

______________10 team
-
suits/
.
/ https://www.swim-
teach.com/swimming-
equipment.html
__________________8.

https://
www.swimoutlet.com/
p/sporti-training-swim-

C. Describe the characteristic of the following swimming strokes.

11. Front Crawl –

32
 12. Butterfly –
13. Breast Stroke-
14. Backstroke-

Activity Sheet No. 4

Directions: Read the following questions and choose the letter of the best answer.
1. The following are events held in a 400-meter track, EXCEPT:
a. Sprint b. Relays c. Shop put d. Hurdles
2. It is a collection of sports events that involves running, throwing, and jumping.
a. Swimming b. Gymnastics c. Athletics d. Archery
3. Which of the following swimming stroke is the fastest and most efficient technique?
a. Freestyle b. Butterfly c. Breaststroke d. Backstroke
4. It is the most difficult and exhausting stroke in swimming.
a. Backstroke b. Breaststroke c. Butterfly d. Freestyle
5. In 1951, the first ASEAN Games was held in:
a. Amsterdam,The Netherlands c. Los Angeles, California
b. Bangkok, Thailand d. New Delhi, India
6. It is the slowest swimming stroke.
a. Backstroke b. Breaststroke c. Butterfly d. Freestyle
7. The following are equipment use in swimming, EXCEPT:
a. Swimsuit b. Kick board c. Goggles d. Baton
8. The following are the starter’s command in running, EXCEPT:
a. Set b. Ready c. On Your Marks d. Go
9. This event is participated by four runners. Each runner covers 400 meters.
a. 4 x 800 b. 4 x 400 c. 4 x 200 d. 4 x 100
10. Which of the following is the equipment used in relay races?
a. Shot put b. Hurdles c. Discuss d. Baton

Activity Sheet No. 5

Directions: Read the following questions and choose the letter of the best answer.
1. This refers to an apparatus used in rhythmic gymnastics made of either rubber or
synthetic material.
A. Ball B. Hoop C. Clubs D. Ribbon
2. It is a sport that uses apparatus such as rope, hoop, ball, clubs and ribbon.
A. Aerobic gymnastics C. Aerobic gymnastics
B. Artistic gymnastics D. Rhythmic gymnastics
3. The compulsory elements of this apparatus in gymnastics include flicks, circles, snakes and spirals,
and throws.
A. Hoop B. Rope C. Clubs D. Ribbon
4. Which of the following apparatus may be made of hemp or a synthetic material?
A. Ball B. Hoop C. Rope D. Ribbon
5. It may be made of plastic or wood, provided that it retains its shape during the routine.
A. Ball B. Hoop C. Rope D. Clubs
6. Which of the following apparatus is used in rhythmic gymnastics that are thrown from alternate
hands?
A. Hoop B. Rope C. Clubs D. Ribbon
7. It refers to a graceful and artistic sport that requires a combination of strength, balance, agility, and
muscle coordination, usually performed on specialized apparatus.
A. Ballet C. Badminton
B. Athletics D. Gymnastics
8. The fundamental requirements of this routine include leaps and skipping.

33
 A. Ball B. Clubs C. Rope D. Hoop
9. This routine involves fundamental requirements including rotation around the hand or body and
rolling.
A. Ball B. Hoop C. Rope D. Clubs
10. The fundamental requirements of this routine includes throwing, bouncing or rolling.
A. Ball B. Hoop C. Rope D. Ribbon

HEALTH

DIMENSION OF HOLISTIC HEALTH

Holistic health is an approach to life. Rather than focusing on illness or specific parts of the body, this approach to
health considers the whole person and how he or she interacts with his or her environment. It emphasizes the connection of mind,
body and spirit. Health focuses on wellness. Being healthy means having a balance of all the dimensions of health: physical,
mental, emotional, social, and moral-spiritual. Health is a state of complete physical, mental or intellectual, emotional, social,
moral-spiritual and environmental well-being. It is not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. Health is the most important factor
in our life. Live healthy in order to have a happy life.
Lets’ read and learn the dimensions of holistic health.
A. Physical Health
• It refers to the well-being of an individual.
Example: Dorai performs simple physical exercises every day to keep her self healthy.
• It means that you can do your daily task without getting tired and undue fatigued.
Example: Jane still has the energy to play/bond with her friends after washing her clothes the whole morning.
B. Mental or Intellectual Health
• It refers to the ability of an individual to think and improve his quality skills in life.
Example: Go out and make new friends, keep yourself busy with school activities.
• It is the ability to rationalize things.
Example: Find good reason in your failures. Think that everything happened for a good reason.

C. Emotional Health
• It is the ability to accept failures, cope with your environment and consider the feeling of others.
Example: If a family member has left to work in other place, you can easily accept the reality of being away from your love ones.
• Understanding and liking oneself
Example: Self-love means finding peace and resting comfortably in our own home.
D. Social Health
• It is how well you build relationship with your community, and how you interact with the people that surround you.
Example: As a teenager you easily mingle and develop friendship with the neighborhood.
• Social acceptance means to interact with different types of people, accept and understand different norms and values.
Example: Be who you are and be like what is dictated by your values and norms. It is the fact that most people act in order to be
accepted by any group and be like them.
E. Moral-Spiritual Health mental
• It refers to one’s faith, belief and values, know the meanings and purposes in life.
Example: Respect everybody’s faith; it is looking deeply within oneself and belief.
F. Environmental Health
• Understand the effect of the air, the water, and the land that surrounds our health.
Example: Observe proper waste disposal to avoid contamination of our environment.
• Recognize the impact of environment and man-made hazards.

PRACTICES TO HOLISTIC HEALTH

Attaining holistic health should be everybody’s goal. At this stage in your life, there are many health concerns that
need to be addressed. You need to develop all dimensions of your health. You need

coping skills to be able to face the challenges of an adolescent life. The assessment of growth and development is very helpful in
finding out the state of health of a person. Continuous normal growth and development indicates a good positive attitude, healthy
lifestyle, and desirable coping skills will help you attain and maintain holistic health.
Being healthy and happy is important. In this lesson, you will know the difference between wellness and health and
how they interact with each other. Health is defined as a state of complete physical, social and mental wellbeing,
34
 Wellness on the other hand refers to the state of being in optimal and physical health. It also means striving to live
your life to achieve your fullest potential, making decisions and acting in healthy ways. It is a practice of positive health behaviors
based on sound knowledge and healthy attitudes.
The diagram below shows the healthy habit of a person. Let’s read and learn.

Emotional Expressing the feeling

Mental Finding our purpose in life
WELLNESS Spiritual Using our minds
Physical Acknowledge the importance of being physically active
Social Creating positive relation with others
environmental Recognize the impact of environmental and man-made hazard

It is important to know how to live happily and healthily. The following discusses the different approaches to a holistic life:
Physical Health
It means how well your body functions. It includes being physically fit, eating nutritious food, and getting adequate rest and sleep.
Mental or Intellectual Health
It refers to the ability of an individual to think and improve his skills in life. A mentally healthy person is open to new ideas about
life, family, and environment.
Emotional Health
It is the ability to accept failures, adapt with the environment and consider the feeling of others. It refers to how well one meets the
demands of daily life and how well she or he adjusts to a new situation.
Social Health
It refers to how well a person builds relationship and interacts with the people in the community. It also relates to one’s ability to
adapt comfortably to different social situations and react appropriately in relation to those.
Moral-Spiritual Health
It refers to one’s faith, belief and values, and purposes in life.

Environmental Health
It is the ability of the person to recognize the impact of environmental hazards to life and to find ways how to protect oneself and the
ecological systems from these hazards.

CHANGES THAT HAPPEN TO ADOLESCENCE

Adolescence comes with a fair share of changes. These transformations can be physical, mental, emotional, social, and moral-
spiritual.
A. Physical Changes
The physical transformations observed during adolescence are, in most cases, the result of hormonal changes as the teenager’s
body is transformed from child to adult. This phase, called puberty, starts between the ages of 9 and 16 and usually ends between the
ages of 18 and 22.
These are some of the general changes that happen to adolescent boys and girls during puberty.
• There is a rapid increase in height and weight. Boys experience this usually two years later than girls.
• Changes happen in the circulatory and respiratory system. The heart and lungs grow bigger and work better, although the
increase is more in boys than in girls.
• In body composition, muscles develop rapidly, although boy’s muscle grow faster than girls. Body fat increases, although the
increase in girl’s body fat is more than boys.
• The reproductive organ of both boys and girls grow and develop.

Primary sex characteristics are changes directly related to sexual reproduction. The reproductive organs of both boys and girls
grow and develop. The boys experience their first release of seminal fluid or ejaculation from the penis. The girls experience
menarche or the onset of menstruation which signals the possibility of fertility among women.

Boys
The voice becomes deeper.
Adam’s apple become bigger.
The shoulder becomes wider than
the hips.
The hair grows on the face and
body.
The skin on the upper arms and
Common
Girls
Changes
The rapid increase in height and Breasts develop. The hips become wider than
weight. the shoulders. The hair grows on the under
arm.
The head, hands and feet grow faster
first, then the arms and legs.
Muscles develop rapidly.
Hair grows on genital region. There
is a rapid increase in hormone
production.
The bones develop and becomes

35
 thighs becomes rough. harder. Sweat and oil glands
become more active.

B. Mental or Intellectual Changes

Studies have shown that the brain makes significant changes as a child grows through puberty into adulthood. As a child becomes
teen, he or she is more able to think abstractly, and more importantly, more able to empathize with others. Here are some of
the changes an adolescent might experience:
• Adolescents are egocentric. This means caring too much about yourself and not about other people. They argue to convince,
exhibit independent and critical thought.
• Adolescents prefer active and cooperative learning activities over passive learning experiences.
• Adolescents enjoy learning skills to apply to real life problems and situations.
• Adolescents have a tendency to become bored with routine activities: they need to be challenged.
• Adolescents are capable of thinking critically helping them understand issues and concerns about their development.
• Adolescents think less of themselves, allows them to think and reason out better.
• Adolescents have the abilities to control and coordinate their thoughts with their actions and deeds.
• Adolescent students focus attention on what they want to listen to. They can also focus their attention on two or more things
at the same time.

C. Emotional Changes
This is one of the important dimensions of health. This includes both positive and negative reactions as follows:
• Erratic emotions and behaviors, mood swings are mostly experienced and felt.
• Emotions that are frightening and poorly understood, often triggered by hormonal imbalance, may cause regression and more
childish behavior patterns.
• As part of being moody and restless, they are introspective and often feel self- conscious, alienated, and lack of self-esteem.
• Adolescents are easily offended and sensitive to criticism, vulnerable to one sided arguments and criticism
• Adolescents are being optimistic and hopeful, searching for adult identity and acceptance.
• Adolescents exaggerate simple occurrences and believe that personal issues are unique to themselves.
• Adolescents believe that nobody understands them, striving for a sense of individual uniqueness and search for their identity.
• Adolescents are more emotional and makes them open to being hurt or in danger.
• Boys are also sexually active: thus, they are prone to participate at risk behavior due to the sudden increase in the
manufacture of hormones.
• Girls become self-conscious because of the changes that are happening to them, giving them a feeling of insecurity and
discomfort.
• Early maturing boys are usually taller and stronger; they have good body image, so they are more confident, secure and
independent.
D. Social Changes
Social wellness refers to your ability to interact with people, respect yourself and others, develop meaningful relationships and
develop quality communication skills.
• The adolescent may act out unusual or drastic. At times, he/she may be aggressive, daring, boisterous and argumentative.
• Adolescents are being rebellious towards parents, but still strongly depend on parental values.
• Adolescents have negative interactions with peers, parents, and teachers may compromise ideals and commitments.
• Adolescents distrusts relationship with others who show lack of sensitivity to adolescent needs.
• Adolescents enjoy with friends, who share the same interests with them so they stay longer with them after school.
• Adolescents are confused and frightened by new school settings that are large and impersonal.
• Adolescents are loyal to peer values, sometimes cruel and insensitive to those outside the peers.
• Adolescents idolizes peers and media role personalities as sources for standards of behavior, dress and style.
E. Moral- Spiritual Changes
Adolescents on this stage, analyze themselves and find out who they are. They explore moral and ethical issues.
• They explore and ask broad unanswerable questions about the meaning of life.
• They are reflective, introspective and analytical about their thoughts and feelings.
• They depend on influences of home and religious institutions for moral and ethical choices and behaviors.
• They analyze strengths and weaknesses to understand and accept themselves better.
• They learn house rules imposed by parents to promote order and harmony.
• They distinguish between rules that are negotiable and that are non- negotiable.

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT: HEALTH APPRAISAL AND SCREENING PROCEDURES

Health Appraisal and Screening Procedures

Health Appraisal are a series of procedures to assess or determine the health status of a learner. Screening for blood
pressure is added to the routine tests for height, weight, vision, and hearing. Immunizations are also updated.

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 For girls, it is recommended to check your breasts for possible masses or lumps the moment you start menstruating. You
should do this monthly, specifically one week after the onset of menstruation. You can do this while taking a shower or facing the
mirror. This breast self-examination (BSE) can help females check any abnormalities that might need medical help. Remember,
there are normal changes during and right before menstruation so it is better to perform BSE after menstruation. Develop the habit
of doing BSE monthly.
How to examine your breast:
1. Lie down on your back and place your right arm behind your head. Use the finger pads of the middle fingers on your left
hand to feel for lumps in the right breast. Use overlapping dime-sized circular motions of the fingers pads to feel the breast tissue.
2. Move around the breast in an up and down pattern starting at an imaginary line drawn straight down your side from the
underarm and moving across the breast to the middle of the chest bone (sternum or breastbone).
3. Repeat examination on your left breast, putting your left arm behind your head and using the finger pads of your hand to
do the same.
4. While standing in front of a mirror with your hands pressing firmly down on your hips, look at your breasts for any
changes in size, shape, contour, or dimpling, or redness of the nipple or breast skin.

Scoliosis Screening
Scoliosis is a condition in which the spine curves to the side. It is an abnormal lateral or side- to-side curvature of the spine.
This condition commonly develops during sudden brief of the growth of adolescents. It affects girls more often. This condition
can be corrected if treated early before the bones have fully developed.
The following signs should be referred to a doctor for treatment:
• One of the shoulder blades is more prominent.
• The head is not aligned to the center of the pelvis.
• A hip appears higher or is more prominent than the other.
• The rib cage is uneven
• The waist is uneven
• The entire body is leaning to one side.

Medical Examination Keeps you informed about your general health status
Dental Examination Keeps you informed about of any dental problems
Height taking Gives you an idea about your growth rate
Holistic health can Weight taking Keeps you aware if you are within your ideal weight
be achieved by Vision test Keeps you informed of your visual activity
practicing good SScreenin Scoliosis test Keeps you informed of your abnormal curvature of
health habits and g your spine
submitting to Ttest Breast- Self Examination Keeps you checked unusual
screening tests lumps
Hearing Test Keeps you checked the ability to
hear the loudness and pitch of the sound.

DEVELOPMENT OF SELF-AWARENESS AND COPING SKILLS

As you grow, an adolescent like you may experience different changes physically, emotionally, mentally, socially and
spiritually. These changes may bring stress and anxiety if you do not know how to handle and cope with these changes.
Here are some of the coping strategies that you can use in ordinary life situations. Study the following coping
techniques and see how you can practice them:
Positive Problem-Solving Strategies
1. Be careful and study your action.
2. Make a plan of action.
3. Look at the problem as a challenge.
4. Be creative in solving the problem.
5. Come up with the different solutions to the problem.
Support-Seeking Strategies
1. Talk to a friend who can do something about it.
2. Ask advice from responsible family members/relatives.
3. Talk to someone to find out more about the problem.
4. Look for someone who will sympathize with you.
5. Seek professional help.
Positive-reframing Strategies
Self-Talk is a way to help you change your thoughts. Here are some self-talk statements that you can use as coping skill.
These statements are useful when you are under stress or facing a challenge /problem:
1. When you are preparing for a stressful situation, you can use any of these statements:
• I know I can do it. - Tomorrow I will be through it.
• It’s easier once I get started. - I have succeeded with this before.

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 • What exactly do I have to do? - I won’t entertain negative thoughts.
2. When you are facing the challenge/problem:
• I can do this. - I won’t rush. I will take it slowly step by step.
• I can only do my best. - Relax! It will end.
• I can ask somebody for help. - Take a deep breath.
• If I get nervous, I’ll take a deep breath. - Lord/Allah, help me!
• If I feel tense, I’ll do my coping exercise. - I can always call someone.
• It’s OK to make mistakes; no one is perfect.
3. When you are coping with fear:
• I’ll survive this. - Lord/Allah, help me!
• Take a deep breath. - I can always call someone.
4. Self-Congratulations:
• I did it! - I can always call someone.

• I did it well! - I’ve got to tell this to .

5. Affirmation:
• I start the day with a peaceful thought.
• Every day in every way I grow stronger and stronger.

Activity Sheet No. 1

Direction: Write three examples of activities for each dimension of health and explain the importance of each dimension to
achieve holistic health.
HOLISTIC HEALTH

Physical Health

Mental/Intellectual
Health

Emotional Health

Social Health

Moral/Spiritual
Health

Rubric for the activity:

Level of Achievement Description
Shows complete understanding on the importance of health dimension to achieve
5 Outstanding
holistic health
Shows substantial understanding on the importance of health dimensions in
4 Very Satisfactory
achieving holistic health
Response shows some understanding on the importance of health dimension to
3 Satisfactory
achieve holistic health
Response shows a complete lack of understanding on the importance of health
1 Needs improvement dimensions to achieve holistic health.

Activity Sheet No. 2

Word Puzzle
Direction: Find and encircle the words that describe the changes and experiences of adolescence.
Write your answers below on the space provided.

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 1. ________________________
2. ________________________
3. ________________________
4. ________________________
5. ________________________
6. _______________________
7. _______________________
8. _______________________
9. _______________________
10. ______________________

Activity Sheet No. 3

Direction: Group the following changes in different dimensions happening in the adolescence period.
Write only the letter in the appropriate column below.
A. The reproductive organs of boys and girls grow and develop.
B. Capable of thinking critically.
C. Being optimistic and hopeful, searching for adult identity and acceptance.
D. Idolize peers and media role personalities as sources for standards of behavior, dress, and style.
E. Explore and ask broad unanswerable questions about the meaning of life.
F. Enjoy with friends, who share the same interest with them so they stay longer with them after school.
G. Learn that house rules imposed by their parents are there to promote order and harmony at home.
H. Have erratic emotions and behaviors, mood swings is mostly experienced.
I. They consider the approval of friends and other adolescents or peers as very important.
J. Enjoy learning skills to apply to real life problems and situations.
K. Bones develop and become harder.
L. Think less of themselves, allowing them to think and reason better.
M. There is a rapid increase in height and weight.
N. They are reflective, introspective, and analytical about their thoughts and feelings.
O. Easily offended and sensitive to criticism.

Physical Mental Social Emotional Moral/Spiritual

Activity Sheet No. 4

Directions: Choose your answer from the box that best describes each personal health issues. Write
your answer in your answer sheet.

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 Health Appraisal Wellness Health Moral-Spiritual Health
Mental Health Medical Examination Scoliosis
Dental Health Breast-self Examination Social Health
_______________1. It is a state of complete physical, mental or intellectual, emotional, social, moral-spiritual
and environmental well-being
_______________2. This test will inform you about your general health status.
_______________3. It refers to the ability of an individual to think and improve his quality skills in life.
_______________4. This test will inform you about your teeth and mouth condition.
_______________5. It refers to the state of being in optimal mental and physical health.
_______________6. It is an abnormal curvature of the spine which causes pain and affects growth.
_______________7. It refers to how well a person builds relationship and interacts with the people in the
community
_______________8. This examination can help you assess or determine the health status of students.
_______________9. It refers to one’s faith, belief and values, and purposes in life.
_______________10. This examination can help females check any abnormalities in their breast.

Activity Sheet No. 5

Direction: Encircle the letter of your answer.
1. What will you do when you make a mistake?
a. Cover it up. Pretend nothing happened.
b. Admit your mistake. Hope that no one will find out.
2. How can unpleasant body odor due to active secretion of sweat glands be prevented?
a. Change clothes more often. c. Use perfume to hide the odor.
b. Shave the hair of the armpit. d. Take a bath regularly and use deodorant.
3. When seeking social support to cope with problems, which of the following will NOT help?
a. Stay alone inside the room. c. Ask advice from a responsible adult.
b. Talk to a friend who can help. d. Talk to someone to know more about the problem.
4. What coping skill is applied when you say, “I know I can do it”?
a. Self-talk strategy
b. Solving the problem
c. Avoiding and denying
d. Seeking social support
5. What skills will help you get along with other people?
a. Coping skills
b. Decision-making skills
c. Problem-solving skills
d. Social and communication skills
6. Saying you are sorry when you hurt someone, means you
a. Do not have to pay back.
b. Want the person to forgive you.
c. Want the person to feel satisfied.
d. Are humble to accept your mistake.
7. A healthful way to show your friend you are mad is to _____.
a. Give him/her a silent treatment.
b. Yell at him/her every time his/her presence is there.
c. Tell others about how mad you are to your friend.
d. Tell your friend what made you feel mad about.
8. If your plans did not go well according to what you have planned, what is the best thing that you will do next?
a. Pursue what you have started anyway they will not notice it.
b. Think that today is not your lucky day there is still another time.
c. Forget about it.
d. Reflect and think of a better strategy.
9. Teenagers need nine to ten hours sleep each night to feel well and rested. Which is the best way to do to get enough
sleep?
a. Refrain from staying up late. c. Listen to music.
b. Watch TV while trying to get some sleep. d. Take a sleeping pill.
10. Poor posture among adolescents is due to ______
a. Eating less healthful food. c. Slouching due to their height.
b. Doing strenuous exercises. d. Playing computer and video games.
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 Activity Sheet No. 6
Directions: Classify the following coping skills/techniques as to positive- reframing, support-seeking or positive
problem-solving. Write PR if the statement refers to positive-reframing, SS if it refers to support-seeking
and PPS for positive problem solving.
1. Do not act hastily. ________
2. Think that every day you grow stronger and stronger. ________
3. Seek help from a friend. ________
4. Always call someone if you are afraid. ________
5. Come up with different solutions to the problem. ________
6. Think that it’s OK to make mistakes; no one is perfect. ________
7. Do not entertain negative thoughts. ________
8. Consult your parents if you are in a stressful situation. ________
9. Do not worry much, believe in your abilities. ________
10.Use self-talk statements to motivate yourself. ________

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