Chapter 4 - Polymer Materials and Composite

10/18/2022
MATERIALS SCIENCE
Chapter 4
Polymer materials
and composites
Giang V. H. Phan
18 October 2022 Giang VH Phan_Materials Science – Chapter 4 1
1.1. Introduction
We live in a polymer age
1
10/18/2022
1.1. Introduction
• Plastics identification code (Recycling codes) was developed in 1988 by
the Plastics Industry Association in the United States
• Plastics are actually just one kind of polymer. They’re polymers that
have plasticity, they can be molded
1.1. Introduction
• Biopolymers are polymers synthesized by living organisms (animals, plants,

algae, microorganisms) like polysaccharides, proteins, nucleic acids
2
10/18/2022
1.1. Introduction
Binder is the main ingredient of paints, binder are
polymers forming a continuous film on the
substrate surface
Self-healing polymers
1.1. Introduction
• Super-absorbent polymer in baby • Protection clothes
diapers: sodium polyacrylate
Bulletproof vest
Non-woven fabric
3
10/18/2022
1.1. Introduction
• Flexible/Unbreakable/Foldable/Rollable displays
Conducting polymers,
semiconducting polymers
1.1. Introduction
• Polymers in hi-tech: photoresist in photolithography (production of
transistors), organic polymer solar cell
Flexible ITO-Free Polymer Solar Cells
4
10/18/2022
1.1. Introduction
1.1. Introduction
PLA, PBAT, PBS, PHB
PBS laminated paper cup
Cup is made from bagasse

and coated with starch-
derived PLA
5
10/18/2022
1.1. Introduction
• Polymers are used in a wide range of applications: coatings, adhesives,
engineering and structural materials, packaging, and clothing. A key
feature of the success and versatility of these materials is that it is
possible to build in properties by careful design repeating units which the
polymer molecules are built up
“Biggest impact on everyday life”
“I am inclined to think that the development of
polymerization is perhaps the biggest thing
chemistry has done, where it has had the biggest
impact on everyday life” Lord Todd, 1957 Nobel
Laureate in Chemistry
1.2. Fundamental concepts

• Polymer in Greek: Poly = many, mer = unit. Polymers are large
molecules that has many units bonded together
• Vật liệu Polymer (polymer materials): vật liệu được cấu thành từ các
phân tử có khối lượng rất lớn (macromolecules), phân tử polymer
được đặc trưng bởi sự lặp lại nhiều lần của một hoặc nhiều nhóm
nguyên tử (mắt xích/repeating unit), thông thường các mắt xích liên
kết với nhau bằng liên kết cộng hóa trị (*)
(*):
Supramolecular polymers: repeating units bonded together by non-
covalent bond (hydrogen bond, dipole-dipole interaction, donor–
acceptor interaction, π–π interaction)
6
10/18/2022

Mắt xích/repeating unit
H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H
C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C
H H H H H H H Cl H Cl H Cl H CH3 H CH3 H CH3
Polyethylene (PE) Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) Polypropylene (PP)
# of C 1-4 5-15 16-25 26-50 >1000
Physical Viscous
Gas Liquid Soft solid Tough solid
state liquid
Gaseous Liquid fuels, Candles,

Uses Lubricant Bottles
fuels solvents coatings
7
10/18/2022

• Monomer (mono = one): chất ban đầu dùng để tạo ra polymer
The substance that the polymer is made from
• Monomer thường là các chất có chứa liên kết không no (unsaturated,
liên kết đôi hoặc ba), hoặc chất có cấu trúc vòng kém bền hoặc chất có
chứa ít nhất 2 nhóm chức có khả năng phản ứng với nhau
Addition polymerization Chain growth polymerization
Initiator
Initiator
Initiator
Ring opening polymerization


Condensation polymerization (step growth polymerization)
Hexamethylene diamine Adipic acid
Poly(hexamethylene adipamide)
Nylon 66
Ethylene glycol Terephthalic acid
Poly(ethylene terephthalate) - PET
8
10/18/2022

• Oligomer (oligo = few): chất trung gian giữa monomer và polymer, chứa
một vài mắt xích (dimer, trimer, tetramer,…), chưa có những tính chất đặc
trưng của polymer
• Oligomer: A compound intermediate between a monomer and a
polymer, comprising a small number of repeat units (between about five
and a hundred)  Physical properties of an oligomer vary with the
addition or removal of one or a few repeating units from its molecules
• Repeating unit (mắt xích): nhóm nguyên tử lặp đi lặp lại trong cấu trúc
phân tử polymer
• End group in polymer molecule: a functional group at the end of the
polymer chain (nhóm chức cuối mạch có khả năng phản ứng)

• Polymerization: quá trình (phản ứng) chuyển hóa monomer thành
polymer
• The process that converts a monomer to a polymer
• Degree of polymerization (Độ trùng hợp): số lượng mắt xích trong
phân tử polymer
• DP: defined as the number of repeating units in the polymer chain
Repeating unit
Backbone or
Initiator Main chain
Degree of
polymerization (DP)
Side group
Monomer Polymer (if long: side chain)
9
10/18/2022
1.3. Characteristics of polymers

• Characteristic properties of polymers
• Low cost production, suitable for mass production, great aesthetic
appeal, ease in manufacturing of complicated shape
• Low density, relatively high specific strength (high strength or modulus
to weight ratios)
• Thermal and electrical insulations, semiconductors, conductors
• Corrosion and weather resistances
• Extreme range in properties and applications (daily life, engineering,
high tech, pharmaceutical, biomedical applications)
1.3. Characteristics of polymers

• Ease in printability, adhesion, handling
• Offering tremendous scope of physical and chemical modification to
meet industrial and consumer requirement
• Some disadvantages: limitation in service temperature and mechanical

properties, environment issues
10
10/18/2022
1.4. Polymer molecular configuration

• The term configuration is used in reference to arrangements of units
along the axis of the chain, or atom positions that are not alterable
except by the breaking and then re-forming of primary bonds
• Head-to-tail configuration and head-to-head configuration, in most
polymers, the head-to-tail configuration predominates

• For polymers, two types of configurational isomers are of importance:
geometric isomerism (cis and trans) and stereoisomers
• Geometrical isomerism: occurs in diene monomers as NR and
butadiene rubbers because the single double bond in the
final polymer can exist in two ways: a cis form and a trans form
Opposite side = trans
Same side = cis
Gutta-percha Natural rubber
• 1,4-polyisoprene: regularity of the trans configuration makes this type

of isomer more crystalline, with a higher melting point compared to
the cis configuration
• Conversion from one isomerism to another is not possible
11
10/18/2022

• Stereoisomerism : spatial arrangement of side groups
• Regularity and symmetry of side groups affect properties
Isotactic
• Thermoplastic elastomers
• Conversion from one stereoisomerism to another is not possible

• Tacticity describes the regularity of the side group orientations on the
backbone
12
10/18/2022
1.5. Polymer molecular conformation

• Conformation: change in shape of polymer chain primarily due its
degree of freedom for rotation about σ bonds. The particular
arrangement of the chain due to these rotations is called
the conformation.
• The angles between bonds around a carbon atom in the backbone are
approximately 109.5°.
• Note: no bond breaking to alter molecular shape
• Rotations about single bonds involve overcoming a rotational energy
barrier to interconvert one conformer to another.
1.6. Interactions in polymers

• Intramolecular and intermolecular interaction (tương tác nội phân tử
và liên phân tử)
• Tương tác nội (trong mạch) phân tử: liên kết cộng hóa trị (covalent
bond)
liên kết vật lý (supramolecular polymers)
• Tương tác liên phân tử: liên kết vật lý (Van der Waals, tương tác lưỡng
cực, liên kết hydro), liên kết cộng hóa trị (cross-link), đan móc
(entanglement).
13
10/18/2022
1.6. Interactions in polymers
PE, PP, PS PA, PU

VdW KJ/mol
PVC, PAN, PET
Hydrogen bonding > > Dipole-dipole > Van der Waals force
interaction >
Cellulose, protein, PAN, PVC, PET, PC PE, PP, PS
nylon, PU
1.7. Classification of polymers

1. Origin of source (theo nguồn gốc): natural polymers (polymer thiên
nhiên), semi-synthetic polymers (polymer bán tổng hợp), synthetic
polymers (polymer tổng hợp)
Starch
Natural polymers
Cellulose
14
10/18/2022

Protein (polypeptide)
Natural rubber

Polyisoprene

• Semisynthetic polymers: made by chemically treating a natural
polymers to improve their properties.
E.g. Cellulose acetate (acetate rayon)
15
10/18/2022

• Cellulose nitrate

• Synthetic polymers (polymer tổng hợp): are human-made polymers
derived from polymerization of monomers (được tổng hợp từ các
hợp chất thấp phân tử (monomer))
16
10/18/2022

2. Classification by chain architecture: linear, branched, cross-linked,
network polymers
linear
branched
LDPE
cross-linked
network
Melamine formaldehyde
Repeating unit

3. Classification by polymerization method (phương pháp tổng hợp):
addition polymers (polymer trùng hợp) and condensation polymers
(polymer trùng ngưng)
• The terms “addition” and “condensation”
polymers were first proposed by Carothers in
1929 and are based on whether the repeat unit
of the polymer contains the same atoms as the
monomer.
17
10/18/2022
Hexamethylene diamine Adipic acid
Poly(hexamethylene adipamide)
Nylon 66/PA 66
Since water is removed, we call these reactions are

condensation reactions (water condenses out). When a
condensation reaction involves polymerization, we call
it condensation polymerization.

• Addition polymers have the same atoms as the monomers in their
repeat unit
• Condensation polymers generally contain fewer atoms in the polymer

backbone than in the monomers because of the formation of by-
products during the polymerization process and the backbone contains
noncarbon atoms.
18
10/18/2022

• Addition polymers  Chain-growth polymers
• Condensation polymers  Step-growth polymers
• Chain-growth polymers are prepared by chain reactions, monomers
are added to active site of growing polymer chain
Initiator
• Step-growth polymers are formed by reaction between molecules

containing at least two functional groups (step reactions)

4. Classification by applications and thermal processing behavior (ứng
dụng và đặc tính gia công): thermoplastic polymers (polymer nhiệt dẻo)
thermosetting polymers (polymer nhiệt rắn) and rubber/elastomer (cao su,
chất đàn hồi)
• Thermoplastics: soften when heated and harden when cooled
• E.g. PE, PP, ABS, PET, PMMA, PA, PS, ….
EVA
Polymer molecules linked by physical bonds
19
10/18/2022

• Thermosetting polymers (thermosets): once polymerization is
complete, cannot be softened, melted or molded non-destructively (sau
phản ứng (nhiệt)/tạo hình sẽ chuyển sang trạng thái không hòa tan,
không nóng chảy)
E.g. UPE, UF, PF, MF, epoxy, PU

- Polymer molecules linked by covalent bonds, heavily cross-linked to
produce a strong three dimensional network structure
- Higher thermal, chemical and creep resistance than thermoplastics
- Thermosets are suitable materials for composites, coatings, adhesive

• Rubbers/elastomers: polymers (thermoplastics or lightly cross-linked
thermosets) that have an elastic deformation > 200% (biến dạng đàn hồi
>200%) with little or no permanent deformation, chain flexibility should
be high, intermolecular attraction low, chain packability low or absent,
and the glass temperature lower than the use temperature
• E.g. vulcanized NR, PU rubber, Silicone rubber, SBS rubber, SEBS
20
10/18/2022

5. Classification by types of repeating unit in polymer molecule
• Homopolymer is polymer whose molecules contain only a single type
of repeating unit (phân tử chỉ chứa 1 loại mắt xích)
• Copolymer is polymer whose molecules contain two or more different
types of repeating units.
PE
EVA

• Copolymer: phân tử chứa ít nhất 2 loại mắt xích cơ sở
Copolymer ngẫu nhiên

(random copolymer) A B
Copolymer điều hòa

(alternating copolymer)
Copolymer khối
(block copolymer)
Polybutadiene
Copolymer ghép
(graft copolymer) HIPS
High impact PS
Polystyrene
21
10/18/2022
1.8. Polymer nomenclature

Thông dụng (Source-based names)
 Theo cấu trúc (polymer trùng ngưng) Poly + tên mắt xích
Poly(ethylene terephthalate)
 Theo nguồn gốc (polymer trùng hợp) Poly + tên monomer
Polyethylene
Poly(vinyl chloride)
 Dùng ( ) cho 2 từ trở lên

Polystyrene
1.9. Molecular weight of polymer
= 0.25x20 + 0.25x10+0.5x16
• Due to the random nature of the polymerization, not only not all the
polymer molecules have the same chain lengths but also the number
fractions of the different sized molecules are different
 Average molecular weight (Khối lượng phân tử trung bình)
22
10/18/2022

• Number average molecular weight (Khối lượng phân tử trung bình số )
n
 Ni M i
Total weight of polymer W
Mn    i 1n
Total number of molecules N  Ni
i 1
N i The number of molecules that have the molecular weight Mi
(or molar number)
n Ni xi the numerical (mole) fraction of
M n   xi M i xi  n
molecules of molecular weight, Mi
i 1
N
i 1
i
Mn - Độ trùng hợp trung bình số DPn , N n

DPn 
m0 (number average degree of polymerization)

• Why do we care about weight average molecular weight? -some
properties are dependent on molecular weight (larger molecular weight
polymer chains contribute to overall properties more than smaller ones)
• Khối lượng phân tử trung bình khối (weight (mass) average molecular
weight)
n
 N i M i2
n NM
M w   wi M i  i n1 wi  n i i
i 1
 Ni M i Ni M i 
i 1 i 1
wi: the mass fraction of molecules of molecular weight, Mi
Weight average degrees of polymerization

Mw
Nw 
mo
23
10/18/2022
Review
• Write chemical formula of polymers: polyethylene (PE), polypropylene
(PP), polystyrene (PS), poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC)
• Calculate average degree of polymerization of PE, knowing that its
average molecular weight is 140,000 g/mol
• Calculate average molecular weight of PS, knowing average DP is 150
• Average molecular weight and average degree of polymerization of a
polymer are 120,000 g/mol and 2,857, respectively. Predict name of
polymer
24
10/18/2022
1.10. Synthesis of polymers

• Phản ứng trùng hợp (addition polymerization, chain polymerization) là
phản ứng kết hợp các monomer để tạo thành polymer, thông qua phản
ứng của monomer với phân tử chứa tâm hoạt động, thông thường
thành phần hóa học của mắt xích cơ sở giống thành phần monomer
ban đầu
• Được đặc trưng bởi cơ chế phản ứng chuỗi (chain reaction  chain-
growth polymerization), các monomer không tự phản ứng với nhau
• Thông thường monomer có khả năng tham gia trùng hợp là các hợp
chất có chứa liên kết đôi hoặc ba (unsaturated monomers) hoặc có cấu
tạo vòng kém bền (ring strain)
• Phản ứng trùng hợp cần có sự hình thành các tâm hoạt động nhờ năng
lượng bên ngoài hoặc do chất khơi mào tạo ra (initiator)
• Vận tốc của phản ứng trùng hợp thường lớn (chain reaction), các phân
tử polymer được tạo thành khi độ chuyển hóa còn thấp

• Một loạt các sự kiện thành công được tạo ra bởi 1 tác động ban đầu:
phản ứng chuỗi (chain reaction)
• Vị trí phát sinh phản

ứng chuỗi : tâm hoạt
động (active center,
active site)
• A chain reaction is a sequence of reactions where a reactive product

initiates additional reactions and the reaction proceeds until the
reactive site terminates
• Phản ứng dây chuyền là chuỗi các phản ứng trong đó sản phẩm của
phản ứng này là tác nhân gây ra các phản ứng tiếp theo
25
10/18/2022

• Mechanism for radical chain polymerization (cơ chế: 3 giai đoạn)
1. Initiation: ACTIVE CENTER formation (giai đoạn khơi mào: tạo
tâm hoạt động)
Initiator 

FREE RADICAL

ACTIVE CENTER
First a free radical is formed, and second this radical adds to a
monomer unit to generate ACTIVE CENTER

2. Propagation: GROWTH of chains (giai đoạn phát triển mạch: tâm hoạt
động phản ứng với monomer và sinh ra tâm hoạt động mới, chu kỳ được
lặp đi lặp lại đến khi phản ứng ngắt mạch xảy ra)
ACTIVE CENTER NEWLY-FORMED ACTIVE CENTER
Repeat n time
O O
C O CH2 CH + n CH2 CH C O CH2 CH CH2 CH
n
It is an addition reaction that generates the polymer chain by a series of fast

successive steps of monomer addition over the propagating radical.
26
10/18/2022

3. Termination: stop growth of chains, termination can occur
by combination, by disproportionation or by chain transfer reactions
Chain termination by combination: two chain ends couple together to
form one long chain (coupling, ngắt mạch bởi sự kết hợp các gốc tự do)

• Chain termination by disproportionation (ngắt mạch dị ly)
• Chain disproportionation occurs when two radicals meet, instead of
coupling, they exchange a hydrogen atom. That gives two terminated
chains, one saturated and the other with a terminal double bond
27
10/18/2022

• Phản ứng trùng ngưng (condensation polymerization, step
polymerization) là phản ứng tổng hợp polymer mà cơ sở phát triển
mạch dựa trên phản ứng giữa các phân tử mang nhóm chức để tạo
thành các phân tử có khối lượng lớn hơn, quá trình tiếp tục cho đến khi
phân tử polymer tạo thành, trong từng phản ứng có hoặc không có việc
tạo ra các phân tử nhỏ. Phản ứng trùng ngưng xảy ra theo cơ chế từng
bước (từng bậc, stepwise), khối lượng phân tử polymer thường gia tăng
từ từ
• In step-growth polymerization, all molecular species in the system can
react with each other to form higher molecular weight species

Step growth polymerization
28
10/18/2022

• Molecules that undergo step-growth polymerization must have at least
two reactive functional groups. Bifunctional monomers give linear
polymers. Polyfunctional monomers, with more than two functional
groups per molecule, give branched or crosslinked polymers
Thermosets polyurethane
1.11. State of polymers

• The solid states of polymer include amorphous and crystalline
structure
• Amorphous polymers do not contain any crystalline regions
• Crystalline polymers generally are only semicrystalline, containing
both crystalline region and amorphous region
PMMA
HDPE
Semi: half, partially, incompletely

Amorphous solid: non-crystalline solid
29
10/18/2022

Amorphous polymers
1: Glassy region (glass state)
• Relatively high modulus
• Very hard
• Only atomic vibrations and do
not possess any segmental
motion
2: Rubbery region (rubbery state)
• Viscoelastic property Tf
• Modulus falling rate stabilizes
3: Viscous flow region (viscous
flow state)
• Motion of entire molecule
• An amorphous polymer may behave like a glass at low temperatures, a
rubbery solid at intermediate temperatures and a viscous liquid as the
temperature is further raised

• Amorphous polymers
• At low temperatures, amorphous polymers are glassy, hard, and brittle
(glass state). As the temperature is raised, they go through the glass–
rubber transition, to a soft, rubbery material (rubbery state)
• The glass transition temperature (Tg) is defined as the temperature at
which the polymer transition from a hard and brittle state into a rubber-
like state. The glass–rubber transition occurs in amorphous polymers or
amorphous regions within semicrystalline polymers
• At Tg there are sudden and significant changes in the physical properties
including elastic modulus, coefficient of expansion and specific heat
• In rubbery state, polymer exhibits the combined mechanical
characteristics of elastic solid and viscous fluid, is termed viscoelasticity
Amorphous Glassy state Tg Rubbery state Tf Viscous flow

(Brittle) (Soft) state
polymers
30
10/18/2022

• All crystalline polymers being semicrystalline in the solid state, contain
both crystalline and amorphous regions
• Degree of crystallinity depends on
processing conditions (e.g. cooling rate) and
chain configuration

• Semicrystalline polymers exhibit both a glass transition temperature, Tg,
and a melting temperature Tm
• Melting temperature Tm: the melting
temperature at which the crystalline Tm
structure breaks down
• Motion in the amorphous domains
constrained by crystallites
Amorphous Glassy state Tg Rubbery state Tf Viscous flow

(Brittle) (Soft) state
polymers
Crystalline Crystalline state Tm Viscous flow state

polymers
Semicrystalline Glassy state Tg Rubbery state Tm Viscous flow

(Brittle) (Tough) state
polymers
31
10/18/2022
1.12. Composite materials

• Many of our modern technologies require materials with unusual
combinations of properties that cannot be met by the conventional
metal alloys, ceramics, and polymeric materials. This is especially true
for materials that are needed for aerospace, underwater, and
transportation applications

• Material types and contents for Boeing 787 and 777 aircraft
• The Boeing 787 aircraft is 80% composite by volume. By weight, the material
contents is 50% composite (the most common composite structures are
continuous carbon fiber–epoxy laminates), 20% aluminum, 15% titanium, 10%
steel, and 5% other. Aluminum is used for the wing and tail leading edges;
titanium is used mainly on engines and fasteners, with steel used in various
areas
32
10/18/2022

• Composite material (or shortened to composite) is a material made
from two or more constituent materials with significantly different
in physical or chemical properties that, when combined, produce a
material with characteristics different from the individual
components. The individual components remain separate and distinct
within the finished structure, differentiating composites
from mixtures and solid solutions
• Vật liệu composite là vật liệu tổ hợp (mức độ vĩ mô) của hai hay nhiều
vật liệu thành phần nhằm tạo ra vật liệu mới có tính chất trội hơn tính
chất của từng vật liệu thành phần

• Constituent materials of composite: Matrix and reinforcement
• Vật liệu composite gồm hai thành phần chính là vật liệu nền và vật liệu
gia cường (cốt)
Reinforcement Matrix Composite materials
• The properties of composites are a function of the properties of the

constituent phases, their relative amounts, and the geometry of the
dispersed phase
• Dispersed phase geometry includes the shape of the particles and the
particle size, distribution, and orientation
33
10/18/2022

• Vật liệu composite gồm một hay nhiều pha gián đoạn được phân bố
trong một pha liên tục duy nhất. Pha liên tục gọi là vật liệu nền
(matrix), thường làm nhiệm vụ liên kết các pha gián đoạn lại. Pha gián
đoạn được gọi là cốt hay vật liệu tăng cường (reinforcement) được
trộn vào pha nền làm tăng cơ tính, tính kết dính, chống mòn, chống
xước...
.
Classification of composite
materials based on matrices

• Classification of composite materials based on reinforcement, four
main divisions: particle-reinforced composite, fiber-reinforced
composite, structural composite, and nanocomposites
Nanocomposites are
composed of nanosized
particles that are
embedded in a matrix
material
34
10/18/2022

• The wide range of property values attained with composites and the
ability to tailor the properties
• Composite materials also generally have higher strength- and modulus-
to-weight ratios than traditional engineering materials
• Light weight and save energy, low cost, low maintenance,
decorativeness
• Composites exhibit desirable dynamic properties and have high creep
resistance, fatigue resistance and good dampening characteristics
• Composite materials can be manufactured into almost any shape, great
design flexibility
• The matrix polymer can impart great chemical and corrosion
resistance to composites

• Particle-reinforced composites (composite gia cường bằng hạt)
• Concrete (cement + sand/gravel) is a common large-particle composite
in which both matrix and dispersed phases are ceramic materials
35
10/18/2022

• Fiber-reinforced composites (composite gia cường bằng sợi)
• Fibrous materials are generally either polymers or ceramics (aramids,
glass, carbon, boron)
• Glass Fiber–Reinforced Polymer (GFRP)
Composites: Fiberglass is simply a
composite consisting of glass fibers, either
continuous or discontinuous, contained
within a polymer matrix; this type of
composite is produced in the largest
quantities
• Carbon Fiber–Reinforced Polymer

(CFRP) Composites: Carbon is a high-
performance fiber material that is the
most commonly used reinforcement in
advanced polymer-matrix composites

• A structural composite is a multilayered and normally low-density
composite. The properties of these composites depend not only on the
properties of the constituent materials, but also on the geometrical
design of the structural elements. Laminar composites and sandwich
panels are two of the most common structural composites.
• A laminar composite (multilayered structure, laminate) is composed of
two-dimensional sheets or panels (plies or laminae) bonded to one
another
36
10/18/2022

• Sandwich panels are designed to be lightweight panels, relatively high
stiffness and strength, cost-effective composite, consists of two outer
sheets adhesively bonded to a thicker core
• The outer sheets are made of a relatively stiff and strong material,
typically aluminum alloys, steel and stainless steel, fiber-reinforced
plastics, and plywood; they carry bending loads that are applied to the
panel
• The core material is lightweight and normally has a low modulus of
elasticity, are less expensive than materials used for the faces. Core
materials typically fall within three categories: rigid polymeric foams,
wood, and honeycombs

• Nanocomposites are composites in which at least one of the phases
shows dimensions in the nanomet range (1 nm = 10-9 m) (incorporate
nanosized particles into a matrix)
• Polymer nanocomposites are a group using polymer as the matrix
and nanomaterials as the reinforcement (the dispersed phase has at
least one dimension smaller than 100 nm), eg. graphene, CNTs
and nanoclay
Nanoclay/Nylon 6
Conventional composite
(microcomposite)
Polymer
Intercalated nanocomposite
Layered clay
Exfoliated nanocomposite
37

Chapter 4 - Polymer Materials and Composite

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapter 4 - Polymer Materials and Composite

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

10/18/2022

18 October 2022 Giang VH Phan_Materials Science – Chapter 4 2

• Biopolymers are polymers synthesized by living organisms (animals, plants,

18 October 2022 Giang VH Phan_Materials Science – Chapter 4 5

18 October 2022 Giang VH Phan_Materials Science – Chapter 4 7

Flexible ITO-Free Polymer Solar Cells

18 October 2022 Giang VH Phan_Materials Science – Chapter 4 8

18 October 2022 Giang VH Phan_Materials Science – Chapter 4 9

PBS laminated paper cup

Cup is made from bagasse

18 October 2022 Giang VH Phan_Materials Science – Chapter 4 10

18 October 2022 Giang VH Phan_Materials Science – Chapter 4 11

1.2. Fundamental concepts

1.2. Fundamental concepts

18 October 2022 Giang VH Phan_Materials Science – Chapter 4 13

1.2. Fundamental concepts

# of C 1-4 5-15 16-25 26-50 >1000

Gaseous Liquid fuels, Candles,

18 October 2022 Giang VH Phan_Materials Science – Chapter 4 14

1.2. Fundamental concepts

Ring opening polymerization

1.2. Fundamental concepts

Hexamethylene diamine Adipic acid

Ethylene glycol Terephthalic acid

Poly(ethylene terephthalate) - PET

18 October 2022 Giang VH Phan_Materials Science – Chapter 4 16

1.2. Fundamental concepts

18 October 2022 Giang VH Phan_Materials Science – Chapter 4 17

1.2. Fundamental concepts

18 October 2022 Giang VH Phan_Materials Science – Chapter 4 18

1.3. Characteristics of polymers

18 October 2022 Giang VH Phan_Materials Science – Chapter 4 19

1.3. Characteristics of polymers

• Some disadvantages: limitation in service temperature and mechanical

18 October 2022 Giang VH Phan_Materials Science – Chapter 4 20

1.4. Polymer molecular configuration

18 October 2022 Giang VH Phan_Materials Science – Chapter 4 21

1.4. Polymer molecular configuration

Gutta-percha Natural rubber

• 1,4-polyisoprene: regularity of the trans configuration makes this type

18 October 2022 Giang VH Phan_Materials Science – Chapter 4 22

1.4. Polymer molecular configuration

• Conversion from one stereoisomerism to another is not possible

18 October 2022 Giang VH Phan_Materials Science – Chapter 4 23

1.4. Polymer molecular configuration

18 October 2022 Giang VH Phan_Materials Science – Chapter 4 24

1.5. Polymer molecular conformation

18 October 2022 Giang VH Phan_Materials Science – Chapter 4 25

1.6. Interactions in polymers

18 October 2022 Giang VH Phan_Materials Science – Chapter 4 26

1.6. Interactions in polymers

PE, PP, PS PA, PU

18 October 2022 Giang VH Phan_Materials Science – Chapter 4 27

1.7. Classification of polymers

18 October 2022 Giang VH Phan_Materials Science – Chapter 4 28

1.7. Classification of polymers

1.7. Classification of polymers

18 October 2022 Giang VH Phan_Materials Science – Chapter 4 30

1.7. Classification of polymers

18 October 2022 Giang VH Phan_Materials Science – Chapter 4 31

1.7. Classification of polymers

18 October 2022 Giang VH Phan_Materials Science – Chapter 4 32