MILITARY INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY (MIST)

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

ME-324 Fluid Machinery Sessional-II LEVEL-3, TERM-2

Submitted by:
Name: Imrul Kayesh Aru
Student ID: 201818140
Dept: ME
Sec: A
Level: 3
Name of the Experiment: Study of Hydraulic Jump.

Objectives:
 To determine the type of jump according to USBR classification
 To measure the initial depth y1, sequent depth y2, length L and height h1 of the jump and
compare them with the theoretical value.
 To determine the total energy loss, kinetic energy and efficiency of jump and compare
them with the theoretical value.
 To develop the theoretical characteristics curve of hydraulic jump.

Application of the Learnings From This Experiment:

 Learning hydraulic jump can be used to remove air pockets from water supply lines.
 Study of hydraulic jump is used in mixing of chemicals for water purification and waste
water treatment.
 Knowledge on hydraulic jump can be used to reduce the uplift pressure under a structure
by increasing weight of its apron.
 Learnings form this experiment can also be used in aeration of flows for city water
supplies.
 Knowledge on hydraulic jump is used to increase the discharge of a sluice gate.
 The concept of hydraulic jump is used to increase the depth of water in irrigation and
water distribution purposes.

Theory:
An obstruction that allows the liquid to flow over it is called a weir. A weir is a flow
control device in which the water flows over the obstruction .
An obstruction that allows the liquid to flow over it is called a weir. A weir is a flow
control device in which the water flows over the obstruction .

A hydraulic jump is a phenomenon when liquid at high velocity discharges into a zone of lower
velocity, a rather abrupt rise occurs in the liquid surfaceAccording to United States Bureau of
Reclamation (USBR), hydraulic jumps in horizontal rectangular channels are classified into 5
categories depending on Froude Number (Fr) of the incoming flow. Those are:

1. For 1< Fr1 < 1.7, the water surface shows undulations and the change from initial to sequent
depth is small and gradual. This jump is called an undular jump.

2. For 1.7< Fr1 < 2.5, a series of small rollers appear on the jump surface, but the downstream
water surface remains smooth. This type of jump is known weak jump.
 3. For 2.5< Fr1 < 4.5, the incoming jet oscillates between the bed and the bottom of the surface
roller. Each oscillation produces a large surface wave of irrigation period which may persist for a
considerable distance downstream causing unlimited damage to earth banks and riprap. This
jump is known as an oscillating jump.

4. For 4.5 < Fr1 < 9.0, a steady jump with appreciable energy dissipation and fairly smooth
water surface downstream is formed. The action and position of the jump is least sensitive to the
tail water fluctuation. This type of jump is as a steady jump.

5. For Fr1> 9.0, the jump surface and the water surface downstream become very rough and
high-velocity jet generates waves downstream. The jump is effective since the energy dissipation
is high. This jump is known as a strong jump.

Fig: Classification of Hydraulic Jump in Horizontal Rectangular Channels

Initial And Sequent Depth. The depth of flow before the jump is known as the initial depth y1
and that after the jump as the sequent depth y2.
Length of the Jump. The length of a hydraulic jump is the horizontal distance from the front of
face of the jump to a point immediately downstream from the roller. It is given by,
L
= 9.75( Fr −1)1.01………………………………(iii)
y1

Energy loss in jump. The loss of total energy in the jump is equal to the differences in specific
energies before and after the jump. Mathematically,
2
V1
Specific energy before the jump; E1 = y1 + ……………………………
2g
(iv)
V 22
Specific energy after the jump; E2 = y2 + ……………………….……(v)
2g
3
( y 2− y 1)
⸫ Total loss; ∆Etotal = E1 – E2 = ……………………………..….…
4 y1 y 2
(vi)
V 12 V 22
The kinetic energy loss in jump; ∆EKE = − ………………………(vii)
2g 2g
Where,
V1 = Velocity before the jump
V2 = Velocity after the jump

Efficiency of jump. The ratio of the specific energy after the jump to before the jump is defined
as the efficiency of the jump. The efficiency of the jump is given by,
3
2 2
E 2 (8 Fr +1) 2 −4 Fr +1 ……………………………(x)
=
E1 8 Fr 2 (2+ Fr 2)
Height of the jump. The height of the jump is the difference between the sequent depth and
initial depth. Mathematically,
hj = y2 – y1 ……………………………(xi)
The ratio of jump to the specific energy before jump is known as the relative height of the jump
and is given by,
hj
=
√1+8 Fr 2−3 ……………………………(xii)
E1 F 12+ 2
Experimental Setup.

Fig: Study of Hydraulic Jump

Detailed Procedure.
 At first, we start the motor.
 Measure the depth of flow before the jump at three points and average them to get initial
depth y1
 Measure the depth of flow after the jump at three points and average them to get sequent
depth y2
 Determine the velocity before the jump V1, hence calculate F1 and find the type of jump
 Measure the length of the jump L, then find L/y1 and verify the Eq 7.5 5. Compute height
of jump h1 from Eq. 7.
 Hence find the value of hj/E1 and verify the Eq. 7.10
 Compute E1 and E2 then find the total energy loss E1-E2 and verify Eq. 7.6
 Compute kinetic energy loss from Eq. 7.7
 Compute efficiency of jump E2/E1 and verify Eq. 7.10 9.
 Plot E2/E1, h1/E1, y1/ E1, y2/E1 vs. F1 to get the characteristics curve
Data and Graphs. The data collected during experiment is attached with the last part of this
report.

Table for Hydraulic Jump Characteristics Curve.

Group Fr y1/E1 y2/E1 hj/E1 E2/E1

1
3.09 0.21 0.697 0.5 0.757
2
3.15 0.193 0.69 0.5072 0.75
3
3.157 0.194 0.688 0.51 0.74
4
3.1775 0.1898 0.687 0.511 0.786
5
3.23 0.189 0.685 0.529 0.742
6
3.38 0.177 0.72 0.59 0.773

Graphs.
 y1/E1 vs Fr
0.22

0.21

0.2
y1/E1

0.19

0.18

0.17

0.16
3.05 3.1 3.15 3.2 3.25 3.3 3.35 3.4

Fr

hj/E1 vs Fr
0.6

0.58

0.56

0.54
hj / E1

0.52

0.5

0.48

0.46

0.44
3.05 3.1 3.15 3.2 3.25 3.3 3.35 3.4

Fr
 E2/E1 vs Fr
0.79

0.78

0.77

0.76
E2/E1

0.75

0.74

0.73

0.72

0.71
3.05 3.1 3.15 3.2 3.25 3.3 3.35 3.4

Fr

y2/E1 vs Fr
0.73

0.72

0.71

0.7
y2/E1

0.69

0.68

0.67

0.66
3.05 3.1 3.15 3.2 3.25 3.3 3.35 3.4

Fr
Result and Discussion.
From calculation, we found Froude number = 3.23
Comparing with the USBR classification, we identify our hydraulic jump as “Oscillating jump”.

For better comparison between the values from calculation and formula, a table is given below:
Serial Parameter Result From Result From
no. Calculation Formula
1. L/y1 25.68 21.92

2. hj/E1 0.529 0.5

3. ∆Etotal 0.0744 m 0.09

4. ∆EKE 0.25 J Not Applicable

5. E2/E1 0.773 0.71

Reference:
Discharge coefficient for rectangular notch using dimensional
analysis technique
Husam H Alwan, Fadhil M Al- Mohammed,

University of Kerbala/College of engineering, Iraq,

Kerbala Technical Institute, AL-Furat Al-Awsat Technical University, 56001 Kerbala, Iraq.

Notches and Weirs | Definition, Types, Differences, Applications (clubtechnical.com)

Defining Calibration & Qualification of Equipment - LearnGxP: Accredited Online Life Science
Training Courses
R.K. Rajput, (1987). A Textbook Of Fluid Mechanics And Hydraulic Machines In SI Units.
(N.D.).
Ibrahim, H., Shaikhli, A., & Kadhim, K. N. (2018). Development an Equation for Flow over
Weirs using MNLR and CFD Simulation Approaches. International Journal of Civil Engineering
and Technology (IJCIET, 9(3), 70–79.
 Banga, T. R., & Sharma, S. C. (1979). Fluid Mechanics & Hydraulic Machines.

Engineering Libre Tests, Experiment #9: Flow Over Weirs

Habib Ahmari and Shah Md Imran Kabir
University of Texas at Arlington (March 5, 2021)

http://optimist4u.blogspot.com/2011/04/hydraulic-jump-and-its-practical.html