1) Slips and Trips:

Sources: Oil spillage, Greasy floor, water spillage, uneven surface,

potholes, debris, scattered materials, scattered tools, lying cable
1. Maintenance
2. Spill kits
3. Bunds construction
4. Barricades,
5. Safety signs
6. Housekeeping
7. Supervision
8. Inspection
9. IIT (information, instruction and training)
10. PPEs

2) Confined Spaces:

Sources: Excavation, underground work, tunnels, chambers, pits, deep

trenches, silo, vats, storage tank, sewerage,
Hazard: ventilation, fumes, toxic gases, sides protection
Excavation and Trenches controls:
1) Shoring and Shielding
2) Material store away from side
3) Soil testing
4) Ventilation
5) Proper communication
6) Supervision
7) Authorised workers
8) Lighting
9) Training
10) Emergency procedures
11) Respirators
12) PPEs
Confined Spaces:
1) Permit to work
2) Air testing
3) Mechanical ventilation blower
4) Standby man
5) Communication devices
6) Harness rope attachment (Rescue)
7) Emergency procedures
8) Worker medical health
9) Breaks
10) Lighting
11) Training
12) Respirators or Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA)

3) Movement of People and Vehicles in the workplace

Sources: Vehicles or moving machinery and Pedestrians
Hazards: No separate routes, over-speeding, reversing of vehicles
Controls:
• Separate routes construction
• Separate walkways
• One way traffic control
• Speed limit
• Mirrors at blind spots
• Flash lighting and bacons
• Visible jackets
• Banksman appointment
• Communication devices
• Proper training
• Supervision
• Driver fitness

4) Noise:
Sources: Generators, Speakers, car engine, grinding machine, grinder,
hand cutter, band saw, circular saw machines, compressor machines,
cutting machine, dryer, belt conveyor, rotatry drums, excavator,
bulldozer, vacuum cleaner, hammering, concrete mixer machine,
crusher machine
Activity+ Source+ Unsafe behaviour
Operation Generator excessive noise
Generator is operating near training hall producing high or excessive
noise.
Tinnitus, noise induced hearing loss (NIHL)
Controls:
• UPS
• Solar system
• Separate room for generator
• Silencer on generator
• Noise absorbing material attachment
• Maintenance
• Breaks for workers
• Rotation for workers
• Training
• Inspection of the generator
• Health Surveillance
• Hearing protection

5) Work equipment and machinery

Sources: Pedestal Drill, Grinder, Hand Cutter, Band Saw machine,
Centre Lathe machine, Milling machine, Conveyor belt, Machine gears,
machine rotating shaft,

Controls:
• Enclosures with guards
- Fixed
- Adjustable
- Interlocked
• Trip devices
• Emergency stop button
• LOTO (lock out- tag out)
• Two Hand Control
• Hold to run control
• Maintenance
• Inspection (checklist)
• Protective appliances
• Training
• PPEs (personal protective equipment)

6) Fire
(Fuel+ Heat+ Oxygen)
Fuel: Papers, plastics, wood, petrol, diesel, kerosene oil, polythene,
hydrocarbons, wheat crops, clothing, waste material, LPG cylinders,
methane gas
Heat: smoking, kitchen appliances or heating appliances, welding,
cutting, sparking tools, auto ignition.

Fire can cause burns, skin damage, loss of body organ, loss of body
part, disabilities and death also the damage to the equipment and
infrastructure.

Controls:
• Separate room for flammable materials
• Shielding of Hot work activities
• Hot work permit
• Assign for watcher
• Extinguisher installation
• Fire sprinkler
• Fire blanket
• Safety sign
• Emergency procedures
• Fire doors
• Fire exist routes identification
• Fire safety training
• Fire alarms
• Separate smoking area,
• Smoking prohibition signs
• Proper clothing and PPEs

7) Electricity
Sources: Damage power cables, electrical installation, electrical
distributions, overloaded circuits, working near electrical power lines,
cranes near electric power lines,
Controls:
• Changing or replacing power cables (double insulation)
• Protection of electrical installation and distribution
• Installing GFCI breakers
• Installing RCDs
• Installing earthing
• Hangers for lying cables
• Ducts for power cables
 • Inspection and supervision
• Competent staff
• Authorised use of equipment
• Proper maintenance
• Proper training
• PPEs

8) Hazardous Substances
Sources: Dust, fumes, vapours, toxic gases, silica, cement, epoxy, glue,
paint,
Effects: breathing issue, coughing, flu, headache, irritation, asthma,
dermatitis, occupational cancer, lungs effects,
Controls:
• LEV (Local Exhaust Ventilation) (Portable or Proper)
• Dilute ventilation
• Dust extractor
• Exhaust fans
• Barricades
• Change the activity area.
• Water suppression
• Frequent breaks
• Job rotation
• Supervision
• MSDS (Material Safety Datasheet)
• Training
• Health Surveillance
• Respirators
• PPEs

9) Health Welfare and Work Environment

Sources: Unhygienic Conditions, Contaminated water. Hot and cold
conditions
Controls:
• Hot or cold area
• Shady places
 • Umbrellas
• Drinking water
• warm food
• Ventilation
• Breaks
• Rotation
• Training
• Supervision and Inspection

10) Manual Handling

Controls:
• Automation
• Changing process
• Modifying process
• Lifting aids
• Increasing the number of workers
• Reducing the size and weight of load
• Reduce carrying distance
• Physical fit workers
• Breaks
• Rotation
• Training
• Supervisor
• Unobstructed walkways
• Health surveillance
• PPEs