re, UNIT - IV JET ENGINE COMPRESSORS EES 4.1. INTRODUCTION - Compressor is a type of turbo machinery used to, transfer energy from a rotor to a fluid. In gas turbine engines, compressors are used to compress the incoming air to increase the pressure of the air before entering combustion chamber. There are two types of compressors used in gas turbine engines. They are 1. Centrifugal compressor 2. Axial compressor Centrifugal compressors were’ first'employed in jet engines developed by Frank Whittle and Von Ohain: Small Turboprops, Turboshafts and auxiliary power units uses centrifugal compressors eg. Pratt and Whittney PT-6, Honeywell 311. Centrifugal compressors used in aero engines provides small to moderate airflows nearly 50 kg/s and have shorter length as compared to axial flow compressors. It has better resistance to foreign object damage (FOD) and less sensitivity to losses in performance. It has ability to operate over a wide range of mass flow rate at particular rotational speed. The pressure ratio per stages ranges from 4: 1 to 8 1. Using double stages in series, a pressure ratio of 15: 1 is achieved eg. Pratt and Whittney PW 100. Centrifugal compressors have following advantages than Axial Compressors. % Light weight & Lowcost % High Rigidityi cacti big Et Propulsinn 7 © High pressure ratio per stage Relatively small size The disadvantages of centrifugal compressor are less efficiency, large , cry sectional area (frontal area), large drag. : ROTOR STATOR DIRECTION OF ROTATIONEngine Compressors ~ ra Axial compressors have following adva nt . 1 © ievte tena sea ages than centri fugal compressors. * Higher mass flow rates * Higher efficiency at high pressure fatio The disadvani : tage of axial Compressor is more lengthy, low pressure ratio per Peas these 4.2, EULER’S TURBO MACHINERY EQUATION Euler Shale machinery Equation is also known as momentum equation. It is based on : ‘ewton’s second law of motion, By applying Newton’s second law to the fluid passing through a control volume States that the rate of change of momentum of the fluid is equal to the net applied force on the fluid in the control volume, given by, ds F=f me) For a steady flow between states] and 2, this can be written as F = m@-%) The torque created by the net applied force is given by : >? Po? P-7 oF = m~m-C- 7 eC) In Scalar form, T = mr) Ca-r Cul |e ee T = mtr C), -© Co, Ie [T= mle ba we Jer equation. ion i Eul ve equation is known as : ein the inlet to impe! where C,, ~ swirl velocity at Cp - Swirl velocity at the outlet to " 2 " anten- mean inlet radius r, + impeller tip radius we know that Power P = Tx@ holirc), -¢C),] P = m(UC,).-UC)i] When the flow enters the impeller axially, there is no swirl velocity at th. . (C,, = 0), then Euler equation is reduced to T= mr, Cy Power | P = m(UC,), Some part of power is absorbed by friction, so the power input factor multiplied to get the desired power input to the compressor (P,) P, = wm[UC,,-UC,)] For Zero swirl inlet, P,= y m(UC,), where y varies from 1.035 to 1.04. 4.3. PRINCIPLE OPERATION OF CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSOR The centrifugal compressor consists of a stationary casing containing a ro impeller which imparts a high velocity to the air, and a number of fixed di Passages in which the air is decelerated with a consequent rise in static press. The flow through the centrifugal compressor is tumed perpendicular to the ax's 0 rotation of the impeller, The centrifugal compressor is compressed mainly of tiv components 1, Impelle 2, Diffuser 3. VoluteJet Engine Compressors (45) ——+ Outlet Diffuser Impeller Hl ; a Inlet Volute Casing Fig. 4.2, Main components of centrifugal compressor Impeller 4 Airis sucked into the eye of the impeller, then accelerated through the passages in the vanes of the impeller disc and finally thrown at the impeller tip. At the eye of the impeller, vanes are curved to induce the flow. This section is called as Inducer (or) rotating guide vanes. It may be integrated (or) separated from the main impeller. The outer curve of the vanes is sealed by the shroud, which may be part of the stationary structure (or) may rotate with the rotor. The impeller is made up of | aluminuim, titanium or steel. Diffuser The diffuser is the stationary structure of the compressor that converts. the fluid into static pressure rise. The diffuser is either vaneless kinetic energy of the ion, The vaneless diffuser is passage (or) vaneless passage followed by a vaned secti bulky and inefficient than vaned diffusers. Volute The fluid leaving the diffuser is collected in a spiral casing surrounding the diffuser called a volute (or) scroll. The cross sectional area of the volute increases along the flow path in such @ way that the velocity remains constant,46 4.3.1. WORKING Air is drawn into the impelle of the impeller disc. Due to pressure head of the flow of ai the centripetal acceleration is obtained. So, that the static pressure of the sip increases from the eye to tip of the impeller. The remaining static pressure rise js obtained in the diffuser, where the kinetic energy of the air is converted to pressure rise, In the diffuser, the high velocity of the air leaving the impeller tip is reduced to the velocity with which the air enters the impeller eye. The compressor is designed so that half the pressure rise occurs in the impeller and the remaining half in the diffuser. i Propulsiqn “ll | | 4 eye and whirled round at high speed by the vanes ir through the impeller 4.4. WORKDONE AND PRESSURE RISE | The energy absorbed by the compressor will be determined by the conditions of the air at the inlet and outlet of the impeller. There is no work is done on the air in the diffuser. It is assumed that the air enters the impeller eye in the axial direction, so that the initial angular momentum of air is zero. A portion of the vanes must be curved so that the air can pass smoothly into the impeller eye. The direction of the relative velocity of the air at inlet will make an angle (a) with the tangential direction. If the air leaves the impeller tip with an absolute velocity (C,) it will give rise to tangential (or) whirl component (C,2) and a comparatively small radial component (C,2). Under ideal conditions of (C,), whirl component (C,z) is equal to the impeller tip speed (u,). Due to inertial action, the air flows between the impeller vanes is opposed to move round with the impeller, this results in higher static pressure on the leading face of the vane. It also prevents the air from obtaining a whirl velocity equal to the impeller speed. This effect is known as slip effect. Slip | effect depends on the number of vanes on the impeller. If, we have more number of | vanes, slip effect will be less. Slip effect is denoted by slip factor (1). Slip factor is defined as the ratio between tangential (or) whirl component (C,) and impeller tip speed (u,). It is given by,Engine Compressors 47 p= 1-28 n where, n ~ number of vanes The theoretical torque applied to the impeller will be equal to the rate of change fangular momentum experienced by the air. ‘The torque for unit mass flow of air is given by Theoretical torque = C 1202 If is the angular velocity, the work done on the air will be product of torque and angular velocity, Theoretical work done = Cyr: o = Cys u We know that the tangential component (C, ) at exit will be equal to u,. So Theoretical work done = u,- uy | Tus | | Considering slip factor (11), we get Theoretical work done = pu} The actual workdone is greater than the theoretical workdone because there is a braking effect due to friction and other losses. So, take a factor called power input | factor (yy) for the actual workdone. Workdone = yw hu} The workdone by the impeller will be equal to the enthalpy changes of air across the impeller is given by We = Clo - To = ¥ 43 The temperature rise across the whole compressor (I, ~ T,,) is equal to the lemperature rise across the impeller (T,2 ~ Tor) since no engray is added in the diffuser, Se, Wea C,To-Ta) ~ CoTan TWH be in the region of 1,035 — 1.04, The power input factor y willPropulsi = 48 4.5. VELOCITY DIAGRAMS The velocity diagrams are used to show velocity components in the flow. i entry and exit of the impeller. The absolute and relative air angles at the entry exit of the impeller are denoted by a, 02 and Bj, Bz respectively. Based ,., i: value of (B,), the blade shapes are classified into three types. They are 1, Forward curved blades (B, > 90°) 2. Backward curved blades (B, < 90°) 3. Radial blades (B, = 90°) There are two velocity triangles, i.e., entry velocity triangle and exit Velocin, | triangle are used to understand the flow through the compressor in onde, calculate actual energy transfer. 4.5.1, ENTRY VELOCITY TRIANGLE (b) With inlet Guide Vane Fi ig. 4.3, Flow at entry of the impellerJet Engine Compressors Figure shows the fatty of the impeller without Inlet Guide Vanes (GV) and with Inlet Guide Vanes. When without inlet guide vanes, the flow is axial. So that the whir| component Cn =0 and % = 90°, When with Inlet guide vanes, B, = 90°, nA RE Re are gael flow at the 45.2. EXIT VELociTy TRIANGLE (exit) 4 026, B2= 909 KGa -— yy, —+ (a) Velocity triangles for radial blades (B=90°) Cy (inlet) (b) Velocity triangles for forward ‘Swept blades (p > 90°)Compressors Propun { . iy 41] (ain) i We = wun) Wee Power Input factor ‘fanwges from 1.035 ta 1.04, RESSURE COEFFICIENY (y,) ure coefficient I an important ng varloun central compressor, The pressure coeffint in defines as between adiabatic workdone (W,.,) a Performance parameter which is useful in tropic workdone (W, ,.,) le workdone refers to the workdone with maximum delivery pressure Maw, Stal RA) =] Moule] ‘TS dingram ofthe compression process is given below {@) Velocity tiangles for backward awept blades (I < 90°) | PA 44 Bui velocity triangles The exit velocity triangles are diferent forall the three blades, Figure shows the ‘elocity triangles for forwand swept, backward swept and radial blades are given, 4.6, PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS EAE PARAMETERS There are certain parameters used to describe the performance of the centrifugal compressor. They are 1, Power Input Factor (P,) of (y) | 2 Pressure coefficient (y,) | 3. Compressor efficiency (n,) | | 46.1. POWER INPUT FACTOR w) | _ The actual workdone on the air by the compressor is higher than the theoretical | ‘workdone (11 12 ), because there is a braking effect due to friction and other losses. | The factor calle! power input factor (y) stake into Account for actual workdone is given by | Fig. 4S TS diagram ofthe compression process _AL root 10 = 60x x 0.3989 % Wo 01329 m | = ZDN 1 = 60 _ £4.0:3989 x 10000 Width ~~ (ara) ‘Answer (@ Power input to the compressor We = 174.5 KWikg/s @ Impeller diameters at inlet and outlet and width at inlet D, = 0.3989 m D,=0.7978 m W, =0.1329 m | (id) Impeller and diffuser blades angles at inlet Gyoo = 16,02° oy, = 817° ‘ 4.8. AXIAL FLOW COMPRESSORS ‘Axial flow compressors are compressors in which the air flows parallel to the fa axis of the compressor. It has large mass flow capacity, high efficiency than [centrifugal ‘compressors. It is easy to link together to make multiple stages, whieh |tf Lon — Can SY 0, Fig. 4.10, Axil compressor 4.9. PRINCIPLE OPERATION OF AXIAL FLOW COMPRESSOR ‘The axial flow compressor comprises of a series of stages, each stage c The stator blade passages acts as a diffuser. The proce as necessary to yield the required overall sumber of stages depends upon the pressure ratio required, The rotme tn (a) i cane the prceeet IF UNUM, a ec i N ante avs 00k ML Tory to rene yy antnbatio, (Tyo = Ta) The Hee remaining constant and all the py stagnation temperature \_———— js found by using simple thermodynamic, by Tae power ingt 1 te ss & Hag range For one stage icy eating it to the velocity tangles. Fig. 412 Velocity triangle for a stage | The flow velocity generally have two components, one axial and o: | tmecatial. The air approaches the rotor with a velocity C, at an angle a, from» inst aniinen Mae baipeicennr ce | cine sig hgh ete he vey of ‘mcremcs. The Aid leaves the rtor with a relative velocity @, at an ang | Sexrmined by the rotor blade Outlet angle. Assuming that the axial veloc: | mst be kept conscant(C, =, Ca). a —_;2 © Ms —— "nay a he ee ins f+ mnrud, a & = tama + tam By Gy! There is a change in angular momentum of the air while passing through the rotor, the expression for the power input to the stage is given by W = mU(C3-C,) Ad) where U - pheripheral speed Ci, and C,, - tangential components of fuid velocity before and after the rotor Using velocity triangles, Cu =C,:tanay = C, tanay C= Cy = Ca] Ca= Ca tana, = C, tana, | Therefore, W = mU(C, tana, —C, ana,) | (W = mUC fume, ana] )} LW = UC, (tam, tana} } ‘The above expression shows the power input to the stage in terms of air angles | 4 and a,. In terms of blades angles, | From equation (2) and (3), we know that | & ~wna,+umB, = ana, + tmp, > tana; ~tana, = tanB,— tan, “6 Substitute (6) in (5) , we get ; | W = mUC, (tan 8, -1an B,) i) ‘The power input to te stage (W) is absorbed uscfully in increasing the oressure | of the air entering the compressors.Pr TS juny -1an} ta nh on the efficiency oy Tyota Ty i Ms * Tyo Tot . naennly “The stage pressre ratio is then B= a, fo. [tn n jn both rotor and stator ,.. i the diffusion takes place in 2 ay In il compre in both rows The degree of Peacion (A) sh, tere wil be Se uw overal uati pressne sin the stage hi bam ce aren atic enthalpy rise im tbe rotor and sac enthalhy defined as the ratio between amas ‘Static energy rise in the rotor Degree of Reaction (A) = “Static enthapy rise in the stage If AT, and 1b Tp denote the static temeprature rise in the rotor and su respectively, then the power input is given by, Ww = C,(AT,+4Ts) ( =C,ATs ATS=AT, = CAT uc, “ of (npn) | W = UC, (tan B, - tan Bp) 0) (0) W = UC, (tana, ~tan a) 6) Since all the work input to the stage takes place in the roto, the SFEE yiels, eosin oe. ae s WG ST,93 4 -cy a «om commparing e200 (1)-(3) 204 (8) we et \ CBT, = UC liana, -tanay}-$ «2 -Ch) om = CS, mvt vag | ©, = C,Seea, | Hence, CAT, = UC, (ama, tan a,)—$ C2 (See? ay — See a) = UC, (an a, tana.) 4 CE (eas? ay tan? a) \ “See? ay See? a;)= (as? a - tw?) \ “The degree of reaction (1) is given by ae tte BT ,+8Ts UC, (tana, Lc (ant o,—tant' ay) a UC, (an a,— tn a) Ss + AS) = 1-Fy (me team) « ‘We know that, & = tana + temp, 6) z = tana; + tanBy wf) By addition of equation (6) and (7), we eet 2 ang, tn, ren tn 8) c I (ano, + tan.) cw : \ = SA oonProps In low reaction stage, pressure rise in the rotor is levs than that in the stator. Put A= 0, in equation (9) o- tan6, + ten) tan, +tanB, = 0 tanB, = -tan6, ie, By = -B {It shows that the rotor blades are impulse type ic, passage area is same at inict and outlet. all the static pressure rise occurs in the stator. 4.12.3, HIGH REACTION STAGE ( = 100%) In high reaction stage, pressure rise in the rotor is larger tham that im the stator. Put A= 1.0 in equation (9) & 1 = 34 (tan B, + tan B,) w tan, + tan Ps = It shows thatthe stor blades are impulse type Le, passage area between stator | blades is same at inlet and outlet. All the static pressure rise occurs in the rotor. | 4.13. FREE VORTEX AND CONSTANT REACTION DESIGNS OF AXIAL FLOW COMPRESSOR 4.13.1, FREE VORTEX DESIGN ‘The velocity triangles vary fom rot to tip ofthe blade beeause the blade speed (U) is not constant and it varies from root to tip. Twisted blade design is used to take account of changing gas angles. This is known as vortex blading. For axial flow compressor, the momentum equation is given by, 1a G oSoe 9 | ete we ey ee Fegan pe equation eaves or chaipy and enon 2 p mae A a : + Co Ge # : (# -0) and constant axial Velocity constant coal: us For! cnthaipy across the amulus dr Aa oe the whi yelocty Cy 8 i : (Con) ie eon aie nd iia cians ses TD Cc, xr = constant ae | scam easton cin cy Deel Be OTT : constant specific work, constant a8) free vortex usturally satisfy the P . (ae cigs ae ls widely woe in ai Bow free vortex design is the varition expressed by. | a | ==> JEGREE OF REACTION (1) of reaction is defined as the : Tatio between static enthalpy rise is ie enthalpy rise in the s ipy rise in the rotor | “Ths the degree af reaction increases ftom root t0 tip f the blade. ‘4.13.2. CONSTANT REACTION DESIGN thatthe flow will adjust itself to satisfy radial equillibrium between th s. (a ee ————— [4:14. PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS | 3 The performance of the axial flow compressor are evaluated using the following parameters. 1. Flow coefficient () 2, Stage loading (y)