NOORUL ISLAM CENTRE FOR HIGHER EDUCATION

AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING

FIFTH SEMESTER

AS2212 - HEAT TRANSFER IN SPACE APPLICATIONS

(QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS)

Aeronautical Engineering

Prepared by
R.R.NeelaRajan
AP/Aero/NICHE
Course Name: AS2212 - HEAT TRANSFER IN SPACE APPLICATIONS
Course Outcomes (COs):
At the end of the course the students should able to:
1. To know the basic modes of heat transfer and conduction.
2. To analyze, interpret and solve complex engineering problems in convection.
3. To apply the knowledge of mathematics, science and engineering in radiation.
4. Ability to understand the concept of various types of heat exchangers.
5. Ability to integrate all modes of heat transfer and their problems.

Two Marks Questions with Answers

Questions Marks CO Blooms

Level
UNIT – I
HEAT CONDUCTION
1. What is heat transfer? 2 CO1 L1
Heat transfer can be defined as transmission of energy from one region to
another region due to temperature difference. Heat is transferred from
high temperature medium to low temperature medium.
2. Classify the modes of heat transfer? 2 CO1 L4
1.Conduction 2. Convection 3. Radiation.
3. Define conduction. 2 CO1 L1
It is the process of heat transfer within the body or bodies in direct
physical contact. Pure conduction is found only in solids.
4. Illustrate Fourier law of heat conduction. 2 CO1 L4
This law states that rate of heat conduction is proportional to the area
measured normal to the direction of heat flow and to the temperature
gradient in that direction.
5. Discuss about Overall heat transfer coefficient. 2 CO1 L2
Overall heat transfer coefficient gives heat transmitted per unit area per
unit time per unit temperature difference between hot and cold fluids on
each side of the plate.
6. Define heat transfer coefficient. 2 CO1 L1
Heat transfer coefficient is the heat transfer per unit area per unit time per
degree temperature.
7. Show the expression for thermal resistance for the hollow Sphere. 2 CO1 L3
r2  r1
R
4. .k .r1 .r2
8. List out the condition which must be satisfied to treat the temperature 2 CO1 L1
distribution in a fin as one-dimensional.
(i) The thermal conductivity (k) should be large.
(ii) Heat transfer coefficient (h) should be small
(iii) Thickness of the fin (y) should be small
9. Classify the types of fin. 2 CO1 L4
1. Infinitely long fin
2. short fin with end insulated
3. Short fin with end not insulated
10. Define heat flux. 2 CO1 L1
It is the ratio of heat transfer rate to unit area.
11. Illustrate steady state, 2 D conduction equation without internal heat 2 CO1 L3
generation.

 2T  2T
 0
x 2 y 2
12. Show the thermal resistance for the hollow cylinder. 2 CO1 L3

1 r 
R ln 2 
2. .k .L  r1 
13. Generate the boundary conditions of long fin? 2 CO1 L6
If a fin is infinitely long, the temperature at its end is equal to that of the
surrounding fluid.
(i) At distance, x = 0; Intermediate temperature (T) = Base temperature
(Tb).
(ii) At distance x = ∞; Intermediate temperature (T) = Surrounding
temperature (T∞).
14. What is thermal diffusivity? 2 CO1 L1
It is the ratio of thermal conductivity to thermal capacity.
15. Show the thermal resistance for plane wall or slab. 2 CO1 L3
 L
R
kA
UNIT – II
CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER
1. What is convection? 2 CO2 L1
Convection is the mode of heat transfer takes place due to temperature in
a moving fluid where the movement is created artificially or naturally.
2. Classify the types of convective heat transfer. 2 CO2 L4
1. Free convection
2. Forced convection
3. Discuss about forced convection. 2 CO2 L2
If the movement of the fluid is generated by external force, it is called as
forced convection. Eg: Heat transfer in car radiator.
4. What is free convection? 2 CO2 L1
If the movement of the fluid is generated due to change of density, it is
called as free convection. Eg: Heat transfer in boiled water.
5. Analyze the effect of prandtl number of a fluid on the relative thickness 2 CO2 L4
of velocity and temperature boundary layers when the fluid flow is
parallel to a flat plate?
(i) Thermal boundary layer thickness (δth) = Hydrodynamic boundary
layer thickness (δ), when Prandtl number (Pr) = 1
(ii) Thermal boundary layer thickness (δth) > Hydrodynamic boundary
layer thickness (δ), when Prandtl number (Pr) < 1
Thermal boundary layer thickness (δth) < Hydrodynamic boundary layer
thickness(δ), when Prandtl number (Pr) < 1
6. Illustrate about dimensional analysis. 2 CO2 L3
It is a mathematical method. It is used for solving engineering problems
makes use of study of dimensions. In dimensional analysis, the various
physical quantities can be expressed in terms of fundamental quantities.
7. Describe about hydrodynamic boundary layer thickness. 2 CO2 L1
The distance from the surface of the body, to a place where the velocity
of the flow is 0.99 times the maximum velocity of the flow of fluid, is
known as hydrodynamic boundary layer thickness.
8. Explain about thermal boundary layer thickness. 2 CO2 L2
The distance from the surface of the body, to a place where the
 temperature of the fluid is 0.99 times the maximum temperature of fluid,
is known as thermal boundary layer thickness.
9. Show the relation between Euler’s number and inertia force. 2 CO2 L3
Euler’s number is the ratio of pressure force to inertia force.
10. What is Reynold’s number? 2 CO2 L1
It is the ratio of inertia force to viscous force.
11. Give the relation between Froude number and gravity force. 2 CO2 L3
Froude number is the ratio of inertia force to gravity force.
12. Differentiate laminar flow with turbulent flow. 2 CO2 L2
Laminar flow is defined as that type in which the fluid particle moves
streamlineand all the streamline are straight and Parallel while in the
turbulent flow, the fluid particle moves in zigzag way.
13. Identify the relation between Grashof number and buoyancy force. 2 CO2 L3
Grashof number is the ratio of the product of buoyant force and inertia
force to the square of viscous force.
14. Define Nusselt number. 2 CO2 L1
It is the ratio of temperature gradients by conduction and convection at
the surface.
15. What is Prandtl number? 2 CO2 L1
It is defined as the ratio of molecular diffusivity of momentum to
molecular diffusivity of heat.
UNIT – III
RADIATIVE HEAT TRANSFER
1. Discuss about radiation. 2 CO3 L2
The heat transfer from one body to another body without any transmitting
medium is known as radiation. In radiation, body will absorb or emit
electromagnetic radiation.
2. Illustrate about wave theory. 2 CO3 L3
According to this theory, due to temperature difference between hot and
cold bodies, the hot body emits electromagnetic waves. These strike
another body and these are partially absorbed.
3. Illustrate about Quantum theory 2 CO3 L3
According to this theory, when the temperature of the body is increased,
it emits energy in the form of electromagnetic radiation.
4. What is total emissive power? 2 CO3 L1
The total amount of radiation emitted by a body per unit area and time is
called as emissive power.
5. Define emissivity. 2 CO3 L1
It is defined as the ratio of actual heat emitted to maximum heat incident
on it.
6. Compare black body and white body. 2 CO3 L5
The black body absorbs all radiation falling on its surface.
The white reflects all radiation falling on its surfaces.
7. What is meant by absorptivity? 2 CO3 L1
It is the ratio of actual heat absorbed to the total heat incident on it.
8. Differentiate Gray body and coloured body. 2 CO3 L2
For the gray body, absorptive does not vary with temperature and wave
length of the incident radiation.
For the coloured body, absorptive varies with wave length of the incident
radiation.
9. Compare transmissivity and reflectivity. 2 CO3 L5
Transmissivity is the ratio of actual heat trans mitted and total heat
incident on it while the reflectivity is the ratio of actual heat reflected to
total heat incident on it.
10. State Stefan – Boltzmann law. 2 CO3 L1
It states that the emissive power of the black body is proportional to
fourth power of absolute temperature.
11. Outline the factors affecting radiation between the surfaces. 2 CO3 L4
1.Emissivity of the surfaces 2.Absorptivity of the surfaces 3.Reflectivity
of the surfaces 4.Geometrical arrangement of the surfaces
12. Describe about shape factor? 2 CO3 L2
The fraction of radiative energy strikes directly to the receiving body is
called as shape factor. It is represented by F. It is also called as view
factor or configuration factor or angle factor.
13. Illustrate the use of radiation shield? 2 CO3 L3
It is used to reduce the net radiation transfer between two surfaces. Thin
plastic coated sheets with high metallic films on both sides are used as
 effective radiation shields. It increases the surface resistances.
14. Categorize the assumptions made to calculate radiation exchange between 2 CO3 L4
the surfaces.
1.All surfaces are considered to be either black or gray.

2.The absorptivity of a surface is taken equal to its emissivity and

independent of temperature of the source of the incident radiation.

15. Define radiosity. 2 CO3 L1

It is defined as the total radiation leaving a surface per unit time per unit
area.
UNIT – IV
HEAT EXCHANGERS
1. Discuss about heat exchanger. 2 CO4 L2
A heat exchanger is defined as equipment which transfers the heat from a
hot fluid to a cold fluid. Heat transfer in heat exchanger involves
convection in each fluids and conduction through the wall separating the
two fluids.
2. Classify the types of heat exchangers. 2 CO4 L4
1. Parallel flow heat exchanger
2. Counter flow heat exchanger
3. Mixed flow heat exchanger
3. Compare parallel flow heat exchanger with counter flow heat exchanger. 2 CO4 L5
In parallel flow heat exchanger, hot and cold fluids move in the same
direction. But In counter flow heat exchanger, hot and cold fluids move in
parallel but opposite directions.
3. Define counter flow heat exchanger. 2 CO4 L1
In this type, hot and cold fluids move in parallel but opposite directions.
4. List out the applications of regenerator. 2 CO4 L3
IC engines, gas turbines
5. Explain the concept one shell pass and two tubes pass heat exchanger? 2 CO4 L2
Heat exchanger that involves two passes in the tubes and one pass in the
shell is called as one shell pass and two tube pass heat exchanger.
6. Discuss in detail about two shell pass and four tube pass heat exchanger? 2 CO4 L2
Heat exchanger that involves four passes in the tubes and two passes in
 the shell is called as one shell pass and two tube pass heat exchanger.
7. Categorize the assumptions made for Logarithmic mean temperature 2 CO4 L4
difference method analysis of heat exchanger?
1. Flow is steady. 2. The overall heat transfer coefficient is constant.3.The
specific heats of both fluids are constant. 4.The mass flow rates of both
fluids are constant.5. There is no heat transfer between heat exchanger to
surroundings.
8. Illustrate the concept involved in the regenerator? 2 CO4 L3
In this of heat exchanger, hot and cold fluids flow alternatively through
the same space. Examples: IC engines, gas turbines
9. Explain about shell and tube heat exchanger? 2 CO4 L2
In this type of heat exchanger, one of the fluids move through a bundle of
tubes enclosed by a shell. The other fluid is forced through the shell and it
moves over the outside surface of the tubes.
10. Illustrate the effect of fouling factor? 2 CO4 L4
The surfaces of a heat exchanger do not clean after it has been in use for
some time. The surfaces become fouled with deposits. The effect of these
deposits affecting the value of overall heat transfer coefficient. This effect
is called as fouling factor or fouling resistance.
11. Define effectiveness of heat exchanger. 2 CO4 L1
The heat exchanger effectiveness is defined as the ratio of actual heat
transfer to maximum possible heat transfer.
12. Explain the concept of direct or open heat exchanger? 2 CO4 L2
In the direct or open heat exchanger, the heat exchange takes place by
direct mixing of hot and cold fluids.
13. What is meant by indirect heat exchanger? 2 CO4 L1
In the indirect heat exchanger, transfer of heat between two fluids could
be carried out by transmission through a wall which separates the two
fluids.
14. Discuss about the term “LMTD”. 2 CO4 L2
LMTD is the abbreviation of Logarithmic Mean Temperature Difference.
The temperature difference between the hot and cold fluids in the heat
exchangers varies from point to point. In addition various modes of heat
 transfer are involved.
15. Illustrate the use of NTU? 2 CO4 L3
NTU is the abbreviation of Number of Transfer Units. The NTU method
is used to determine inlet and outlet temperatures of the heat exchangers.
Use of this method, the effectiveness of the heat exchanger is defined as
the ratio of actual heat transfer to maximum possible heat transfer.
UNIT – V
HEAT TRANSFER PROBLEMS IN AEROSPACE ENGINEERING
1. What is aerodynamic heating? 2 CO5 L1
Rocket propelled launch vehicles used in aerospace applications fly at
through the atmosphere, usually at several times the speed of sound.
Hence it possess lot of kinetic energy and temperature near the surface of
the vehicle reach very high levels. This phenomenon is called as
aerodynamic heating.
2. Classify the types of cooling used for reducing aerodynamic heating. 2 CO5 L4
1.Ablation cooling 2.Regenerative cooling 3.Radiation cooling
4.Transpiration cooling 5.Film cooling
3. Discuss about ablation cooling. 2 CO5 L2
In this cooling process, the vehicle surface is covered with ablative
material which is initially acts as heat sink and with rising temperature
changes into liquid first and into gas
4. Illustrate the application of ablation cooling. 2 CO5 L3
This process finds application in short time missions both in ascent flights
as well as recent flights.
5. Categorize the materials used for ablation cooling. 2 CO5 L4
Charring materials like cork, wood, plastics can be used for ablation
cooling.
6. Define Mach number. 2 CO5 L1
It is the ratio of velocity of air to velocity of sound.
7. Illustrate the use of radiation cooling. 2 CO5 L3
Surface radiation cooling is the most effective and most often used means
of reducing the heat loads at high speeds. It can however be used only on
outer surfaces. Radiation cooling permits fully reusable structures and
heat production systems.
8. Categorize the external heat sources to assess the aerodynamic heating. 2 CO5 L4
1. Forced convection from hot gas to the surface 2.Radiation of heat
energy from the hot surface 3.Incident solar radiation 4.Incident
atmospheric radiation 5.Radiation from adjacent hot parts to the vehicle
structure.
9. Illustrate the parameters affecting transition process? 2 CO5 L3
1.Pressure gradients 2.Mach number 3.Wall temperature 4.Surface
roughness
10. Define free molecular flow. 2 CO5 L1
Free molecular flow describes the fluid dynamics of gas where the mean
free path of the molecules is larger than the size of the chamber or of the
object under test.
11. What is meant by radiation blockage effect? 2 CO5 L1
Radiation blockage effect will reduce the radiation heat transfer between
the surfaces.
12. Classify the types of thrust chambers. 2 CO5 L4
1. Regenerative cooling chambers 2.Ablation cooling chambers
3.Transpiration cooling chambers
13. Illustrate the applications of regenerative cooling. 2 CO5 L3
It is used in modern LH2 rocket engines. This method has also found
application in air breathing systems also. It is a challenge to design
regenerative cooling systems for large engines as well as long duration
mission.
14. Outline the special properties of shape factor. 2 CO5 L4
1. When heat is radiated in between two surfaces, A1 F12 = A2 F21.
2. For convex surface (1) enclosed by another surface (2), F12 = 1 and
F11=0.
15. Show the relation between s Rayleigh number and Prandtl number. 2 CO5 L3
Rayleigh number is the product of Prandtl number and Grashof number.

Sixteen Marks Questions with keys

 Questions Marks CO Blooms
Level
UNIT – I
HEAT CONDUTION
1. A composite wall is made of 15 mm thick of steel plate lined inside with 16 CO1 L3
silica brick = 200mm thickness and on the outside magnasite brick is 250
mm thickness. The inner and outer surface temperatures are 750oC and
100oC respectively. The thermal conductivity for silica, steel plate and
magnasite brick are 8 W/moC, 68 W/moC, 20W/moC respectively.
Determine heat flux and interface temperatures.
Given Data 2
Solution: 14

1  L1 L2 L3 
Formula Used: R     
A  K1 K 2 K 3 
Thermal resistance for the composite wall = R = 0.037o C / W
TOverall
Q
Heat flux = Q / A
R
T  T2
Q 1
R
750  100
Q = 17567.56 W
0.03772
Heat flux = 17232.237 W / m2
Interface temperature between silica and steel = 310.81oC
Interface temperature between steel and magnasite = 306.9oC
2. Derive the expression for heat conduction through a slab. 8 CO1 L6
(i)
Introduction: Representation of parameters: 2
Derivation: 6
From Fourier law of heat conduction,
dT
Q   KA
dx
Integrating above equation from 0 to length “L” and temperatures from T 1
to T2
Q = Overall temperature difference/Thermal Resistance
L
R
kA
 Overall temperature difference = T1 - T2

2. Derive the expression for heat conduction through a hollow cylinder. 8 CO1 L6
(ii)

Introduction: Representation of parameters: 2

Derivation: 6
From Fourier law of heat conduction,
dT
Q   KA
dx
Integrating above equation from 0 to length “L” and temperatures from T 1
to T2
Q = Overall temperature difference/Thermal Resistance

1 r 
R ln 2 
2. .k .L  r1 

Overall temperature difference = T1 - T2

3. Find the heat loss from a rod of 4 cm diameter infinitely long, when 16 CO1 L5
its base is maintained at 100oC. Theconductivity of the material is
58.14W/moC and heat transfer coefficient of the rod is 46.512
W/m2oC. The temperature of the air surrounding the rod 20oC. Also
find out the temperature at 10 cm from the base of the rod.
Given data: 2
Solution: 14

Area, A = 1.2567 X 10 -3m2

Perimeter = 0.12567 m

From Data book,

Heat transfer Q =52. 28 Watts.

The temperature at 10 cm from the base of the rod, T = 52.78oC

4. A steel tube of 50 cm inner diameter and 80 cm outer diameter is covered 16 CO1 L4

30 cm thick of asbestos Thermal conductivity of steel, asbestos are 45
 W/moC, 0.2 W/moC. The tube receives heat from hot gases at 400oC, with
convective heat transfer coefficients of 300 W/m2oC. The outer surface is
exposed to at 30oC with heat transfer coefficient of 15 W/m2oC.
Determine
(i) Heat loss per unit length.
(ii) Interface temperature and surface temperatures.
Given data: 2
Solution: 14

1  1 1  r2  1  r3  1 
R   ln   ln   
2L  ha r1 .k .1  r1  k 2  r2  hb r3 
Thermal resistance for the composite wall = R = 0.619o C / W
TOverall
Q
R
T  T2
Q 1
R
Heat loss, Q = 597 W / m
Surface temperature T1 = 387.33oC
Interface temperature T2 = 386.34oC
Surface temperature T3 = 124.92oC
5. Find the amount of heat transfer through a fin of thickness 5 mm, height 16 CO1 L3
or length 50 mm and width 100 mm. Also find out the temperature at the
tip of the fin. The atmospheric temperature of the fin is 28oC. The
temperature at the base of the fin is 80oC. K=58.139W/moC, h = 11.63
W/m2oC. Also find out the efficiency of the fin.
Given data: 2
Solution: 14
Temperature distribution,
T  T cos .h.m.( L  X )

TB  T cos .h.(mL)

m= hP / kA
P = 2 (w + t) P = 2 (100 + 5) = 210 mm
A = Cross sectional area of the fin A = w t = 100 x 5
A = 500 mm2
 Temperature at the tip of the fin, T1  74.9 O C

Q  hPkA. Tb  T . tan .h.mL  Q = 5.9397 W.

Efficiency of the fin = 93.50%

6. A copper slab of 400 mm X 400 mm X 5 mm thick is initially at 250oC, 16 CO1 L4
o
suddenly its surface temperature is lowered to 30 C with heat transfer
coefficient of 90 W/m2oC. Find out

(i) Time required for the slab to reach 90oC

(ii) Instantaneous heat transfer rate at 90oC

(iii) Total heat flow up to 90oC

(iv) Temperature after 1 minute

Given Data: 2
Solution: 14
(i). Time required to for the slab to reach 90o C:

T  T  hA    123.12 sec ond

 exp S . 
TO  T  CV 
(ii). Instantaneous heat transfer rate at 90oC q = 1728 W.
(iii). Total heat flow up to 90oC q t  436668.6723W

(iv) Temperature after 1 minute = 146.8oC

UNIT – II
CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER
1. A vertical plate of 60 cm height is at 160oC and is exposed to still air at 16 CO2 L3
o
100 C. Find out heat transfer rate per m width.
Given data: 2
Solution: 14
TW  T
Mean film temperature = =130oC
2
1
 =0.00248 / K
Tf

g . .T .L3
Gr L  =444781000 GrPr = 304675000 < 109
 2
 hL
Nu 
Nu = 77.95
k
Nu.k
h  4.4347.W / m 2 k
L
Q = hA  T = 159.65 W.
2. A copper wire of 15 mm diameter, 1 m long is at 80oC is exposed to air at 16 CO2 L4
o
20 C moving at a velocity of 1 m /s. Find out
(i) Heat loss from wire and
(ii) Current carrying capacity of wire. Resistivity of Cu is 0.0175 ohm-
mm2 / m.

Given data: 2
Solution: 14
vD
(Re)D = = 835.6526 C = 0.683 m = 0.466 Nu = C

Re m Pr0.333
Nu = 13.9344 Nu = hL / k h = 26.2525 W / m2 K

Q
Q = hA  T = 74.227 W I  865.761Amps.
Rele
3. Derive the equation for the forced convection by the use of dimensional 16 CO2 L6
analysis Nu = C (Re)m (Pr)n

Defining the parameters: 2

List out physical quantities: 4
Derivation: 10
n = number of variables = 7
m = number of basic dimensions = 4
Number of terms = n – m = 3
Π1 = (ρvD)/μ
Π2 = (μCp)/k
Π3 =(hD)/k
Nu = C (Re)m (Pr)n
4. Liquid Na is to be heated from 120oC to 180oC flows at 2.3 kg / sec 16 CO2 L3
through a 25cm diameter tube. The tube is maintained at constant
temperature. Find out heat transfer coefficient.
 Given data: 2
Solution: 14
vD
Re   21506.7  2300 So it is turbulent flow.

Nu = 5 + 0.025 [Re Pr]0.8Nu = 5 + 0.025 [21506.7 x 0.00087]0.8

Nu = 6.64 Nu = h.D / k
Nu.k
h  2254.94W / m 2 K
D
5. Air at 20oC with velocity1 m/s flows over a flat plate of 2 m X 1 m 16 CO2 L5
maintained at 40oC. Find out,
(i) Boundary layer thickness at 40 cm from leading edge.
(ii) Boundary layer thickness at 2 m from leading edge.
(iii) Local heat transfer coefficient at 2 m.
(iv) Heat transfer coefficient up to 2 m length.
Given data: 2
Solution: 14
Hydrodynamic boundary layer thickness at 40 cm from leading edge =
0.01264 m
Thermal boundary layer thickness at 40 cm from leading edge =
0.01422 m
Hydrodynamic boundary layer thickness at 2 m from leading edge =
0.02828 m
Localized Nusselt number = 104.2727
Local heat transfer coefficient = 1.3989 W / m2 K
Average Nusselt number = 208.5454
Average heat transfer coefficient = 2.7893 W / m2 K
6. A vertical plate of 1 m height is at 230oC and exposed to still air at 25oC. 16 C02 L3
Find heat loss from the plate.
Given data: 2
Solution: 14
If dT = 100oC, radiation heat transfer should be considered.
Flow is Turbulent.
Convective heat transfer = 1174.965 W
 Radiative heat transfer = 3182.423 W
Heat loss = 4357.88 W
UNIT – III
RADIATIVE HEAT TRANSFER
1. Two long concentric cylinders having diameters of 300 mm and 400 mm 16 CO3 L5
are at 600oCand 400oC respectively. Their respective emissivities are 0.6
and 0.5. Find out heat radiated for the following cases. (a). L = 0.5 (b). L
= 
Given data: 2
Solution: 14

Case (a): When L = 0.5 m, Q12 : Q12 


 T1  T2
4 4

1  1 1 1 2
 
A1 1 A1 F12 A2  2

  5.67 X 10 8 W / M 2 K 4 From data book F21 = 0.72 A1 F12 =

A2 F21
2 .r2 L
F12  xF21 F12  0.966 A1  2 .r1 L  0.4712m 2
2 .r1 L
A2  2 .r2 L  0.6285m 2
Q12 = 4084.35 W
Case (b): When L   find Q12 :

Q12 

 T1  T2
4 4

1  1 1 1 2
 
A1 1 A1 F12 A2  2

  5.67 X 10 8 W / M 2 K 4 Take L = 1m for area calculation.

From data book F12 = 1 A1  2 .r1 L  0.9424m 2

A2  2 .r2 L  0.536m 2
Q12 = 8307.354 W
2. Two parallel discs of 1m diameter face each other. The distance between 16 CO3 L5
o o
them is 1 m. The temperatures are 300 C with emissivity 0.2 and 80 C
with emissivity 0.6. Determine heat exchange by radiation.
Given data: 2
Solution: 14
 Diameter 1
  1 From the Graph, F12  0.18 A1
Disatnce.of .separation 1
= A2 = πD2 / 4
A1 = A2 = 0.7854 m2   5.67 X 10 8 W / M 2 K 4

Q12 

 T1  T2
4 4

1  1 1 1 2
 
A1 1 A1 F12 A2  2

Q12 

5.67 x10 8 573 4  353 4 
1  0 .2 1 1  0 .6
 
0.7854 x0.2 0.7854 x0.18 0.7854 x0.6
Q12 = 401.98 W
3. Two large plates are maintained at 500 K with emissivity of 0.4 and 700 16 CO3 L5
K with emissivity of 0.8. Determine heat transfer by radiation. If another
plate of emissivity of 0.04 introduced exactly between them. Determine
percentage in reduction in heat transfer.

Given data: 2
Solution: 14
Qwith.shield
Percentage.reduction.in.heat.transfer  1 
Qwithy.shield
Radiative Heat transfer without shield = - 3662.1184 W

Radiative Heat transfer with shield = - 194.5878 W

(194.5878)
Percentage.reduction.in.heat.transfer  1  x100
(3662.1184)
Percentage.reduction.in.heat.transfer  94.68%

4. A concentric sphere of 300 mm inner diameter and 360 mm outer 16 CO3 L4

o
diameter is used for storing liquid O2 at -183 C. The inner wall is covered
with a painting of emissivity 0.5. The outer sphere temperature is 20oC
with the same painting. Determine the heat radiated. If another spherical
wall (shield) is introduced exactly in between with the same painting
determine percentage reduction in temperature.
Given data: 2
 Solution 14

Q12 ( with.shield ) 

5.67 x10 8 90 4  293 4 
1  0 .5 1  0 .5 1 1 1  0 .5
   
0.282 x0.5 0.4071x0.5 0.282 x1 0.3421x1 1x0.5

Q12 ( with.shield )  122.6638W

Qwith.shield
Percentage.reduction.in.heat.transfer  1 
Qwithy.shield

(22.663)
Percentage.reduction.in.heat.transfer  1  x100
(43.4619)
Percentage.reduction.in.heat.transfer  47.92%
5. Two parallel plates of 2m X 1m are kept at 400 K and 600 K with 0.5 m 16 CO3 L3
separation. Determine heat exchange by radiation.
Given data: 2
Solution: 14
Emissivity is not given
Take emissivity as 1

Q12 

 T1  T2
4 4

1  1 1 1 2
 
A1 1 A1 F12 A2  2

  5.67 X 10 8 W / M 2 K 4

X = L/D = 4 and B/D = 2

Shape factor, F12 = 0.50899

Q12 = - 6002.824 W
6. Two square plates of 3 m side are kept perpendicular to each other in 16 CO3 L3
common edge. Temperatures are 600oC and 400oC. Emissivities are 0.6.
Find out heat exchange by radiation.
Given data: Solution: 2
14
 Q12 

 T1  T2
4 4

1  1 1 1 2
 
A1 1 A1 F12 A2  2

  5.67 X 10 8 W / M 2 K 4

Y= L1 / B = 1 and L2/ B= 1

Shape factor, F12 = 2

Q12 = 30276.33 W
UNIT – IV
HEAT EXCHANGERS
1. In a counter flow double pipe heat exchanger, oil is cooled from 85oC to 16 CO4 L5
o o
55 C by water entering at 25 C. The mass flow rate of oil is 9800 kg/hr
and specific heat of oil is 2000J/kgK. The mass flow rate of water is 8000
kg/hr and specific heat of water is 4180J/kgK. Determine the heat
exchanger area and heat transfer rate for an overall heat transfer
coefficient of 280 W/m2K.
Given data: 2
Solution: 14
Heat.transfer.Q  mh c ph (Thi  Tho ).(or ).mc c pc (Tco  Tci )
Q  2.22 x 4180 x(42.5  25)
Q  162 x10 3 W
(Thi  Tco )  (Tho  Tci ) (85  42.5)  (55  25)
(T ) m  (T ) m 
 T  Tco   85  42.5 
ln  hi ln 

 Tho  Tci   55  25 
( T ) m  35.8 o C

Heat transfer, Q =UA (T ) m

Heat exchanger area, A  16.16 m 2

2. In counter flow heat exchanger, water at 20oC flowing at the rate of 1200 16 CO4 L5
kg/hr. It is heated by oil of specific heat 2100 J/kgK flowing at a rate of
520 kg/hr at inlet temperature of 95oC. Determine the following:
(i) Total heat transfer
(ii) Outlet temperature of water
 (iii) Outlet temperature of oil
Take overall heat transfer coefficient is 1000 W/m2K. Heat exchanger
area is 1 m2.
Given data: 2
Solution: 14
NTU = 3.3
Efficiency = 0.95
Total heat transfer = 21546 kW
Outlet temperature of water = 35.5oC
Outlet temperature of oil = 23.75oC
3. A parallel flow heat exchanger has hot and cold water stream running 16 CO4 L3
through it, the flow rates are 10 kg/min and 25 kg/min respectively. Inlet
temperatures are 75oC and 25oC on hot and cold sides. The exit
temperature on the hot side is 50oC. Assume hi = ho = 600 W/m2K.
Calculate the area of heat exchanger.
Given data: 2
Solution: 14
Efficiency = 0.5
Overall heat transfer coefficient = 300 W/m2K
NTU = 0.84
Area of heat exchanger = 1.945 m2
4. A parallel flow heat exchanger used to cool 4.2 kg /min of hot liquid of 16 CO4 L3
specific heat 3.5 KJ / kgK at130oC. A cooling water of specific heat 4.18
KJ / kgK used for the cooling purpose at a temperature of 15oC. The mass
flow rate of cooling water is 17kg/min. Calculate the following: (i) Outlet
temperature of the liquid (ii) Outlet temperature of the water (iii)
Effectiveness of the heat exchanger. Take overall heat transfer coefficient
is 1100W/m2K and heat exchanger area is 0.3 m2
Given data: 2
Solution: 14
Q  effectiveness.x.Qmax
Q  0.64 x 28175
Q  18032W
 Q  mc C pc (Tco  Tci )
18032  0.28 x 4180 x(Tco  15)
Outlet.temperature.of .the.cold .water  Tco  30.2 o C
Q = mhCph(Thi-Tho)
Outlet temperaturatue of hot fluid = Tho =56.4oC
5. Explain the types of heat exchangers with neat sketches. 16 CO4 L2
Introduction: Exchnage heat between high temperature medium to low 2
temperature medium.
14
1. Parallel flow
2. Counter flow
3. Cross flow
4. Shell and tube

6. A counter flow heat exchanger is to heat air entering at 400oC with a flow 16 CO4 L3
o
rate of 6 kg/sec by the exhaust gas entering at 800 C with a flow rate of 4
kg/s. The overall heat transfer coefficient is 100 W/m2 K and the outlet
temperature of the air is 551.5oC. Specific heat at constant pressure for
both air and exhaust gas can be taken as 1100 J/kgK. Calculate
(i) The heat transfer area needed
(ii) The number of transfer units.

Given Data: 2
Solution:
14
Outlet temperature of gas = 572.75oC
Heat transfer rate = 999900 W
Heat transfer area = 48 m2
NTU = 1.09 = 1
UNIT – V
HEAT TRANSFER PROBLEMS IN AEROSPACE ENGINEERING
1. Discuss in detail about the working principle or rocket engine with neat 16 CO5 L2
sketch.
Introduction: 2
Diagram:
8
 6

Working Principle: The basic idea is simple. In most liquid-propellant

rocket engines, a fuel and an oxidizer (for example, gasoline and liquid
oxygen) are pumped into a combustion chamber. There they burn to
create a high-pressure and high-velocity stream of hot gases. These
gases flow through a nozzle that accelerates them further (5,000 to
10,000 mph exit velocities being typical), and then they leave the
engine. The following highly simplified diagram shows you the basic
components.
2. List out the heat transfer problems in rocket combustion chambers. 16 CO5 L1
Explain.
Introduction: 4
In the rocket engine combustion chamber, highly heated gases are
produced. The heat from these gases will affect the combustion chamber
materials. To avoid that various types of cooling processes adapted to
cool down the temperature of the combustion chamber.
12
Types of cooling process:
Steady state cooling
 Regenerative cooling
 Radiation cooling
 Unsteady state cooling
 Film cooling
 Sweat cooling
3. Describe the working principle of turbo jet engine with neat sketch. 16 CO5 L2
Construction: It consists of a diffuser, compressor, combustion chamber, 2
turbine and nozzle. Working:
Air from the atmosphere enters into the turbojet engine. 6
 The air passed through the compressor in which the air is further
compressed.
The highly heated product of combustion gasses from chamber enter the
turbine and then nozzle to produce thrust.
Diagram:

4. With a neat sketch, discuss in detail about the working of jet combustion 16 CO5 L2
chamber.
Introduction: 2
It is a place where combustion of air and fuel takes place.
8
Diagram:

 Construction: It consists of perforated inner liner, fuel injecting

system, ignition system and fuel drainage system.
Working:
Primary zone 3
Secondary zone
Dilution zone 3
5. Illustrate the heat transfer problems in jet engine combustion chamber. 16 CO5 L3
Introduction: 2
 Normally the flame tube cooling or liner receives heat from conversion
from the hot gases and radiation from the flame.
Methods of flame tube cooling. 2
Passing by pass air between casing and flame tube 4
Welding fins between casing and flame tubes. 4
By providing ring of small holes in the flame tube. 4
6. Classify methods of cooling adopted in gas engine turbine blades? 16 CO5 L4
Explain in detail with suitable sketches.
Introduction: 2
Methods of Cooling: 14
A. Based on Place where cooled
a) External Cooling
(i) Film Cooling
(ii) Transpiration Cooling
b) Internal cooling
(i) Convection Cooling
(ii) Impingement Cooling
B. Based on cooling medium Used
(i) Air cooling
(ii) Liquid Cooling