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(Regular Paper)
G.M. Hamada
Petroleum Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University
Giza, Egypt
اﻟﺠ ﺪﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﻟ ﺬآﺮ ان.ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺣﺴﺎب درﺟﺔ ﺗﺸ ﺒﻊ اﻟﺼ ﺨﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻤ ﺎء اﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳ ﺪ اﻟ ﺪﻗﻴﻖ ﻟﻜ ﻞ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﻤﺴ ﺎﻣﻴﺔ واﻟﻤﻘﺎوﻣ ﺔ اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻴ ﺔ
ﺗﻘ ﻮﻳﻢ آﻤﻴ ﺔ اﻟﻬﻴ ﺪروآﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎت اﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠ ﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺮآ ﺔ ﻳﻌﺘﺒ ﺮ أآﺜ ﺮ أهﻤﻴ ﺔ ﻣ ﻦ ﺣﺴ ﺎب آﻤﻴ ﺔ اﻟﻬﻴ ﺪروآﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﻮﺟ ﻮدة ﻓ ﻰ
ﻳﻌﺘﻤ ﺪ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣ ﻞ ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﻗ ﻴﻢ.(HCM ) ﻳﻘﺪم هﺬا ا ﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼ ﺟﺪﻳ ﺪا وه ﻮ ﻣﻌﺎﻣ ﻞ ﺣﺮآ ﺔ اﻟﻬﻴ ﺪروآﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎت.اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻦ
ﺗﻘ ﺪم اﻟﺪراﺳ ﺔ. ﺗﺘ ﺮاوح ﻗ ﻴﻢ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣ ﻞ ﻣ ﻦ واﺣ ﺪ اﻟ ﻰ ﺻ ﻔﺮ.اﻟﻤﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻓﻰ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻟﻘﺮﻳﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﺌﺮ واﻟﻌﻤﻴﻘ ﺔ
أﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﺣﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺔ ﻟﻠﺰﻳﺖ وﺗﻮﺿﺢ اﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻣﺪى اﻷﺳﺘﻔﺎدة ﻣﻦ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪ ﻓﻰ ﺗﺤﺪﻳ ﺪ ﻣ ﺪى ﺣﺮآ ﺔ
.اﻟﻬﻴﺪروآﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎت وﻧﻮﻋﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ وﺿﻌﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﻧﺘﺎج
Resistivity data is normally used to evaluate water saturation using porosity values from porosity
logs (neutron and density). Determination of initial oil (gas) in place is based on hydrocarbon
saturation, porosity and thickness obtained from openhole logging data for a given drainage area.
It is important not only to determine the initial hydrocarbon in place, but also to define the
existing hydrocarbon moveability, indicating the recoverable hydrocarbon and its type. This paper
presents a new approach of hydrocarbon moveability factor (HCM). This factor is derived from
shallow and deep resistivity data. The relation F = a/φm is correct in water saturated zone. In
partially saturated zones this relation becomes invalid and it will give the apparent formation
resistivity factor (Fa). Based on this idea the hydrocarbon moveability factor (HCM) has been
derived. With scale goes from 0.0 to 1.0, it is found that for HCM less than 0.75, hydrocarbon is
moveable and for HCM greater than 0.75, the hydrocarbon is immoveable. When HCM is less
than 0.25, the moveable hydrocarbon is gas and for HCM greater than 0.25 and less than 0.75, the
moveable hydrocarbon is oil. Field examples have been analyzed with the HCM factor. These
field examples demonstrated the contribution of HCM in the field of hydrocarbon type
identification and determination of hydrocarbon moveability from openhole resistivity logging.
1
G.M. Hamda
fluids and mud pressure. Among fluid and rock Fs is an apparent formation resistivity factor, Rs
properties affecting the fluid invasion, fluid viscosity, shallow log reading in flushed zone and Rmf is mud
rock permeability and effective formation porosity are filtrate resistivity.
the most important factors [4-6].
2.4 Hydrocarbon Moveability
Normal invasion profile contains the flushed zone,
In water zones, it is found that F = Fs = Fd. This is
where the main saturating fluid is the mud filtrate and
based on the fact in water zone Rt may be considered
virgin zone where the main saturating fluid is the
equal to Ro, then F = Fd from Eq. 1. In the flushed
fluid(s) filling pore spaces; oil, gas and water.
zone there is no residual oil (Sxo = 100%), under this
In clean formation there is always residual oil in condition Fd equals to F from Eq. 2. In oil bearing
addition to free water in the flushed zone in clean formation, Fd and Fs values are greater than F value.
formation. In shaly formation there is bound water The oil is considered immoveable if the relative
effect. The volume of this bound water depends on distribution of oil, water has not been changed after
formation water chemical composition, clay minerals mud filtrate invasion, e.g. Sxo = Sw. This fluid
type and shale volume [7, 8]. saturation condition is expressed as Fd = Fs. In case of
hydrocarbon moveability, Sxo will be greater than Sw
2.1 Clean Formation e.g. Fd is greater than Fs factor. The degree of
In clean formation, water saturation, Sw and flushed hydrocarbon moveability is expressed by hydrocarbon
zone saturation, Sxo are determined from clean moveability factor (HCM) which equals to Sw / Sxo or
formation water saturation model, Archie formula. the ratio between Fs and Fd. The quantity of moveable
Water saturation, Sw is calculated as: hydrocarbon can be expressed per unit volume as the
difference between flushed zone saturation and water
Sw = (FRw / Rt) 0.5 (1) saturation (Sxo-Sw) and the recovery factor can take
Flushed zone saturation, Sxo is calculated as: the form of ratio between the moveable oil and initial
oil (1-Sw). It will take the form
Sxo = (FRmf / Rxo)0.5 (2)
RF = (Sxo - Sw) / (1-Sw) (6)
The determination of recovery factor from resitivity
logs makes use of shallow log reading in flushed zone Then
and deep log reading in virgin zone. If F = Fs = Fd, it is water section
2.2 Fully Saturated Formation If F < Fs and Fs = Fd, it is hydrocarbon section, but it
In case of fully water saturated formation, formation is immoveable
resistivity factor (F) is a rock property; relates rock If F < Fs and Fd > Fs, it is hydrocarbon section and it
electrical property to its porosity and cementation is moveable
factor. Formation resistivity factor is a rock property
and independent of saturating conditions. Using F values recovery factor (RF) defined in Eq. 6
can take the following form
For Sw = 100%
RF=[(1/Fd^0.5–1/Fs^0.5) / (1/Fd^0.5–1/F^0.5)] (7)
F = a / φm = Ro / Rw (3)
The ability of hydrocarbon to move from one point to
Ro is rock resistivity fully saturated with formation another can be identified by looking at flushed zone
water and formation water resistivity, Rw. In a given and virgin zones fluids saturation. Hydrocarbon
rock, this equation is correct provided that pore spaces movement ability can be defined using hydrocarbon
are fully saturated with water. moveability factor, (HCM).
2.3 Partially Saturated Formation Hydrocarbon mobility Factor (HCM) = (Fs/Fd)0.5 (8)
In case of partially saturated rock, the calculated The ratio (Fs/Fd) is good indicator of hydrocarbon
formation resistivity factor will change from the value moveability. This ratio goes from 0.0 to 1.0. From
if the section is 100% saturated with water. experience, it is found that if HCM is less than 0.75,
In virgin zone the hydrocarbon is moveable. When the value of HCM
is less than 0.25 the moveable hydrocarbon is either
Fd = Rd / Rw (4) gas or light hydrocarbon. In case of HCM value is
Fd is the apparent formation resistivity factor, Rd deep between 0.25 and less than 0.75, the moving
log reading and Rw is formation water resistivity. hydrocarbon is oil. When HCM is greater than or
equal to 0.75, the existing oil is immoveable. This
In flushed zone HCM factor is helpful to define the ability of
hydrocarbon movement, well productivity and the type
Fs = Rs/ Rmf (5)
of moveable hydrocarbon.
HCM
Figure 1. Log for immoveable oil in limestone reservoir (Example 1), Western Desert, Egypt.
HCM
Figure 2. Log for immoveable and moveable oil suctions in limestone reservoir (Example 2), Western Desert, Egypt.
hydrocarbon bearing. Hydrocarbon moveability factor moveable hydrocarbon. Recovery factor, RF, in track
(HCM) shown in track 8 is greater than 0.75, which 8 shows a good predictive recovery factor (range of
indicates that this hydrocarbon is immoveable. Well 0.23-0.47) with an average of 0.35. Well test of this
test of this hydrocarbon interval did not show oil and interval has shown oil section Well oil rate has
this confirmed the results of HCM factor. This increased from 150 BOPD to 600 BOPD after
hydrocarbon immaturity is explained by the fact that perforating this interval.
A/R F is the source rock in studied area. 3.4 Field Example 4
3.2 Field Example 2 This is a field example of sandstone reservoir Bahariya
This is another example of hydracarbon immoveability formation, Western Desert, Egypt, Fig. 4. Logging
in A/R F formation, Western desert, Egypt. Water data show that depth interval 3682-3693.5 is a
saturation values in track 6, Fig. 2 indicate that A/R hydrocarbon interval, track 7 shows Sw and Sxo
formation has oil section interval 2500-2515 m. HCM curves. Hydrocarbon moveability factor HCM shown
factor illustrated in track 5 m shows oil section is in track 8 was in the range of 0.3-0.42 with an average
moveable in the interval 2507-2515 ( HCM is the of 0.36. This low value indicates that either the
range of 0.58), while the interval 2500-2507 has hydrocarbon is light or there is gas associated with the
immoveable oil (HCM is greater than 0.80). Oil oil production. Well test of this interval has given 1.7-
immaturity in the upper interval and maturity in the 2 MMSCF/D of gas and oil rate of 650 BOPD. It is
lower interval indicates that this well was drilled in obvious that the prediction of HCM factor was
area where A/R F started to move from source rock confirmed by the test results.
formation to a producing formation. This conclusion
has been confirmed after drilling well in nearby area 3.5 Field Example 5
and A/R F formation was tested is oil producing. Figure 5 shows a field example from Western Desert,
Egypt. This well produces oil from two intervals;
3.3 Field Example 3 3552- 3557 has moderate permeability and porosity &
This example shows log data in a well producing 3566-3571 has higher porosity and permeability than
fromsandstone reservoir, lower section of the A/R G first interval, as shown in tracks 5 and 9. These
formation, in Western Desert, Egypt, Fig. 3. Flushed intervals are hydrocarbon bearing as depicted by Sw
saturation Sxo and water saturation Sw curves in track and Sxo curves in track 6. HCM curve in track 7
7 indicate hydrocarbon interval 3507-3512 m. Track 8 indicates that lower interval (Average HCM = 0.27), is
shows HCM factor values which are in the range of better than upper interval (Average HCM = 0.57).
0.39 and 0.60. This range indicates that this is Recovery factor in lower interval is about 0.48 and in
HCM
Figure 3. Log of moveable oil in sandstone reservoir (Example 3), Western Desert, Egypt.
HCM
Figure 4. Log of moveable oil in sandstone reservoir (Example 4), Western Desert, Egypt.
HCM
Figure 5. Log of moveable oil in sandstone reservoir (Example 5), Western Desert, Egypt.
HCM
1 0
Figure 6. Log of moveable gas in sandstone reservoir (Example 6), Western Desert, Egypt.