Dryer With Air Impinging Jets

Strip dryer with air impinging jets
Sheets References
1 Description Ref. List of references
2 Figures Ref. 1 [1] Chapter VII. Optimal Spatial Ar
3 Data and help variables Ref. 7 Spreadsheet-Aided Dryer Design
4 Table 1. Evaporation Ref. 8 Fans and Blowers
5 Table 2. Blower Ref. 9 Ashrae Fundamentals. Transitions
6 Vena contracta Ref.10 Best efficiency point (BEP)
7 Normal flow
8 Blower power
9 Binary diffusion & radiation data
10 Equations
11 X Steam
To see hidden sheets, right click on any tab and select Unhide. www.piping-tools.net
Select the sheet you want to see and press OK Carlos J. Cruz
cjcruz[at]piping-tools.net
er VII. Optimal Spatial Arranagements of Nozzles
heet-Aided Dryer Design
undamentals. Transitions
ciency point (BEP)
Rev. cjc. 13.01.2018
Return to index
Strip dryer with impinging jets
Use of the spreadsheet
1.- Enter the 12 input values required in sheet "3. Data"
2.- Enter an assumed value

Va_N
for the total air volume flow at the slots discharge (state N)
(Sheet "3. Data", Page 3 of 5, Cell E83)
3.- Iteration for this total air volume is done at the end of Table 1, activating the macro
Macro m_evap.
This macro adjust the volume flow rate entering into the slots "Va,N", to obtain the desired
evaporation rate., This flow rate has been initially assumed in sheet 3. Data, in cell E83.
When using Goal seek, this cell corresponds to the By_Changing cell.
The Set cell corresponds to the value Dmevap, and shall become equal to zero.
4.- Blower pressure

In Table 2, the blower pressure, Pblower, must be initially assumed (Cell D6).
Table 2, at the bottom of column with equation "Eq. 15", will show the calculated blower
pressure drop DP (Cell AH40).
The value of the assumed Blower pressure Pblower (Cell D6) shall be replaced by the
calculated value DP (Cell AH40) and iterated until both values are equal.
Description of the strip dryer
Description Mass transfer
As a part of the equipment of a continuous strip The mass transfer from the water film to the hot
galvanizing plant, it is required to include a dryer at impinging into the moving strip, is a function of
the end of the process. (Data in sheet 3. Data) convection mass transfer coefficient "hm" and of
acting driving forces.
The strip is running at a velocity "vstrip (m/s)" and due
to previous processes, it carries a water film on each These driving forces depend on the difference b
side of its surface that has been estimated to be of the water vapor densities of the saturated wate
the order of "nw (g/m²)", ± 10%. at the existing temperature and of the water vap
density in the hot air impinging into the strip.
The drying process is performed in a steam dryer with
impinging air jets, whose length is determined by the Mass flow rate
available space in the plant. Specific mass flow rate n" [kg/(s*m²)]
The water film enters the dryer at a temperature "tw_in" n" = hm * (rvap_sat - rvap_P)
and the air is heated in a steam heat exchanger and
enters in the dryer at a temperature "tC". with
hm : Convection mass transfer coefficient
A schema of the dryer is shown in Figure 1 and a
schema of the slots configuration is shown in Figure 2 rvap_sat : Density of saturated water vapor at t
(sheet 2.- Figures). considered point in the strip, state sa
The calculation of the heat and mass transfer
mechanisms and the dimensioning is performed rvap_P : Density of water vapor in hot air inpin
according Holger [1] into the strip, state P
Input data required
1 Dryer length Ldryer

2 Number of strip elements used Nelem
3 Temperature of inlet water tw_in
4 Drying requirements (per side) mw_in
5 Strip velocity vstrip
6 Air and wall temperatures ta
7a Ambient temperature tamb
7b Ambient humidity famb
7c Height above sea level H
8 Slot width B
9 Slot length Ls
10 Steel density rst
11 Steel strip thickness sst
12 Steel specific heat cp_st
Explanation for Table 1.- Evapotation rate and strip temperature

Each row in Table 1 starts with the strip element temperature "t" at the begining of a time t and ends with the te
Table description
Strip temperature t Data
Film temperature tf Eq. 6
Air properties ka Eq. 7 Pra Eq. 8 na
Water properties DAB Eq. 10 cp Eq. 11 hlg
Dimensionless numbers Re Eq. 15 Nu Eq. 16 Sc
Mass and heat transfer coefficients hm Eq. 20 hc Eq. 21 hr
Specific evap. rate n'' Eq. 24
Specific evapotarion mevap Eq. 25
Specific mass mw Eq. 26
Temperature increment Dt Eq. 27
Final temperature tnew Eq. 28
At the end of Table 1 (cell Z40), the obtained evaporation rate is shown To obtain the required ev
mevap_obtained = #VALUE! g/m² adjusted using the "m_
The required evaporation rate is

mevap_required = 4.00 g/m²
Expalanation for Table 2. Blower. Calculation table with nodes according Figure 3 (sheee
Each row in Table 2 starts with the pressure "p in" at the entrance of the fitting and ends with th
Description
Inlet pressure Pin Pa Relative rugosity
Fluid temperature t ºC Reynolds number
T K Friction factor
Normal flow rate Qnorm Nm3/h Friction pressure loss
Actual flow rate Qact m /s
3
Eq. 1 Total singular coeffici
Denssity r kg/m3 Eq.2 Singular pressure loss
Nominal pipe diameter dn in Kinematic press. chan
Inside diameter di m Eq. 3 Total pressure drop
Length of equivalent square a m Eq. 4 Outlet pressure
Pipe length L m Outlet pressure (g)
Pipe section area A m²
Velocity v m/s
Kinematic pressure hv Pa Eq. 5
Absolute viscosity m Pa s Eq. 6
Kinematic viscosity n= m²/s Eq. 7
Results
Results for the array of slots Results for the blower

Number of slots N= 56 The blower shall be able to deliver
Flow rate entering a slot Vin_slot = #VALUE! m³/s a volume flow rate at the
Vin_slot = 0.149 Nm³/s conditions of the slot inlet
Slot intlet pressure Pin_slot = #VALUE! Pa Va = N * Vin_slot
Temperature at the slot tin_slot = 150 ºC Va = #VALUE!
Slot outlet pressure Pslot_ut = #VALUE! Pa Va = 8.34
The blower pressure required is
DP = #VALUE!
DP = #VALUE!
Blower inlet pressure (node A)

PA = Patm
PA = 94,890
Blower discharge pressure (Node B)
PB = 97,840
Pressure ratio
r= PB / P A
r= 1.031
Return to index Rev. cjc. 13.01.2018
5.- Pressure PN at slots inlet 6.- Vlower results

The pressure at slot inlet PN must be Blower normal flow rate
assumed initially in (from Table 2 cell D12)
sheet "7. Normal flow", Cell D10. VN = 8.34 Nm³/s
When Table 2 has been calculated, Blower pressure

the assumed PN value in sheet 7 (from Table 2 cell D6)
must be replaced by the pressure Pblower = 2950
obtained in Table 2, Column "Pin",
Row "Slot" (Cell E35)
An iteration may be required to

obtain that both pressures are
equal.
Return to index
Calculation method
m the water film to the hot air For the calculation is considered a strip
oving strip, is a function of the element of length Dx that is traveling
sfer coefficient "hm" and of the along the dryer.
After a given residence time, the element

depend on the difference between is at a distance x from the dryer inlet.
sities of the saturated water film During a residence interval dt, the element
ature and of the water vapor will interchange heat with the ambient and
impinging into the strip. walls and some of its water will be evaporated.
During this residence time interval dt, its

e n" [kg/(s*m²)] temperature will be increaed in a value Dt.
[ Kg / (s*m²) ]
n mass transfer coefficient

[m/s] Note
saturated water vapor at the Reference [7] shows the treatment of a similar case. It is a
d point in the strip, state sat. more structured approach but it is applied in less detail. It
[kg/m³] has the great advantage of being presented by authors that
water vapor in hot air inpinging are recognized in the drying area. But it is a pdf document.
[kg/m³]
me t and ends with the temperature at the end of the time interval "t new"
Eq. 9
Eq. 12 vvap_sat_P Eq. 13 rvap_sat_P Eq. 14
Eq. 17 Le Eq. 18 Sh Eq. 19
Eq. 22 hrc Eq. 23
To obtain the required evaporation rate, the volume flow rate is

adjusted using the "m_evap iteration macro"
rding Figure 3 (sheeet 2.- Figures)
ting and ends with the pressure at the outlet of the fitting "p out"
Rrel - Eq. 8 At the end of Table 2, Cell AH40, the resulting total pressure
Re - Eq. 9 loss is shown DP = #VALUE! Pa
f Eq. 10
DPf Pa Eq. 11 This value shall replace the on top of the table assumed value
Ksing - Calc. 12 Blower pressure Pblower = 2,950 Pa
DPs Pa Eq. 13
DPk Pa Eq. 14 Some iterations may be required to finally obtain that both
DP Pa Eq. 15 cells have the same value.
Pout Pa Eq. 16
Pout Pa(g) Once the iteration is finished, the value of the pressure at slot
exit "PN" (row "Slot", column "Pout" ), Cell AI35, shall be
transfered to sheet 7, as the value of the pressure P N.
Blower pressure Pblower = 2,950 Pa(g)
for the blower Height above sea level H= 550.0 m.a.s.l.

r shall be able to deliver Local atmospheric pressure Patm = 94,890 Pa
low rate at the PA = Patm
of the slot inlet PA = 94,890 Pa
m³/s Blower gauge pressure Pblower = ### Pa(g)

Nm³/s
r pressure required is Blower discharge pressure PB = PA + Pblower
Pa(g) PA = 94,890 Pa
mm WC Pblower = ### Pa(g)
PB = 97,840 Pa
et pressure (node A)
Pa
charge pressure (Node B)
Pa
-
Rev. cjc. 13.01.2018
Page 1 of 6
Page 2 of 6
Page 3 of 6
Page 4 of 6
Page 5 of 6
Page 6 of 6
Steam
B C
Heat exchanger
State "A"
Condensate
Blower
Plenum
Film of saturated water vapor at equilibrium tempe

<-------- Galvanized steel strip moving at velocity "
Film of saturated water vapor at equilibrium tempe
Plenum
Figure 1. Scheme of strip dryer
Strip
Lateral view of the dryer
Lc
tamb
ta
Strip tc
Wc tw_in
Figure 2. Scheme of slots configuration
Figure 3. Dryer nodes
B C D E F
A
Heat exchanger
Blower
After the impingement (node P), the air flow turns in 90º
and flows in a direction perpendicular to the strip.
This part is estimated as a rectangular elbow OP.
Air flows parallel to th slot from impingement point P
to both sides of the slot, at points Q. Duct PQ.
The air is collected on both sides of the dryer (node Q) ,

and flows in a direction parallel to the strip.
This part is estimated as a square elbow, QR.
Return to index
Steam
Condensate
M
N
O
P
d water vapor at equilibrium temperature
nized steel strip moving at velocity "v strip" <-------
d water vapor at equilibrium temperature
P
O
N
Lt
FA
H
B
Strip
e of slots configuration
J K
L
I
M
Plenum
N
H O O
F G P Direction of strip movement
Q P Q
H O
N
Plenum
M
I L N: Slot inlet
O: Slot exit
J K P: Jet impingement
From the node R, the air flows either forward to the end of the dryer or backward
to the dryer inlet. This two nodes are designed as S and the duct RS is a
rectangular duct.
At both ends of the dryer the air turns in 90º in a rectangular elbow ST and is
discharged vertically at nodes T (four nodes).
After the impingement, node P, the flow rates are variable in each duct and
the pressure loss are just best estimates. Since the velocities are very low,
the error is not of signification.
Rev. cjc. 13.01.2018
Page 1 of 3
Page 2 of 3
Ls
Ls
Page 3 of 3
Description Node Node
Blower A B
Pipe B C
Heat exchanger C D
Pipe D E
Trans. diff. round-rectg (4.7) E F
Square duct F G
n of strip movement Sym. Wye rectg. (6.33) G H
Square duct H I
Square elbow 90° I J
Square duct J K
Square elbow 90° K L
Square duct L M
Plenum M N
Slot N O
Discharge plenum O P
Rectangular elbow 90° P Q
Rectangular elbow 90° Q R
Rectangular duct R S
Rectangular elbow 90° S T
Data and help variables
6. Air and wall temperatures
1. Dryer length ta = 150 ºC
Ldryer = 4 m Ta = 423.15 K
2. Number of strip elements Radiation view factor (sheet 9)

used for the calculation F= 1
Nelem = 25 -
Emissivity of water surface
Length of strip element (sheet 9)
Dx = Ldryer / Nelem ew = 0.96
Dx = 0.16 m
7. Local data
3. Temperature of inlet water film tamb = 10 ºC
tw_in = 35 ºC famb = 40 %
Hasl = 550 m.a.s.l.
4. Drying requirements (per side)
(also, initial specific mass) Local atmospheric pressure
mw_in = 4 [g/m²] p = 101,325* (1 -2,25577E-5 * H)^5,25588
mw_in = 0.004 [kg/m²] Hasl = 550 m.a.s.l.

patm = 95 kPa
5. Strip velocity patm = 94,890 Pa
vstrip = 5 m/s
8. Slot width
Residence time B= 10 mm
tresid = Ldryer / vstrip B= 0.01 m
tresid = 0.8 s
Geometric dimensions of the dryer
Optimal dimensions according [1], Optimal ratio Lt to H

Chapter VII. Optimal Spatial (Lt/H)opt = 1.4 [1] (7.18)
Arranagements of Nozzles Lt: distance between slots
(See also sheet Ref. 1)
Distance between slots
Doble slot width (definition) Lt = 1.4* H Eq. 2
S= 2 *B H= 100 mm
B= 10 mm Lt = 140 mm
S= 20 mm Lt = 0.14 m
S= 0.02 m
Relative nozzle area
Optimal ratio S to H f= B / Lt Eq. 3
(S/H)opt = 0.2 [1] (7.17) B= 10 mm
H= 5* S Lt = 140 mm
H: distance from slot exit to strip f= 0.0714 -
Ratio H/S Help variable fo Eq. 4

H/S = 1 / (S/H)opt Eq. 1 fo = ( 60 + 4 * ( (H/S) -2 )^2 )^(-1/2)
(S/H)opt = 0.2 mm H/S = 5
H/S = 5 - fo = 0.102 -
(see Note 2)
Distance nozzle strip
H= 5* S
S= 20 mm
H= 100 m
Total air flow rate Pressure at impingement on

Total air volume flow rate at slots the strip. Approx. value from
discharge (state N) '5. Table 2. Blower'!E36
pP = #VALUE! Pa
This value is initially assumed
and finally adjusted to match the Film temperture Eq. 6
calculated value obtained at the tf = ( ta + t) / 2
end of Table 1.
The ajustement is done by means Air conductivity Eq. 7
of Solver. ka = AirConductivity_t
The initially assumed value (and
later the adjustedvalue) is Air Prandtl Eq. 8
Va_N = 13.75 m³/s Pra = AirPrandtl_t
Slot volume flow rate Ait kinematic viscosity Eq. 9

V s= Va_N / Ns na = AirKinematicViscosity_t
Va_N= 13.75 m³/s
Ns = 56 - Binary difussivity of water in air [4],
Vs = 0.246 m³/s page 777 (sheet 9) Eq. 10
DAB = DAB_o*(T/To)^1.5*(p/po)
Average velocity at the vena DAB = 2.60E-05 m²/s
contracta (sheet 6, page 2) To = 298 K
vslot = 1.637 * Vs / Aslot po = 101,325 Pa
Vs = 0.246 m³/s and T and p at film conditions
Aslot= 0.018 m² T= Tf
vslot = 21.96 m/s p= pP
Absolute humidity of ambient air Steel properties

in state (A)
tamb = 10 °C 10. Steel density
famb = 40 % rst = 7800 kg/m³
H= 550 m.a.s.l.
xA = Sicro_Absolute_Humidity_tdb_f_H 11. Steel strip thickness
xA = #VALUE! kg/kg sst = 0.3 mm
sst = 0.0003 m
Absolute humidity in state P
xP = xA 12. Specific heat of steel
xA = #VALUE! kg/kg cp_st = 452 J/(kg*K)
xP = #VALUE! kg/kg
Time interval
Air impinging into the strip at Time intervall, required in (Eq. 25)
tP = ta and used in sheet 4
ta = 150 ºC
tP = 150 ºC tinterval = tresid / Nelem
pP = #VALUE! Pa tresid = 0.8 s
Nelem = 25
Let the dry air partial pressure tinterval = 0.032 s
pda_P = pP
pda_P = #VALUE! Pa
Stephan-Boltzman constant Dt : temperature increment of a strip ele

s= 5.67E-08 W(/m²*K4) a time interval Dt = D
hrc : combined radiation convection coe
General gas constant and walls at the temperature of "node O
Rg = 8314 .J/(kmol*K) surface at temperature tw
DtO-tw : Temperature differetial between
Air molecular mass temperature of node O, and the tepera
Mair = 28.97 kg/kmol position inside the dryer.
n" :specific evaporation rate [kg / (s * m
Air constant hfg : vaporization enthalpy [J/kg]
Rair = 286.99 J/(kg*K) Dx : length of strip element [m]
Kelvin rst : density of steel [kg / m³]

K= 273.15 K sst / 2 : half thickness of the steel strip [
cp_st : specific heat at constant pressure o
Acceleration of gravity mw_t : specific water mass at a time
g= 9.80665 m/s cp_w : specific heat at constant pressure o
vstrip : strip velocity [m / s]
Return to index
9. Slot length
Ls = 1830 mm
Ls = 1.83 m
Steel properties
10. Steel density

rst = 7800 kg/m³
11. Strip steel thickness

sst = 0.3 mm
12. Specific heat of steel

cp_st = 452 J/(kg*K)
B: slot width
H: distance from slot exit to strip
Note
Some equations are deducted in
sheet 10.
Number of slots " Ns" on both Total area of the Ns slots

sides of the dryer Astot = Aslot*Ns
Ldryer = Lt * (Ns/2) Aslot= 0.018 m²
2
Ns/2 = Ldryer / Lt Ns = 56 -
Nu|ASN = ⋅Pr 0
Ldryer = 4 m Astot = 1.025 m² 3
Lt = 0.14 m
Ns/2 = 28.57 Slot discharge coefficient CD
(Annex 6, cell J30) with
[ (
To have an integer number, let CD = 0.61 -
H
f o = 60+4⋅
S
Range of validi
with
Ns/2 =
Ns =
28
(Ns/2) * 2
-
Hydraulic diameter [ (
f o = 60+4⋅
H
S
Ns = 56 - dh = S Eq. 5 Range of validi
dh = 0.02 m
1500 ≤Re ≤4
Slot surface area (geometrical)
Aslot= Ls*B
0. 008≤ f ≤ 2 .
Ls = 1.83 m H
1≤ ≤ 40
B= 0.01 m S
Aslot= 0.018 m²
with Ls: slot length
Note 1
Reference [1] can be found in a pdf in
www.piping-tools.net, as
Dryer with air impinging jets_Ref_1.pdf
Specific heat Eq. 11 Dimensionless numbers

cp = 1000* CpL_t(t) Reynolds Eq. 15
Re = vslot * dh / na
Vaporization heat Eq. 12
hlg = 1000*hfg_t(t) Nusselt number Eq. 16
See Note 1
Sat. water specific vol. Eq. 13 Nu =(2/3) * Pra^0.42*fo^(3/4) * ( ( 2* Re)
vvap_sat_E= vV_t(t) / ( f/fo +fo/f ) )^(2/3)
Saturated water density Eq. 14 Schmidt number Eq. 17

rvap_sat_P = rhoV_t(t) Sc = na / Dab
Lewis number Eq. 18

Le = Sc / Pr
Sherwood number Eq. 19

Sh = Nu * Le^0.46
Note 1
( )
3 2
2 2⋅Re
Nu|ASN = ⋅Pr 0 .42⋅f 4o ⋅ 3 [1], (4 .22)
3 f fo
+
fo f
with
[ ( )]
2 −1
H
f o = 60+4⋅ −2 2
S
Range of validity
1500 ≤Re ≤40,000
0.008≤ f ≤ 2.5⋅f o
H
1≤ ≤ 40
with
( )+
fo f
o
[ ( )]
2 −1
H
f o = 60+4⋅ −2 2
S
Range of validity
1500 ≤Re ≤40,000
0.008≤ f ≤ 2.5⋅f o
H
1≤ ≤ 40
S
Density of dry air in state "P" Specific mass (Eq. 26)

p da mw = mw_previous - mevap
ρda = D
D
R air⋅T D
Mass of water remaining on a
rda_P = pda_P / (Rair * TP) strip surface element (in a certain
pda_P= #VALUE! Pa position in the strip), during its
Rair = 287.0 J/(kg*K) travel in the dryer.
TP = 423.15 K mw = existing mass in previous
rda_P = #VALUE! kg/m³ step minus the evaporation in the
actual step [kg/m²].
Density of water vapor in state "P"
rvap_P = xP * rda_P Temperature change. For the derivation of (Eq. 27), see sheet 10
xP = #VALUE! Kg w / Kg as
rda_P = #VALUE! kg/m³ ( h rc⋅Δt O-tw −n ''⋅hfg )⋅dx

Δt= ( Eq .
( s
)
rvap_P = #VALUE! kg/m³
This density is a constant value ρst⋅ st⋅ c p_st + m w_ τ⋅ cp_w ⋅v strip
2
required in (Eq. 24)
Specific evaporation rate (Eq. 24)

n'' = hm * (rvapt_sat_E - rvap_P) Dt = (( hrc * DtO-tw - n'' * hlg ) * Dx) / ( ( rst * (sst/2) * cp_st
[kg/s*m²]
(from sheet 10)
Specific evaporation (Eq. 25) New temperature

mevap = n''ave * tinterval [kg/m²] The new temperature is the initial temperature minus the drop in
temperature duting the time interval
tnew = t + Dt
erature increment of a strip element of length Dx during

erval Dt = Dx / vstrip
bined radiation convection coefficient betwen an ambient
s at the temperature of "node O" and water on the strip
t temperature tw
emperature differetial between the ambient and walls at
ure of node O, and the teperature of the water "tw" at his
nside the dryer.
c evaporation rate [kg / (s * m²) ]
rization enthalpy [J/kg]
h of strip element [m]
ty of steel [kg / m³]

lf thickness of the steel strip [m]
cific heat at constant pressure of the steel [J / (kg*K)]
ecific water mass at a time t, [kg/m²]
ific heat at constant pressure of water [J / (kg*K)]
velocity [m / s]
Rev. cjc. 13.01.2018
Page 1 of 5
Page 2 of 5
Note 2
( )
3 2
2 2⋅Re
Nu|ASN = ⋅Pr 0 .42⋅f 4o⋅ 3 [1 ], (4 .22)
3 f fo
+
fo f
with
[ ( )]
2 −1
H 2
f o= 60+4⋅ −2
S
Range of validity
with
( ) +
fo f
[ ( )]
2 −1
H
f o= 60+4⋅ −2 2
S
Range of validity
1500 ≤Re ≤40,000
0. 008≤ f ≤ 2 . 5⋅f o
H
1≤ ≤ 40
S
Page 3 of 5
Mass transfer coefficients

hm [m/s] Eq. 20
hm = Sh * Dab / dh
Heat transfer coefficients

h [w / (m² * K) ]
Convection coefficient Eq. 21
hc = Nu * ka /Dh
The radiation coefficient is Eq. 22

hr = qr / (ta - t)
hr = F *s * ew * (Ta^4 - T^4) / (ta - t)
Combined radiation convection

coefficient Eq. 23
hrc = hr + h c
Specific evaporation Eq. 24

n'' = hm * (rvap_sat - rvap_P)
[kg/(s*m²)]
Page 4 of 5
27), see sheet 10
x
( Eq . 27 )
⋅v strip
Eq. 27
* (sst/2) * cp_st + mw-t * cp_w )* vstrip )
inus the drop in
Eq. 28
Page 5 of 5
Strip
Element Location Temperature Film temperature Air properties
i x t T tf Tf ka Pra na
= Dx * i = tnew(i-1) Eq. 6 Eq. 7 Eq. 8 Eq. 9
- m ºC K ºC K W/(m*K) - m²/s
1 0.16 35 308.2 92.5 365.7 #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
2 0.32 #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
Dx = 0.16 m
tnew(i=1) = tw_in Macro m_evap.
tw_in = 35 ºC This macro adjust the volume flow rate enterin
tnew(i=1) = 35 ºC evaporation rate., This flow rate has been initia
When using Goal seek, this cell corresponds t
The Set cell correspond to the value
The volume flow rate entering into the slots is

Va,N = 13.75 m³/s
ByChangingCell '3. Data '!E83
Using Solver to obtain that the evaporation
rate is equal to the required value.
Define cell P46
With value 0
By changing the cell E81
Data for Table 1

Temperature of inlet water Binary difussivity of water in air
tw_in = 35 ºC DAB = 2.60E-05 m²/s
Air and walls temperature To = 2.98E+02 K
ta = 150 ºC po = 1.01E+05 Pa
Pressure at impingement Hydraulic diameter

pP = #VALUE! Pa dh = 0.02 m
Average velocity at the vena c. Help variable fo
vslot = 21.96 m/s fo = 0.102 -
Return to index
Table 1.- Evaporation rate and strip temperature
Water properties Dimensionless numbers

DAB cp hlg vvap_sat_t rvap_sat_t Re Nu Sc Le Sh
Eq. 10 Eq. 11 Eq. 12 Eq. 13 Eq. 14 Eq. 15 Eq. 16 Eq. 17 Eq. 18 Eq. 19
m²/s J/(kg*K) J/kg m³/kg kg/m³ - - - -
#VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! ### ### #VALUE! ###
volume flow rate entering into the slots "V a", to obtain the desired
s flow rate has been initially assumed in sheet 3. Data, in cell E83.
k, this cell corresponds to the By_Changing cell.
nd to the value Dmevap, and shall become equal to zero.
entering into the slots is Comparison between the obtained evaporation

and the required value
mevap_obtained = #VALUE! g/m²
that the evaporation mevap_req = 4.00 g/m²
quired value. Dmevap = mevap_obtained - mevap_req
Dmevap = #VALUE!
#VALUE!
in sheet 3
Relative nozzle area Emissivity of water surface Steel strip thickness
f= 0.0714 - ew = 0.96 sst = 0.0003 m
Radiation view factor Air and wall temperatures Specific heat of steel
F= 1 Ta = 423.15 K cp_str = 452 J/(kg*K)
Air and wall temperatures Length of strip element Drying requirements (per side)
ta = 150 ºC Dx = 0.16 m mw_in = 0.004 [kg/m²]
Density of water vapor in state "P Steel density Strip velocity
rvap_P = #VALUE! kg/m³ rst = 7800 kg/m³ vstrip = 5 m/s
Rev. cjc. 13.01.2018
Specific Specific Specific Temperature Final

Mass and heat transfer coefficients evap. rate evapotarion mass increment temperature
hm hc hr hrc n'' mevap mw Dt tnew
Eq. 20 Eq. 21 Eq. 22 Eq. 23 Eq. 24 Eq. 25 Eq. 26 Eq. 27 Eq. 28
m/s W/(m²*K) W/(m²*K) W/(m²*K) [kg/(s*m²)] [kg/m²] [kg/m²] K ºC
#VALUE! #VALUE! 10.9 #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
n''ave = #VALUE! kg/(s*m²)
Specific evaporation
mevap = n''ave / t
n''ave = #VALUE! kg/(s*m²)
t= 0.8 s
mevap_obtained = #VALUE! kg/m²
mevap_obtained = #VALUE! g/m²
Residence time
tresid = 0.8 s
Number of elemnts
Nelem = 25 -
Blower air line (The numbering of equations is valid only for Table 2)
Height above sea level H= 550.0 m.a.s.l. Air constant

Local atmosph. press Eq. 0 Patm = 94,890 Pa R= 286.99 J/(kg*K)
Blower pressure (Note 1) Pblower = 2950 Pa(g) Local atm. pressure patm Eq. 0
(value initially assumed and Patm = 101.325* (1 -0.0000225577 * E4)^5.25588
adjusted at the end of calc.) PB = Patm + Pblower Actual flow rate at state B
Blower discharge pressure PB = 97,840 Pa (blower exit) Eq. 1
Blower discharge temperature tB = 10.00 ºC Qact_B = (Pn/P) * (T/Tn) * Qn
TB = 283.15 K Pn = 101325 Pa
Normal flow rate Qn 8.34 Nm³/s Tn = 273 K
Carbon steel pipe PB = 97,840 Pa
Schedule Sch = STD TB = 283.2 K
Absolute rugosity Rabs = 0.1 mm Qn 8.34 Nm³/s
Rabs = 0.0001 m Qact_B = 8.954 m³/s
Note 1. This blower pressure must be initally assumed. When the calculated pressure drop (sum of pressure drops of colu
Table 2. Calculation t
Pin t T Qnorm
Description Node Node Pa ºC K Nm3/s
Pipe B C 97,840 14 287 8.34
Heat exchanger C D #VALUE! 150 423 8.34
Pipe D E #VALUE! 150 423 8.34
Trans. diff. round-rectg (4.7) E F #VALUE! 150 423 8.34
Square duct F G #VALUE! 150 423 8.34
Sym. Wye rectg. (6.33) G H #VALUE! 150 423 8.34
Square duct H I #VALUE! 150 423 4.17
Square elbow 90° I J #VALUE! 150 423 4.17
Square duct J K #VALUE! 150 423 4.17
Square elbow 90° K L #VALUE! 150 423 4.17
Square duct L M #VALUE! 150 423 4.17
Disch. in plenum (above slots) M N #VALUE! 150 423 4.17
Slot (1) N O #VALUE! 150 423 0.149
Rectangular elbow 90° (2) O P #VALUE! 150 423 2.09
Rectangular duct (3) P Q #VALUE! 150 423 1.04
Rectangular elbow 90° (2) Q R #VALUE! 150 423 1.04
Rectangular duct (3) R S #VALUE! 150 423 1.04
(1) The flow through one slot is Qn,slot = (Qn/2) / (Ns/2) (3) The air travels from its point of impingeme
Qn = 8.34 Nm³/s the nearest end of the slot (points Q)
Ns = 56 This part is estimated as a rectangular duct P
Qn,slot = 0.149 Nm³/s
Velocity at the slot vs = 21.96 m/s The flow rate varies from 0 to Q/4. Calculatio
assuming an average value
(2) After the impingement, the air turns 90º and flows QPQ = (1/2) * (Qn / 4)
parallel to the slot, to both ends of the slot. Qn = 8.34
This part is estimated as a rectangular elbow OP. QPQ = 1.04
The flow rate to each side is The pressure loss corresponds to the one of
QOP = Qn / 4 duct with a section Ldryer * H and a length Ls / 2
Qn = 8.34 Nm³/s APQ = Ldryer * H
QOP = 2.09 Nm³/s Ldryer = 4
Flow area H= 0.1
AOP = Ldryer * H APQ = 0.4
Ldryer = 4.00 m Length
H= 0.10 m² Ls / 2 = 0.915
AOP = 0.40 m²
Do not delete this rows. They contain data

Carbon steel pipes
dn Sc -
in
1/2 5
3/4 10
1 20
1 1/2 30
2 40
3 60
4 80
5 100
6 120
8 140
10 160
12 STD
14 XS
16 XXS
18 6.35
20 7.14
22 7.92
24 8.74
26 9.53
28 10.31
30 11.13
32 11.91
34 12.7
36 14.27
38 15.88
40 16.66
42 17.48
44 19.05
46 22.23
48 25.4
54
60
66
72
78
84
90
96
102
108
120
144
Return to index
Air density Relative rugosity Singular pressure drop

r= P / (R * T) Eq. 2 Rrel = Rabs / d Eq. 8 DPs = Ksing * hv
Pipe inside diameter Reynolds number or an input value
di = Pipe_Imp_CS_Dint_Dn_SCH Eq. 3 Re = v*d/n Eq. 9 DPk: Kinematic press. change
Side of equivalent square duct side Friction factor Total pressure drop
a= di /2*(p)^0.5 Eq. 4 f= Pipe_Friction_Factor_Rrel_Re Eq. 10 DP = DPf+DPs +D
Kinematic pressure Friction pressure loss Outlet pressure
hv = (r/2) * v^2 [Pa] Eq. 5 DPf = f * (L/d) * hv Eq. 11 Pout = Pin - DP
Absolute viscosity DPf = f * (L/a) * hv Average velocity at the vena contracta.
m= AirAbsoluteViscosity_t Eq. 6 vslot = 1.637 * Vs / Aslot
Kinematic viscosity Singular coefficient calculated as Vs = 0.2455
n= m /r Eq. 7 SUMPRODUCTO(range_A*range_B) Aslot= 0.0183
or an input value (See note A [12] vslot = 21.96
op (sum of pressure drops of column "Eq. 15"), is avalable, an iteration must be made to obtain: P blower Pa(g) = DP
Table 2. Calculation table with nodes according Figure 3 (sheeet 2.- Figures)
Eq. 1 Eq.2 nom. dia. Eq. 3 Eq. 4 Length Area velocity Eq. 5 Eq. 6
Qact r dn di a L A v hv m
m /s
3
kg/m 3
in m m m m² m/s Pa Pa s
9.1 1.19 36 #VALUE! 1.5 #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE! 0.0
#VALUE! #VALUE! 42 #VALUE! 1.5 #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE! 42 #VALUE! ### 1.5 #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE! 30 #VALUE! 10.0 #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE! 0.018 21.96 #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE! 0.00 0.0 0.400 #VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE! 0.00 0.9 0.400 #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE! 0.00 0.0 0.400 #VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE! 0.00 2.0 0.400 #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
travels from its point of impingement to Length of the duct LRS

end of the slot (points Q) LRS = 2 m Reynolds number
estimated as a rectangular duct PQ.. Re = v*d/n
Hydraulid diameter v= #VALUE!
te varies from 0 to Q/4. Calculation is made dh = 4 A / Per dh = 0.182
an average value dh = 4 * a * b / (2 * (a+b) ) n= #VALUE!
(1/2) * (Qn / 4) dh = 2 * a * b / (a+b) Re = #VALUE!
Nm³/s dh = 2 * Ldryer * H / (Ldryer+H)
Nm³/s dh = 0.182 m
re loss corresponds to the one of a Relative rugosity
section Ldryer * H and a length Ls / 2 Rrel = Rabs / dh
Rabs = 0.0001 m
m dh = 0.182 m
m Rrel = 0.00055 -
m²
m
Rev. cjc. 13.01.2018 Unhide columns to see singular pressure
drop coefficients / Hide columns.
pressure drop Temperature after blower Note A

Eq.13 (sheet 8) Singular presure loss coefficients
tB = 13.9 ºC Columns X to AD in Table 2 are not
matic press. change Eq.14 Pressure Ratio used in this application.
Pr pout / pin
DPf+DPs +DPk Eq. 15 pout = 97,840
pin = 94889.87
Eq. 16 Pr = 1.03
velocity at the vena contracta.
1.637 * Vs / Aslot (sheet 6) In Table 2, the blower pressure must be initially assumed
m³/s (Cell D6)
m² Table 2, at the bottom of column with equation "Eq. 15) will show the calculated blower press
m/s The value of the assumed Blower pressure Pblower (Cell D6) shall replaced by the claculated va
and iterated until both values are equal.
Rev. cjc. 13.01.2018
Eq. 7 Eq. 8 Eq. 9 Eq. 10 Eq. 11 [12] Eq. 13 Eq. 14 Eq. 15 Eq. 16
n Rrel Re f DPf Ksing DPs DPk DP Pout Pout
m²/s - - - Pa Pa Pa Pa Pa Pa(g)
#VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! ### 0.0 #VALUE! 0 ### #VALUE! ###
0.0 2068 2068 #VALUE! ###
#VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! ### 0.0 #VALUE! ### #VALUE! ###
#VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! ### 1.2 #VALUE! 0 ### #VALUE! ###
0.0 1.0 #VALUE! ### #VALUE! ###
0.0 #VALUE! ### #VALUE! ###
1.1 #VALUE! ### ### #VALUE! ###
#VALUE! 0.0006 #VALUE! #VALUE! ### ### #VALUE! ###
0.0 #VALUE! ### ### #VALUE! ###
#VALUE! 0.0006 #VALUE! #VALUE! ### ### ### #VALUE! ###
DP = ### Pa(g)
Slot inlet pressure (Plenum)

Pslot_out = ### Pa
Input manually this pressure as the
pressure PN in sheet 7
Eq. 9
m/s
m
m²/s
Singular pressure coefficients Ksing or singular pressure loss
C-D Heat exchanger pressure loss

(Manufacturer data)
DPCD= 0.3 psi
DPCD= 2,068 Pa
E-F [9] page 36.61. SR4-3 Transition, Round to rectangular

Ao / A1 = 2 -
q= 30 º
Co = 1.2
G-H [9] page 35.64. SR5-14 Wye, Symmetrical, Dovetail,

e calculated blower pressure drop DP (Cell AH40) Qb / Qc = 0.5, Diverging
placed by the claculated value (Cell AH40) Ab / Ac = 0.5 -
Co = 0.3 -
I-J [9] page 35.52. CR3-6 Square elbow mitered

K-L q= 90 º
O-P H/W= 2 -
Co = 1.18 -
B-C Pipe
C-D Heat exchanger M-N Discharge into plenum.
D_E Pipe Velocity decreases to approx. zero
E-F Transition, Round to rectangular Ksing = 1
F-G Square duct
G-H Wye, Symmetrical N-O Slot pressure loss
H-I Square duct (from sheet 6)
I-J Square elbow 90° DPN= #VALUE! Pa
J-K Square duct
K-L Square elbow 90° O-P [9] page 35.52. CR3-6 Rectangular elbow mitered
L-M Square duct q= 90 º
M-N Disch. in plenum (above slots) H/W= 2 -
N-O Slot Co = 1.07 -
O-P Rectangular elbow 90°
P-Q Rectangular duct
Q-R Rectangular elbow 90°
R-S Rectangular duct and exit
ar pressure loss DPs
Round to rectangular
mmetrical, Dovetail,
bow mitered
ar elbow mitered
Coefficients of velocity and contraction
Coefficient of velocity C v and The ratio between the averag

the ideal velocity is called ve
coefficient of contraction C c v
C v=
vi
In Figure 1, is shown that the flow The coefficient of velocity is
becomes parallel from the vena contracta between 0.95 and 0.99.
and downwards . The ration between the area
The velocity profile of the vena contracta A vc and the geometrical are
section shows that the average velocity v contraction coefficient C c
has a value sligthy smaller than the value A vc
Cc =
corresponding to the ideal velocity v i . Ao
This ideal velocity or Torrivelli velocity is For a sharp-edged, or circula
π
v i =√ 2⋅g⋅h Cc = =0.611
π+2
CD =
Microsoft Editor de
ecuaciones 3.0
https://mysite.du.edu/~jcalvert/tech/fluids/orifice.htm
Flow rate Q=C D⋅A o⋅v i

and with
Flow rate Q=C D⋅A o⋅v i
and with
The flow crossing the vena v i =√ 2⋅g⋅h
contracta area is
Q=C D⋅A o⋅√ 2⋅g⋅h
Q=A vc⋅v
m3
where Q: Flowrate
s
A vc =Cc⋅A o
C D :discharge coefficient
and
A o :geometrical area m2
v=C v⋅v i
m
thus g : gravitational aceleration
Q=C c⋅A o⋅C v⋅v i s2
h : p ressure height m
Q=C c⋅C v⋅A o⋅v il
The discharge coefficient C D Microsoft Editor de

ecuaciones 3.0
is defined as
C D=C c⋅Cv
therefore Microsoft Editor de
Q=C D⋅A o⋅v i ecuaciones 3.0
Pressure drop in slots (See sheet 7)
Pressure drop in a slot and with

For a sharp-edged rectangular slot
orifice where full contraction occurs,
Δp=γ⋅h
the contraction coefficient is Δp
h=
C D =0.61 γ
Pressure drop in a slot and with
For a sharp-edged rectangular slot
orifice where full contraction occurs,
Δp=γ⋅h
the contraction coefficient is Δp
h=
C D =0.61 γ
( )
(from [6], chapter 2.8, Eq . 2.16) 2
Δp 1 Q
and = ⋅
Q=C D⋅A o⋅√ 2⋅g⋅h γ 2⋅g C D⋅A o
( )
where the term √2⋅g⋅h is 2
γ 1 Q
the ideal velocity Δp= ⋅ ⋅
v i= √2⋅g⋅h 2⋅g C D A o
( )
2
and A o the geometric area ρ⋅g 1 Q
Q Δp= ⋅ ⋅
=√ 2⋅g⋅h 2⋅g C D A o
C D⋅A o
( )
2
ρ 1 Q
( )
2
Q
=2⋅g⋅h Δp= ⋅ ⋅
C D⋅A o 2 CD Ao
( )
2
1 Q
( )
2
h= ⋅ 1 ρ Q
2⋅g C D⋅A o Δp= 2 ⋅
h: pressure height [ m ] CD 2 Ao
[]
m3 ecuaciones 3.0
Microsoft Editor de
Q:volume flow rate

s
A o :slot surface area [ m2 ]
Microsoft Equation
3.0
[6] WATER MEASUREMENT MANUAL

A WATER RESOURCES TECHNICAL PUBLICATION
A guide to effective water measurement practices for better water management
United States Department of the Interior

Bureau of Reclamation
Water Resources Research Laboratory
http://www.usbr.gov/pmts/hydraulics_lab/pubs/wmm/
Chapter 2.8
Return to index
o between the average velocity and Sharp-edeged orifice, or "ideal" circular orifice
[9]
l velocity is called velocity coefficient Do: Orifice diameter
Ao: Area of orifice diameter section
Vena contracta
Located at a distance ~ 0.5*Do downstream the orifice
fficient of velocity is usually quite high, Avc: Area of vena contracta
n 0.95 and 0.99. Coefficient of contraction Cc

Cc =Avc / Ao
on between the area of the vena contracta Cc =p / (p + 2) = 0.611
nd the geometrical area A o is called Average velocity at the vena contracta

V = Q / Avc
ion coefficient C c
Ideal velocity
c Vi = (2*g*h)^0.5
Coefficient of velocity of an orifice

arp-edged, or circular orifice, Cv = V / Vi
Cv = 0.95 - 0.99
=0.611
2 Coefficient of discharge
Cd = Cc * Cv
0.61
Average velocity at and with Average velocity at the ven

vena contracta Q m
C D=C c⋅Cv v=1.637⋅
Average velocity at and with Average velocity at the ven
[]
vena contracta Q m
C D=C c⋅Cv v=1.637⋅
Cv Q Ao s
Q=C D⋅A o⋅v i
Q v= ⋅
vi= Cc⋅C v A o
C D⋅A o Flow rate
and with
v=C v⋅v i thus Q=C D⋅A o⋅√ 2⋅g⋅h
Q 1 Q
C v⋅v i= v= ⋅
C D⋅A o Cc A o
Q
v=C v⋅ and with
C D⋅A o
π
Cv Q Cc = =0.611
v= ⋅
CD Ao
π+2
1 Q
v= ⋅ Average velocity at the vena contr
0.611 A o vslot = 1.637 *Q / Aslot
[]
Q: volume flow rate through the slo
Q m Aslot: slot area (m²)
Microsoft Editor de
v=1.637⋅
ecuaciones 3.0
Ao s
and with the singular pressure drop vslot = Q /A

from sheet 5, column of Eq. 1.
coefficient of a slot K s
1
k slot = 2
C
and with the singular pressure drop
coefficient of a slot K s Q= #VALUE! m³/s
1 from sheet 3
k slot = 2 Aslot= 0.0183 m²
CD vslot = #VALUE! m/s
the pressure loss in a slot is
hv_slot = ( r / 2 ) * vslot^2
()ρ Q 2
Δp slot = k slot⋅ ⋅
2 A
⌊ Pa ⌋
from sheet 5, column Eq. 2
r=
vslot =
#VALUE! kg/m³
#VALUE! m/s
with hv_slot = #VALUE! Pa
1
k slot = 2 Kslot = (1 / CD )^2
CD CD = 0.61 -
and Kslot = 2.68 -
C D=0.61 DP = Kslot * hv_slot

k slot =2.69 Kslot = 2.68
hv_slot = #VALUE! Pa
DP = #VALUE! Pa
Microsoft Editor de
ecuaciones 3.0
Pressure drop in a slot
NT MANUAL
LICATION
water management
Q= 0.61 * A * (2gh)^0.5
Rev. cjc. 23.05.2015
Page 1 of 3
Fluid
level Average
velocity
v
h Vena contracta
Do
A vc
Ao
Velocity profile
vi : ideal velocity, calculated

according Torricelli
Figure 1
v: average velocity of the
velocity profile
Flow rate
Q = Avc * V
Avc = Ao * Cc
Q = Ao * Cc * V
V = Cv * Vi
Q = Ao * Cc * Cv * Vi
Q = Cc * Cv * Ao* Vi
Cc * Cv = CD
Q = Cd * Ao* Vi
Vi = (2*g*h)^0.5
Q = Cd * Ao* (2*g*h)^0.5
Page 2 of 3
e velocity at the vena contracta

Q m
7⋅
e velocity at the vena contracta
7⋅
Q m
Ao s []
rate
D⋅A o⋅ √ 2⋅g⋅h [ ]
m3
s
Microsoft Equation
3.0
city at the vena contracta: v slot (m/s)

.637 *Q / Aslot
w rate through the slot
Page 3 of 3
( )
2
ρ Q
Δp slot = k slot⋅ ⋅ [ Pa ]
2 A
k slot =2. 69
( )
2
ρ Q
Δp slot = k slot⋅ ⋅ [ Pa ]
2 A
k slot =2. 69
sheet "7. Normal flow", Cell D10.
Air volume flow rate at slots inlet (state N)
Va_N = 13.75 m³/s 2.- Real flo
The pressure at slot inlet PN must be
assumed initially and later replaced by
the value from from Sheet 5, Table 2, Real flow rate in state A (A: ambient )
column "Pin" , row "Slot". (Cell E35) V= 9.23
pN = 95,216 Pa pA = 94,890
(Value to be manually input) TA = 283.15
The tempeeature "ta_N" is considered to

be the same as the temperature at
the heat exchanger exit. Normal volumetric flow rate
ta_N = 150 ºC Vn = (pA / pn) * (Tn / TA) * V
pn = 101,325
Ambient conditions (State A) Tn = 273.15
tA = 10 ºC pA = 94,890
pA = 94,890 Pa TA = 283.15
V= 9.23
Air flow rate at blower inlet Vn = 8.34
Real flow rate at slots inlet (state N) to
real flow rate at blower inlet (state A)
Actual flow rate at node N
VA = VN * (pN / pA) * (TA / TN) VN = 13.75
Normal volumetric flow rate
VN = 13.75 m3/s Vn = (pA / pn) * (Tn / TA) * V
pN= 95,216 Pa pn = 101,325
TN = 423 K Tn = 273.15
pN = 95,216
p A= 94,890 Pa TN = 423.15
TA = 283 K VN = 13.75
Vn = 8.34
VA = 9.23 m3/s
Real flow rate

2.- Real flow rate to normal flow rate
rate in state A
. .
p A⋅V A p L⋅V L
state A (A: ambient ) Normal conditions =
m3/s Pn = 101,325 Pa TA TL
Pa Tn = 273.15 K . . p T
L A
K V A=V L⋅ ⋅
pA T L
tric flow rate Real volumetric flow rate in state A

Microsoft Editor de
A / pn) * (Tn / TA) * V V= (pn/pop) * (Top/Tn) * Vn ecuaciones 3.0
Pa pn = 101,325 Pa
K Tn = 273.15 K
Pa pop = 94,890 Pa
K Top = 283.15 °C
m /s
3
Vn = 8.34 Nm3/s
Nm /s 3
V= 9.23 m3/s
m²/s
tric flow rate
A / pn) * (Tn / TA) * V
Pa
K
Pa
K
m3/s
Nm3/s
Real flow rate in state L to real flow
rate in state A
. .
p A⋅V A p L⋅V L
=
TA TL
. . p T
L A
V A=V L⋅ ⋅
pA T L
Microsoft Editor de
ecuaciones 3.0
Blower power and air exit temperature
Blower power fan efficiency

hf = 0.8
belt efficiency
Q⋅ΔP
P= hb = 0.9
η motor efficiency
P: power [ W ] hm = 0.88
[ ]
3
m
Q: air flow rate Total fan efficiency
s h= hf * hb * hm
ΔP: pressure increment [ Pa ] hf = 0.8
η : blower efficiency hb = 0.9
hm = 0.88
h= 0.63
Microsoft Editor de
ecuaciones 3.0 Power
P= Q * Dp / h
Q= 9.23 m³/s
Dp = 2950 Pa
h= 0.634 -
P= 42,987 W
P= 43.0 kW
http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/fans-efficiency-power-consumption-d_197.html
Fan Efficiency
The fan efficiency is the ratio between power transferred to the airflow and the power used by the fan.
The fan efficiency is in general independent of the air density and can be expressed as:
μf = dp q / P (2) Typical motor and belt efficiencies:
where Motor 1kW - 0.4

Motor 10 kW - 0.87
μf = fan efficiency (values between 0 - 1) Motor 100 kW - 0.92
Belt 1 kW - 0.78
dp = total pressure (Pa) Belt 10 kW - 0.88
Belt 100 kW - 0.93
q = air volume delivered by the fan (m3/s)
P = power used by the fan (W, Nm/s)
The power used by the fan can be expressed as: Fan and Temperature Increase
P = dp q / μf (3) Near all of the energy lost in a fan will heat u
the air flow and the temperature increase can
The power used by the fan can also be expressed as: be expressed like
P = dp q / (μf μb μm) (4) dt = dp / 1000 (6)
where where
μb = belt efficiency dt = temperature increase (K)
μm = motor efficiency dp = increased pressure head (Pa)

Initial conditions Exit temperature of the politropic compresion

t1 = 10 ºC p1 = 94,890 Pa
T1 = 283.15 K DP = 2950 Pa
p1 = 94,890 Pa p2 = p1 + Dp
p1 = 94889.87169 Pa
Blower pressure and efficiency DP = 2950 Pa
DP = 2950 Pa p2 = 97840 Pa
h= 0.634
t1 = 10 ºC
T1 = 283.15 K
hb = 0.634 -
Tdisch = Tin * ( 1 + ( ((Pdesc/Pin)^((k-1)/k) -1) / hc ) )

T2 = T1 * ( 1 + ( ((P2/P1)^((k-1)/k) -1) / hb ) )
T1 = 283.15 K
p2 = 97,840 Pa
p1 = 94,890 Pa
k= 1.4
hb = 0.6336 -
T2 = 287.1 K
t2 = 13.9 ºC
ed by the fan.
d belt efficiencies:
mperature Increase
nergy lost in a fan will heat up
he temperature increase can
ure increase (K)
d pressure head (Pa)

Rev. cjc. 13.01.2018
Binary diffusion coefficient
Table A.8 Incropera [4] Page. 777
Binary mass diffusivities at atmospheric

pressure and at a temperature T
(Binary diffusion coefficients)
DAB = DAB_o*(T/To)^1.5*(p/po)
Substance A Substance B T D
K m²/s DAB = 2.60E-05
Gases To = 298
po = 101325
NH3 Air 298 2.80E-05
H2O Air 298 2.60E-05
CO2 Air 298 1.60E-05
H2 Air 298 4.10E-05 Binary difussivity [ 4 ] , page 777
O2 Air 298 2.10E-05 For water in air, at state o
Acetone Air 273 1.10E-05
Benzene Air 298 8.80E-05
T o = 298 K
Naphthalene Air 300 6.20E-05 po = 1 atm
Ar N2 293 1.90E-05
H2
H2
O2
N2
273
273
7.00E-05
6.80E-05
D AB =2.60E−5
o ( ) m2
s
H2 CO2 273 5.50E-05 and for other states
()()
CO2 N2 293 1.60E-05
D AB T 1 .5 p
CO2 O2 273 1.40E-05 = ⋅
O2 N2 273 1.80E-05 D AB T o
o
po
Dilute Solutions
Caffeine H2O 298 6.30E-10
Ethanol H2O 298 1.20E-09
Glucose H2O 298 6.90E-10
Microsoft Editor de
Glycerol H2O 298 9.40E-10 ecuaciones 3.0
Acetone H2O 298 1.30E-09
CO2 H2O 298 2.00E-09
O2 H2O 298 2.40E-09
H2 H2O 298 6.30E-09
N2 H2O 298 2.60E-09
Solids
O2 Rubber 298 2.10E-10
N2 Rubber 298 1.50E-10
CO2 Rubber 298 1.10E-10
He SiO2 293 4.00E-14
H2 Fe 293 2.60E-13
Cd Cu 293 2.70E-19
Al Cu 293 1.30E-34
Corrección para temperaturas y presiones diferentes a las

de los datos de la tabla
Las condiciones To y Po son las especificadas en la tabla.

T y P son las nuevas condiciones
Incropera [1] pag 777
Po
D(T , P )
( )
1. 5
T
= ⋅
D (T o , P o ) T o P
Ver también tabla del Bejan [2]

Tabla 11.2, página 588
y relación parala corrección

D(T,P) / D(To, (T / To)^(1.75) * (Po/P)
Po
D(T , P )
( )
1. 75
T
= ⋅
D (T o , P o ) T o P
Emissivity of water
[5], Table a.5a, page 1150
Total hemispherical emmittance

ew = 0.96 -
AB_o *(T/To)^1.5*(p/po)
F: radiation view factor

K
Pa Since all radiation leaving the walls is
incident on the strip
F= 1
y [ 4 ] , page 777
at state o
[4]
( )
m2
s
es
p
po )
Microsoft Editor de
ecuaciones 3.0
Equations for evaporation rate (Table 1)
Optimal geometrical parameters (Ref. 1) Help variable fo Eq. 4

[1], Chapter 7, eq. (7.17) fo = ( 60 + 4 * ( (H/S) -2 )^2 )^(-1/2)
Optimal (S/H)opt Hydraulic diameter of a slot

(S/H)opt = 0.2 [1] (7.17) Hidraulic diameter of a slot
H= S*5 4⋅A
d h=
Per
Optimal (Lt/H)opt A =B⋅Ls
(Lt/H)opt = 1.4 [1] (7.18) Per=2⋅( Ls +B )
4⋅B⋅Ls
Ratio H / S 7.17 d h=
2⋅( Ls +B )
H: distance nozzle exit to strip
2⋅B⋅Ls
S: double nozzle width d h=
1 / (S/H)opt
( L s +B )
H/S= Eq. 1
2⋅B
d h=
Distance between slots
Lt = 1.4* H Eq. 2
7.18
( )1+
B
Ls
Sinc B << L s
Relative nozzle area d h =2⋅B Microsoft Equation
Ratio between nozzle area to the area d h =S

3.0
between nozzles
f= (B*Ls) / (Lt*Ls) dh = S Eq. 5
f= B / Lt Eq. 3
Following water properties are calculated Mass and heat transfer coefficients
with Excel User Defined Functions Mass transfer coefficient Eq. 20
hm = Sh *Dab / dh
Specific heat Eq. 11 Convection coefficient Eq. 21
cp = 1000* CpL_t(t) hc = Nu * ka /Dh
Vaporization heat Eq. 12 The radiation coefficient is Eq. 22
hlg = 1000*hfg_t(t) hr = qr / (ta - t)
Sat. water specific vol. Eq. 13 hr = F *s * ew * (Ta^4 - T^4) / (ta - t)
vvap_sat_E= vV_t(t) Combined radiation convection
Saturated water density Eq. 14 coefficient Eq. 23
rvap_sat_P = rhoV_t(t) hrc = hr + h c
Dimensionless numbers Specific evaporation rate Eq. 24

Reynolds Eq. 15 n'' = hm * (rvapt_sat_E - rvap_P)
Re = vslot * dh / na [kg/s*m²]
Nusselt Eq. 16
Nu =(2/3) * Pra^0.42*fo^(3/4) * ( ( 2* Re) Specific evaporation (Eq. 25)
/ ( f/fo +fo/f ) )^(2/3) mevap = n''ave * tinterval [kg/m²]
Schmidt number Eq. 17
Sc = na / Dab Specific mass (Eq. 26)
Lewis number Eq. 18 mw = mw_previous - mevap
Le = Sc / Pr
Sherwood number Eq. 19
Sh = Nu * Le^0.46
Temperature increment of a strip element of length dx
Energy balance Evaporation power (mass transfer)
Energy balance
Evaporation power
For a mass element of surface dA,
the energy balance gives
Power Pevap required to produce the spec
P trn_dA =Pev dA +P AbsdA ( Eq . a ) evaporation mass flow rate n''
P trn_dA : Power transfered from kg
the air impinging jets to the water and n'': specific mass flow rate evaporated
to the strip s⋅
PevdA : Power for vaporization of water
J
P AbsdA : Power absorbed which increments hfg: vaporization enthalpy
the water and strip temperature kg
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ecuaciones 3.0
Pevap=n''⋅hfg ¿
¿
Heat transfer
A water element that at a certain time τ The mass of the water contained
after entering the dryer is in a position at the film element of surface Δx⋅
a distance x from dryer inlet, has a Δm= Δx⋅Ls⋅mw_ τ [ kg ]
A water element that at a certain time τ The mass of the water contained
after entering the dryer is in a position at the film element of surface Δx⋅
a distance x from dryer inlet, has a Δm= Δx⋅Ls⋅mw_ τ [ kg ]
temperature t w .
where m w_ τ is the specific mas
The strip entering ther dryer contains a
water film with a specific mas in
[ ]
kg
, existing at the time
[ ]
kg m²
mw_in
m²
at a temperature t w_in [ ºC ]
This specific water mass will decrease

during the travel through the dryer and shall
have a zero value when leaving the dryer .
Microsoft Editor de
ecuaciones 3.0
Heat transfered to the mass element

Δt O-tw :temperature difference betwen
with surface dA that will increase the
element temperature and will produce the ambient and sourroundings at
an evaporation temperature t rSub { size 8{O} } and the water at
Ptrn_dA = dA⋅h rc⋅Δt O-tw dx: Elementary strip length [ m ]
dA=Ls⋅dx dτ : the elementary time associated
Ptrn_dA = L s⋅dx⋅hrc⋅Δt O-tw with the elementary length dx
Ptrn_dA = L s⋅hrc⋅Δt O-tw⋅dx [ W ]
dx=v strip⋅dτ
Ptrn_dA = L s⋅hrc⋅Δt O-tw⋅v strip⋅dτ [W ] (Eq. d )
Ls : strip width [ m ]
hrc : combined radiation convection
coefficient between ambient and surfaces
at temperature t rSub { size 8{O} } and the water film
at temperature t rSub { size 8{w} } . 2
[ ]
W
m ⋅K
Microsoft Editor de
ecuaciones 3.0
coefficient between ambient and surfaces
at temperature t rSub { size 8{O} } and the water film
[ ]
at temperature t rSub { size 8{w} } . 2
W
m ⋅K
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ecuaciones 3.0
Temperature increment of water film The water mass m dA associated w

and steel strip dA will experiment a temperature i
when absorbing a energy
A water element of surface dA and the E abs_dA_w =m dA_w ⋅ c p_w⋅Δ t
portion of the strip below it will increment E abs_dA_w : energy absorbed by the
its temperature due to the heat transfer from m dA_w : mass of water associated w
the ambient and walls . This absorbed energy c p_w : specific heat at constant pres
will be stored in the water itself and in the
stell stip below it . As a consequence, the
[ ]
J
kg⋅K
Δ t : temperature increment of the m
temperature of both will be incremented in Δt .
during the elementary time d τ [ K
The elementary time is related to
The energy stored in the steel mass m dA_st is mass with surface dA as follows
Eabs_dA_st =m dA_st ⋅ c p_st⋅Δt ( Eq . e)
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ecuaciones 3.0
The total energy absorbed is, from equations The mass m dA_w is related to t
Eabs_dA_st =m dA_st ⋅ c p_st⋅Δt (Eq . e) water mass m w_ τ existing a a t
Eabs_dA_w =m dA_w⋅ c p_w⋅Δt (Eq . f )
The total absorbed energy is
m dA_w = m w_ τ
kg
m²[ ]
⋅ dA [ m ]
2
Eabs_dA =E abs_dA_st +Eabs_dA_w m dA_w = m w_ τ⋅ dA [ kg ]

Eabs_dA =m dA_st ⋅ cp_st⋅Δt + m dA_w⋅ c p_w⋅Δt where
Eabs_dA =( m dA_st⋅ c p_st + m dA_w⋅ c p_w )⋅Δ t (Eq . g ) dA=dx ⋅L s
with
dx : length of elementary surfac
Eabs_dA =E abs_dA_st +Eabs_dA_w m dA_w = m w_ τ⋅ dA [ kg ]
Eabs_dA =m dA_st ⋅ cp_st⋅Δt + m dA_w⋅ c p_w⋅Δt where
Eabs_dA =( m dA_st⋅ c p_st + m dA_w⋅ c p_w )⋅Δ t (Eq . g ) dA=dx ⋅L s
with
dx : length of elementary surfac
The specific water mass is initially m w_in Ls : length of strip
At a time τ , due to the evaporation, the thus
specific water mass will decrease and will m dA_w = m w_ τ⋅ dx ⋅L s [ kg ]
have a value m w_ τ
Microsoft Editor de
ecuaciones 3.0
Replacing (Eq . h ) The steel mass is to be consid

m dA_w = m w_ τ⋅ dx ⋅Ls [ kg ] (Eq . h )
one side of the dryer is
into (Eq . g )
s st
Eabs_dA =( m dA_st ⋅ c p_st + m dA_w⋅ c p_w )⋅Δ t ( Eq . g) m dA_st = ρst⋅ dx ⋅L s⋅ [ kg ]
one becomes 2
Eabs_dA =( m dA_st ⋅ c p_st + m w_ τ⋅ dx ⋅Ls⋅ c p_w )⋅Δ t (Eq . i )
Eabs_dA : energy absorbed at time τ
m dA_st : mass of steel associated with dA
ρst : steel density
kg
m
3 [ ]
s st : thickness of steel strip [
mw_ τ : mass of water of the element associated
with dA, at a location x (at a time τ )
cp_st : specific heat of steel
J
[ ]
kg⋅K
cp_w : specific heat of water
J
[ ]
kg⋅K
dx : length of elementary surface related to
the elementary mass [ m ]
Ls : length of slot [ m ] Microsoft Editor de
ecuaciones 3.0
Δ t : temperature increment in the time d τ

Replacing equation
s st
m dA_st = ρst⋅ dx ⋅L s⋅ [ kg ] ( Eq . j )
2
into equation
Eabs_dA =( m dA_st ⋅ c p_st + m w_ τ⋅ dx ⋅Ls⋅ c p_w )⋅Δ t (Eq . i)
one gets
( s
)
Eabs_dA = ρst⋅ st ⋅ c p_st + m w_ τ⋅ c p_w ⋅ dx ⋅Ls⋅Δ t (Eq . k )
2
Dividing both sides of (Eq . k ) by the elemntary
time interval d τ
Eabs_dA
dτ ( s st
2
dx
= ρ st⋅ ⋅ c p_st + m w_ τ⋅ c p_w ⋅ ⋅Ls⋅Δt
dτ )
and considering that
Eabs_dA
= P abs_dA
dτ
and
dx
=v strip
dτ
( )
Microsoft Editor de
sst ecuaciones 3.0
Pabs_dA = ρst⋅ ⋅ c p_st + m w_ τ⋅ cp_w ⋅v strip⋅Ls⋅Δ t (Eq . L )

2
Replacing equations (b ), (c ) and (i) in (a )

P trn_dA = L s⋅h rc⋅Δt O-tw⋅dx [ W ] (Eq . b ) P trn_dA =Pev +P Abs
P ev_dA =n''⋅hfg⋅Ls⋅dx [ W ] ( Eq . c ) dA dA
and equation
( s
)
P abs_dA= ρ st⋅ st ⋅ cp_st + mw_ τ⋅ c p_w ⋅v strip⋅Ls⋅Δt (Eq . L) Pev_dA =n ''⋅h fg⋅L s⋅dx [ W ] ( Eq
2
into equation
P trn_dA = P ev dA + P Abs dA ( Eq . a ) Pev_dA =n ''⋅h fg⋅L s⋅v strip⋅dτ [W ] (
( Eq .b ) ( Eq . c ) ( Eq . L)
one gets
Ptrn_dA = L s⋅hrc⋅Δt O-tw⋅v strip⋅dτ [W ]
( s st
)
L s⋅hrc⋅Δt O-tw⋅dx =n ''⋅h fg⋅L s⋅dx + ρ st⋅ ⋅ c p_st + m w_ τ⋅ c p_w ⋅v strip⋅L s⋅Δ t
2
_____ ( Eq . b )____ ___ (Eq . c) ___ ______________ (Eq . i) ____________
dividing by L s Eabs_dA_st =m dA_st ⋅ c p_st⋅Δt (E
( s st
)
hrc⋅Δt O-tw⋅dx =n ''⋅h fg⋅dx + ρ st⋅ ⋅ cp_st + mw_ τ⋅ c p_w ⋅v strip ⋅Δt
2
Eabs_dA_w =m dA_w⋅ c p_w⋅Δt
( s
)
hrc⋅Δt O-tw⋅dx −n ''⋅h fg⋅dx = ρst⋅ st ⋅ c p_st + mw_ τ⋅ c p_w ⋅v strip ⋅Δ t
2
Eabs_dA =( m dA_st ⋅ c p_st + m dA_w⋅ c p_w )⋅Δ t (
( s
)
ρ st⋅ st ⋅ c p_st + mw_ τ⋅ c p_w ⋅v strip ⋅Δt =hrc⋅Δt O-tw⋅dx −n ''⋅h fg⋅dx
2
h rc⋅Δt O-tw⋅dx −n ''⋅hfg⋅dx
Δt=
m dA_w = m w_ τ⋅ dx ⋅L s [ kg ] (Eq .
( s
)
ρst⋅ st ⋅ c p_st + mw_ τ⋅ cp_w ⋅v strip
2
( hrc⋅Δt O-tw −n ''⋅hfg )⋅dx
Δt= ( Eq . 27 )
( sst
)
ρst⋅ ⋅ c p_st + mw_ τ⋅ cp_w ⋅v strip
2
( s
)
hrc⋅Δt O-tw⋅dx −n ''⋅h fg⋅dx = ρst⋅ st ⋅ c p_st + mw_ τ⋅ c p_w ⋅v strip ⋅Δ t
2
( s
)
ρ st⋅ st ⋅ c p_st + mw_ τ⋅ c p_w ⋅v strip ⋅Δt =hrc⋅Δt O-tw⋅dx −n ''⋅h fg⋅dx
2
h rc⋅Δt O-tw⋅dx −n ''⋅hfg⋅dx
Δt=
m dA_w = m w_ τ⋅ dx ⋅L s [ kg ] (Eq .
( s
)
ρst⋅ st ⋅ c p_st + mw_ τ⋅ cp_w ⋅v strip
2
( hrc⋅Δt O-tw −n ''⋅hfg )⋅dx
Δt= ( Eq . 27 )
( sst
)
Microsoft Editor de
ρst⋅ ⋅ c p_st + mw_ τ⋅ cp_w ⋅v strip ecuaciones 3.0
2
( h rc⋅Δt O-tw −n ''⋅hfg )⋅dx

Δt= ( Eq .27 )
( s
ρ st⋅ st⋅ c p_st + mw_ τ⋅ cp_w ⋅v strip
2 )
Note
Literature [1] provide some equations for the Nusselt and Sherwood numbers, that
considere the effect of the vena contracta. However, because the calculation is already
considering this effect, the values used to calculate the Nusselt and Sherwood
numbers are already affected by the effect of the contraction.
For this reason, the equations for these numbers that include the effect of the
contraction are not used.
Film temperature The binary difussivity of water in air is

All transfer properties are evaluated at calulated from [4], page 777.
film temperature Values of the difussivity for a reference
tf = (ta + tw) / 2 Eq. 6 temperature To and pressure po are
presented in Table A.8
Following air properties are calculated This value must be adjusted according
by means of excel UDF (*) Eq. 10, for the conditions of the film
(Tf and PE)
Air conductivity Eq. 7
ka = AirConductivity_t Binary difussivity of water in air [4],
Air Prandtl Eq. 8 page 777) Eq. 10
Pra = AirPrandtl_t DAB = DAB_o*(T/To)^1.5*(p/po)
Ait kinematic viscosity Eq. 9 DAB = 2.60E-05 m²/s
na = AirKinematicViscosity_t To = 298.00 K
po = 101325 Pa
and T and P at film conditions
(*) UDF: User defined functions
Temperature increment of a strip element New temperature

of length dx. In the new time interval, the initial
For the calculation it was defined to divide the strip temperature of the element will be the one
length in a number of elements it was achieved in the previous interval.
Nelem = 25 - During the new time interval the element
Thus the length of an element is temperature will be encreased in Dt.
Dx = Ldryer / Nelem Thus
Ldryer = 4 m tnew = t + Dt Eq. 25
Dx = 0.16 m
F: radiation view factor
At a given position in the dryer, this element will Because all radiation leaving the
interchange heat and mass with the environment. walls impinges on the strip
As a result, some mass will be evaporated and the F= 1
temperature of the water film and of the steel strip Emmisivity of water [5]
will increase a value Dt (Sheet 9)
ew = 0.96
Temperature change. For the derivation of (Eq. 27), see below

Δt= ( Eq . 27 )
( s
ρst⋅ st⋅ c p_st + m w_ τ⋅ cp_w ⋅v strip
2 )
DT = (( hrc * DtO-tw - n'' * hlg ) * Dx) / ( ( rst * (sst/2) * cp_st + mw-t * cp_w )* vstrip )
Eq. 27
wer (mass transfer)
ower also with

dx=v strip⋅dτ
equired to produce the specific Pev_dA =n ''⋅h fg⋅L s⋅v strip⋅dτ [W ] ( Eq . c ) Microsoft Editor de
ecuaciones 3.0
ss flow rate n''

kg mw_in
ass flow rate evaporated 2

x tw_in
s⋅m ¿
dA
Ls
tw
mw
J dx
n enthalpy P trn_dA =Pev +P Abs dA dA

( Eq . a )
kg Pev_dA =n ''⋅h fg⋅L s⋅dx [ W ] ( Eq . b )

¿ Pev_dA =n ''⋅h fg⋅L s⋅v strip⋅dτ [W ] ( Eq . c )
Microsoft Editor de
ecuaciones 3.0
f the water contained in the The specific water mass at a time

ment of surface Δx⋅Ls is τ + Δτ is
Ls⋅mw_ τ [ kg ] mw_ τ +Δτ = m w_ τ - mevap_ τ
f the water contained in the The specific water mass at a time
ment of surface Δx⋅Ls is τ + Δτ is
Ls⋅mw_ τ [ kg ] mw_ τ +Δτ = m w_ τ - mevap_ τ
τ is the specific mass of water
Microsoft Editor de
existing at the time τ

ecuaciones 3.0
Microsoft Editor de
ecuaciones 3.0
difference betwen
rroundings at
{ size 8{O} } and the water at t rSub { size 8{w} }
length [ m ]
y time associated
length dx
tw⋅v strip⋅dτ [W ] (Eq. d )
Microsoft Editor de
ecuaciones 3.0
Ptrn_dA = L s⋅hrc⋅Δt O-tw⋅v strip⋅dτ [W ] (Eq . d )

Ptrn_dA = L s⋅hrc⋅Δt O-tw⋅v strip⋅dτ [W ] (Eq . d )
mass m dA associated with the surface

eriment a temperature increment Δt
bing a energy
m dA_w ⋅ c p_w⋅Δ t (Eq . f )
nergy absorbed by the water [ J ]
s of water associated with the area [ kg ]
ic heat at constant pressure of water
ature increment of the mass element

lementary time d τ [ K ] .
ntary time is related to the elementary Eabs_dA_st =m dA_st ⋅ c p_st⋅Δt ( Eq . e )
urface dA as follows
Eabs_dA_w =m dA_w⋅ c p_w⋅Δt (Eq . f )
Microsoft Editor de
ecuaciones 3.0
ss m dA_w is related to the specific

mass m w_ τ existing a a time τ as
= m w_ τ
kg
m²[ ]
⋅ dA [ m ]
2
= m w_ τ⋅ dA [ kg ]
x ⋅L s
ngth of elementary surface

= m w_ τ⋅ dA [ kg ]
x ⋅L s
ngth of elementary surface

gth of strip
= m w_ τ⋅ dx ⋅L s [ kg ] (Eq . h)
Eabs_dA =( m dA_st ⋅ c p_st + m dA_w⋅ c p_w )⋅Δ t (Eq . g )

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ecuaciones 3.0
m dA_w = m w_ τ⋅ dx ⋅L s [ kg ] (Eq . h )
mass is to be considered for

f the dryer is
s st
st⋅ dx ⋅L ⋅
s [ kg ] ( Eq . j )
2
density
[ ]
kg
m
3
ness of steel strip [ m ]
Microsoft Editor de
ecuaciones 3.0
Eabs_dA =( m dA_st ⋅ c p_st + m w_ τ⋅ dx ⋅Ls⋅ c p_w )⋅Δ t (Eq . i )

sst
2
s
( )
Eabs_dA = ρst⋅ st⋅ c p_st + mw_ τ⋅ c p_w ⋅ dx ⋅Ls⋅Δ t
2
( Eq . k )
s
(
Pabs_dA = ρst⋅ st⋅ c p_st + m w_ τ⋅ cp_w ⋅v strip⋅Ls⋅Δ t
2 ) ( Eq . L )
Pev +P Abs
dA dA
( Eq . a ) Eabs_dA =( m dA_st ⋅ c p_st + m w_ τ⋅ dx ⋅Ls⋅ c p_w )⋅Δ t (Eq . i )
h fg⋅L s⋅dx [ W ] ( Eq . b ) sst
[W ] ( Eq . c ) 2
fg⋅L s⋅v strip⋅dτ
hrc⋅Δt O-tw⋅v strip⋅dτ [W ] (Eq . d )

(
sst
)
Eabs_dA = ρst⋅ ⋅ c p_st + m w_ τ⋅ c p_w ⋅ dx ⋅Ls⋅Δ t
2
( Eq . k )
A_st ⋅ c p_st⋅Δt ( Eq . e)
A_w⋅ c p_w⋅Δt (Eq . f )

s
2(
Pabs_dA = ρst⋅ st⋅ c p_st + m w_ τ⋅ cp_w ⋅v strip⋅Ls⋅Δ t) ( Eq . L )
_st ⋅ c p_st + m dA_w⋅ c p_w )⋅Δ t (Eq . g ) ( h rc⋅Δt O-tw −n ''⋅hfg )⋅dx
Δt= ( Eq . 27 )
w_ τ⋅ dx ⋅L s [ kg ] (Eq . h ) ( s
2 )
ρst⋅ st⋅ c p_st + mw_ τ⋅ cp_w ⋅v strip
Δt= ( Eq . 27 )
w_ τ⋅ dx ⋅L s [ kg ] (Eq . h ) ( s
2 )
ρst⋅ st⋅ c p_st + mw_ τ⋅ cp_w ⋅v strip
Rev. cjc. 13.01.2018
page 1 of 11
Page 2 of 11
be the one
Page 3 of 11
( Eq . a )
[W ] ( Eq . b )
dτ [W ] ( Eq . c )
Page 4 of 11
Page 5 of 11
[W ] (Eq . d )
[W ] (Eq . d )
Page 6 of 11
( Eq . e )
(Eq . f )
Page 7 of 11
)
p_w ⋅Δ t (Eq . g )
(Eq . h )
Page 8 of 11
c p_w )⋅Δ t (Eq . i )

Page 9 of 11
( Eq . k )
Δt ( Eq . L )
Page 10 of 11
( Eq . k )
Δt ( Eq . L )
Page 11 of 11
[0]
Saturation properties p= 100 kPa Steamdat
Magnus (for p = 1 bar)
1 SaturSteam_Entropy_p(p) sV_p = #VALUE! kJ(kg K) 7.36
2 SaturWater_Entropy_p(p) sL_p = #VALUE! kJ(kg K) 1.3
3 SaturationTemp_p(p) Tsat_p = #VALUE! ºC 99.6
4 SaturWater_Enthalpy_p(p) hL_p = #VALUE! kJ/kg 417.4
1
Saturated water 2
1 SaturationPressure_s - kPa 1 3
2 SaturationPressure_t psat_t = #VALUE! kPa 1 4
3 SaturationTemp_s(s) - ºC 99.6 5
4 SaturWater_DynViscosity_p myL_p #VALUE! Pa s 0.00028 6
5 SaturWater_DynViscosity_t myL_t #VALUE! Pa s 7
6 SaturWater_KinemViscosity_p nyL_p #VALUE! m²/s 8
7 SaturWater_KinemViscosity_t nyL_t #VALUE! m²/s 9
8 SaturWater_Enthalpy_p hL_p = #VALUE! kJ/kg 417.0 10
9 SaturWater_Enthalpy_t hL_t = #VALUE! kJ/kg 417.0
10 SaturWater_Entropy_p sL_p = #VALUE! kJ(kg K) 1.3
11 SaturWater_Entropy_t sL_t = #VALUE! kJ(kg K) 1.3
12 SaturWater_ThermConduct_p tcL_p = #VALUE! W/(m K)
13 SaturWater_ThermConduct_t tcL_t = #VALUE! W/(m K) 0.68
14 SaturWater_Prandtl_p PrL_P = #VALUE! - 1.76
15 SaturWater_Prandtl_t PrL_t = #VALUE! -
16 SaturWater_SonicVelocity_t wL_t = #VALUE! m/s 1545.5
17 SaturWater_SonicVelocity_p wL_p = #VALUE! m/s
18 SaturWater_SpecHeatCp_p CpL_p = #VALUE! kJ/(kg K) 4.22
19 SaturWater_SpecHeatCp_p CpL_t = #VALUE! kJ/(kg K)
20 SaturWater_SpecVolume_t vL_t = #VALUE! m³/kg 0.00104
21 SaturWater_SpecVolume_p vL_p = #VALUE! m³/kg
22 SaturWater_Temperature_h - ºC 99.6
23 SaturWater_SurfaceTension_t st_t = #VALUE! N/m 0.059
24 SaturWater_SurfaceTension_p st_p = #VALUE! N/m
25 SaturWater_Density_t rhoL_t = #VALUE! kg/m³
26 SaturWater_Density_p rhoL_p = #VALUE! kg/m³
27 SaturWater_IntEnergy_t uL_t = #VALUE! kJ/kg
28 SaturWater_IntEnergy_p uL_p = #VALUE! kJ/kg
Saturated steam
1 SaturSteam_DynViscosity_p myV_p = #VALUE! Pa s 0.000012
2 SaturSteam_DynViscosity_t myV_t = #VALUE! Pa s
3 SaturSteam_KinemViscosity_p nyV_P = #VALUE! m²/s
4 SaturSteam_KinemViscosity_t nyV_t = #VALUE! m²/s
5 SaturSteam_Enthalpy_p(p) hV_p = #VALUE! kJ/kg 2675.0
6 SaturSteam_Enthalpy_t(t) hV_t = #VALUE! kJ/kg 2675.0
7 SaturSteam_Entropy_p(p) sV_p = #VALUE! kJ/(kg K) 7.36
8 SaturSteam_Entropy_t(t) sV_t = #VALUE! kJ/(kg K) 7.36
9 SaturSteam_ThermConduct_p tcV_p = #VALUE! W/(m K)
10 SaturSteam_ThermConduct_t tcV_t = #VALUE! W/(m K) 0.025
11 SaturSteam_Prandtl_p PrV_p #VALUE! - 1.015
12 SaturSteam_Prandtl_t PrV_t #VALUE! -
13 SaturSteam_SonicVelocity_t wV_T = #VALUE! m/s 472.0
14 SaturSteam_SonicVelocity_p wV_p = #VALUE! m/s
15 SaturSteam_SpecHeatCp_t CpV_T = #VALUE! kJ/(kg K) 2.08
16 SaturSteam_SpecHeatCp_p CpV_p = #VALUE! kJ/(kg K)
17 SaturSteam_SpecVolume_t vV_t = #VALUE! m3/kg 1.69
18 SaturSteam_SpecVolume_p vV_p= #VALUE! m3/kg
19 SaturSteam_Density_t rhoV_t = #VALUE! kg/m³
20 SaturSteam_Density_p rhoV_p = #VALUE! kg/m³
21 Saturated steam int. energy_t uV_p = #VALUE! kJ/kg
22 Saturated steam int. energy_p uV_t = #VALUE! kJ/kg
Steamdat
Humid region (for p = 10 bar,
Magnus x = 0.8)
p= 1000 kPa
x= 0.8 - 1
2
Tsat_p = #VALUE! ºC 179.89 3
H2O_Enthalpy_px h_px = #VALUE! kJ/kg 2374.2
H2O_Enthalpy_tx h_tx = #VALUE! kJ/kg 2374.2 1
H2O_Entropy_ph s_ph = #VALUE! kJ/(kg K) 5.70 2
H2O_SpecVolume_px v_px = #VALUE! m³/kg 0.1557 3
H2O_SpecVolume_tx v_Tx = #VALUE! m³/kg 0.1557 4
SteamQuality_ph x_ph = #VALUE! - 0.8 5
SteamQuality_ps x_ps = #VALUE! - 0.8 6
SteamQuality_ts x_ts = #VALUE! - 0.8 7
H2O_VapourisationHeat_p hfg_p = #VALUE! kJ/kg 2014.4 8
H2O_VapourisationHeat_t hfg_t = #VALUE! kJ/kg 2014.4 9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
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47
Rev. cjc. 27.04.2017 www.piping-tools.net
Superheated steam p= 100 kPa Steamdat For more information on steam
Subcooled water t= 100 ºC (for p = 1 bar, Steam. Applications using Mag
Magnus t = 100 ºC) (20 functions added to the orig
H2O_Entropy_pt s_pt = #VALUE! kJ/(kg K) 7.361
H2O_Enthalpy_pt h_pt = #VALUE! kJ/kg 2675.8
H2O_SpecVolume_pt v_pt = #VALUE! m3/kg 1.696
H2O_DynViscosity_pt my_pt = #VALUE! Pa s 0.0000123

H2O_DynViscosity_ph my_ph = #VALUE! Pa s
H2O_DynViscosity_ps my_ps = #VALUE! Pa s
H2O_KinViscosity_pt ny_pt = #VALUE! m²/s
H2O_KinViscosity_ph ny_ph = #VALUE! m²/s
H2O_KinViscosity_ps ny_ps = #VALUE! m²/s
H2O_Enthalpy_pt h_pt = #VALUE! kJ/kg 2675.8
H2O_Enthalpy_ps h_ps = #VALUE! kJ/kg 2675.8
H2O_Enthalpy_ts h_ts = kJ/kg 2675.8
H2O_Enthalpy_pRho h_pRho = #VALUE! kJ/kg
H2O_Entropy_pt s_pt = #VALUE! kJ/(kg K) 7.361
H2O_Entropy_ph s_ph = #VALUE! kJ/(kg K) 7.361
H2O_ThermConductivity_pt tc_pt = #VALUE! W/(m K) 0.0251
H2O_ThermConductivity_ph tc_ph = #VALUE! W/(m K)
H2O_ThermConductivity_hs tc_hs = #VALUE! W/(m K)
H2O_Kappa_p_t(p,t) Kappa_pt = #VALUE!
H2O_Kappa_ph Kappa_ph = #VALUE! - 1.315
H2O_KappaUp_ph - 1.315
H2O_KappaDown_ph - 1.316
H2O_Prandtl_pt Pr_pt = #VALUE! - 1.015
H2O_Prandtl_ph Pr_ph = #VALUE! -
H2O_Pressure_ts P_ts = kPa 1.00
H2O_Pressure_tv P_tv = kPa 1.00
H2O Pressure_hs p_hs = #VALUE! kPa
H2O Pressure_hRho p_hRho = #VALUE! kPa
H2O_SonicVelocity_pt w_pT = #VALUE! m/s 472.3
H2O_SonicVelocity_ph w_ph = #VALUE! m/s 472.3
H2O_SonicVelocity_ps w_ps = #VALUE! m/s
H2O_SpecificHeatCp_pt Cp_pt = #VALUE! kJ/(kg K) 2.074
H2O_SpecificHeatCp_ph Cp_ph = #VALUE! kJ/(kg K)
H2O_SpecificHeatCp_ps Cp_ps = #VALUE! kJ/(kg K)
H2O_SpecificHeatCv_pt Cv_pt = #VALUE! kJ/(kg K) 1.551
H2O_SpecificHeatCv_ph Cv_ph = #VALUE! kJ/(kg K)
H2O_SpecificHeatCv_ps Cv_ps = #VALUE! kJ/(kg K)
H2O_SpecVolume_pt v_pt = #VALUE! kJ/(kg K) 1.696
H2O_SpecVolume_ph v_ph = #VALUE! kJ/(kg K) 1.696
H2O_SpecVolume_ps v_ps = #VALUE! kJ/(kg K)
H2O_Temperature_ph T_ph = #VALUE! ºC 100
H2O_Temperature_ps T_ps = #VALUE! ºC 100
H2O_Temperature_pv T_pv = #VALUE! ºC 100
H2O_Temperature_hs T_hs = #VALUE! ºC
H2O_Density_pt rho_pt = #VALUE! kg/m³
H2O_Density_ph rho_ph = #VALUE! kg/m³
H2O_Density_ps rho_ps = #VALUE! kg/m³
H2O_InternalEnergy_pt u_pt = #VALUE! kJ/kg
H2O_InternalEnergy_ph u_ph = #VALUE! kJ/kg
H2O_InternalEnergy_ps u_ps = #VALUE! kJ/kg
www.piping-tools.net
For more information on steam functions, see
Steam. Applications using Magnus Holmgren functions.xls
(20 functions added to the original series)
[1] Heat and mass transfer between impinging gas jets and solid surfaces.
By Holger Martin
Advances in Heat Transfer, Volume 13 (1977)
See complete reference in

Dryer with air impinging jets_Ref_1.pdf
[2] Heat transfer

By Adrian Bejan
Jogn Wiley & Sons
N.Y. 1993
[3] Perry's Chemical Engineer's Handbook

Seventh edition
Robert H. Perry
Don W. Green
McGraw-Hill, 1997
[4] Heat ans mass transfer

Incropera, de Witt
[5] Heat and mass transfer

Anthony F. Mills
Irwin, 1995
[6] WATER MEASUREMENT MANUAL

A WATER RESOURCES TECHNICAL PUBLICATION
[7] Handbook of Industrial Drying, 4th ed.

Arun S. Mujumdar
http://wenku.baidu.com/view/0d79e0a0b0717fd5360cdc8c.html
[8] Fans and Blowers

http://beeindia.in/energy_managers_auditors/documents/guide_books/3Ch5.pdf
[9]
[10]
https://www.amca.org/UserFiles/file/Mark%20paper.pdf
[11] Water and steam properties according to IAPWS IF-97

X Steam ver. 2.5
By Magnus Holmgren
www.x-eng.com
Carlos J. Cruz
Return to index
Rev. cjc. 13.01.2018

Dryer With Air Impinging Jets

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Dryer With Air Impinging Jets

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Strip dryer with air impinging jets

Strip dryer with impinging jets

Use of the spreadsheet

1.- Enter the 12 input values required in sheet "3. Data"

2.- Enter an assumed value

4.- Blower pressure

Description of the strip dryer

Description Mass transfer

Input data required

1 Dryer length Ldryer

Explanation for Table 1.- Evapotation rate and strip temperature

The required evaporation rate is

Results for the array of slots Results for the blower

Blower inlet pressure (node A)

5.- Pressure PN at slots inlet 6.- Vlower results

When Table 2 has been calculated, Blower pressure

An iteration may be required to

After a given residence time, the element

During this residence time interval dt, its

n mass transfer coefficient

To obtain the required evaporation rate, the volume flow rate is

rding Figure 3 (sheeet 2.- Figures)

for the blower Height above sea level H= 550.0 m.a.s.l.

m³/s Blower gauge pressure Pblower = ### Pa(g)

Film of saturated water vapor at equilibrium tempe

Figure 1. Scheme of strip dryer

Figure 2. Scheme of slots configuration

Figure 3. Dryer nodes

The air is collected on both sides of the dryer (node Q) ,

2. Number of strip elements Radiation view factor (sheet 9)

mw_in = 0.004 [kg/m²] Hasl = 550 m.a.s.l.

Geometric dimensions of the dryer

Optimal dimensions according [1], Optimal ratio Lt to H

Ratio H/S Help variable fo Eq. 4

Total air flow rate Pressure at impingement on

Slot volume flow rate Ait kinematic viscosity Eq. 9

Absolute humidity of ambient air Steel properties

Stephan-Boltzman constant Dt : temperature increment of a strip ele

Kelvin rst : density of steel [kg / m³]

10. Steel density

11. Strip steel thickness

12. Specific heat of steel

Number of slots " Ns" on both Total area of the Ns slots

Specific heat Eq. 11 Dimensionless numbers

Saturated water density Eq. 14 Schmidt number Eq. 17

Lewis number Eq. 18

Sherwood number Eq. 19

Density of dry air in state "P" Specific mass (Eq. 26)

rda_P = #VALUE! kg/m³ ( h rc⋅Δt O-tw −n ''⋅hfg )⋅dx

Specific evaporation rate (Eq. 24)

Specific evaporation (Eq. 25) New temperature

erature increment of a strip element of length Dx during

ty of steel [kg / m³]

Mass transfer coefficients

Heat transfer coefficients

The radiation coefficient is Eq. 22

Combined radiation convection

Specific evaporation Eq. 24

27), see sheet 10

inus the drop in

The volume flow rate entering into the slots is

Data for Table 1

Pressure at impingement Hydraulic diameter