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Abstract
This paper reports the study performed on four titanium nitride (TiN) coated prosthetic femoral heads collected at revision surgery
together with patient data. Surface topology has been examined using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and elemental analysis of
both coating and substrate have been evaluated using energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry. Quantitative assessment of the surface
topography is achieved using contacting pro"lometry. The average R roughness value is calculated at "ve di!erent locations for each
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femoral head. The UHMWPE counterface worn volume has been measured directly on the acetabular components. TiN fretting and
coating breakthrough occurred in two of the four components examined. In the damaged coating areas the surface pro"le is
macroscopically saw-toothed with average tooth height 1.5 lm. The average R value is 0.02 lm on the undamaged surfaces and
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0.37 lm on the damaged ones. Failure of the coating adhesion resulted in the release of TiN fragments and of metallic particulate from
the substrate fretting corrosion and in the increase of the head surface roughness a!ecting counterface debris production. Our results
suggest that TiN-coated titanium alloy femoral heads are inadequate in the task of resisting third body wear mechanisms
in vivo. ( 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Hip arthroplasty; Femoral head; Coating; Titanium nitride; UHMWPE; Wear
0142-9612/00/$ - see front matter ( 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
PII: S 0 1 4 2 - 9 6 1 2 ( 9 9 ) 0 0 2 4 6 - X
908 M. Teresa Raimondi, R. Pietrabissa / Biomaterials 21 (2000) 907}913
(mm3/yr)
Volume
lated damage mechanisms [24].
24
82
116
In this paper we present an analysis of four TiN-coated
femoral heads retrieved at revision after a period of
Undetectable
in vivo articulation against UHMWPE liners. The heads
Cup worn have been examined to assess the surface damage. The
(mm3)
worn volume is measured on the polymeric acetabular
143
654
931
components. A coating failure scenario is proposed and
discussed.
Loosening
Loosening
Loosening
Acetabular Diagnosis
Infection
Revision
Biarticular
Biarticular
Cemented
Cemented
all-poly
all-poly
Four hip prostheses have been harvested at revision
head
head
cementless
cemented
cemented
cemented
Moore,
MuK ller,
MuK ller,
Hemiarthroplasty
Type of surgery
THA
Osteoarthritis
Neck fracture
71
70
79
64
Primary
Age
(yr)
69
64
71
56
Activity
Normal
High
High
Low
level
Weight
(kg)
70
55
78
60
Height
1.60
1.60
1.68
1.50
(m)
Demographic data for the components
Patient
Sex
M
F
F
(months)
in situ
Diameter Time
18
72
96
96
(mm)
22
32
32
Table 1
On the apex the scans are taken on the antero-posterior and medio-
No.
lateral planes.
1
4
M. Teresa Raimondi, R. Pietrabissa / Biomaterials 21 (2000) 907}913 909
Fig. 2. SEM images of the transition area between the gold-coloured and the discoloured zones. Coating failure and isolated fragments on the exposed
substrate (a); a double edge (b); #aked fragment and the scratched titanium alloy substrate (c); detail of the porous anchorage layer binding the coating
to the substrate (d).
(Table 1). At revision all the implants were loose and were energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry. Both analyses
collected without disassembling the prosthetic heads have been carried out using a Stereoscan S260 electron
from the femoral stems. microscope (Leica Cambridge Ltd., Cambridge, UK).
Surface topology has been examined using scanning Quantitative assessment of the surface topography has
electron microscopy (SEM) and elemental analysis of been achieved using a Form Talysurf series 2 S4C induc-
both coating and substrate have been evaluated using tive gauge contacting pro"lometer (Rank Taylor Hobson
910 M. Teresa Raimondi, R. Pietrabissa / Biomaterials 21 (2000) 907}913
3. Results
Fig. 4. Pro"les acquired on the undamaged (a) and on the damaged (b) coating areas (raw data are treated with least square circle form subtraction).
Fig. 4 shows two pro"lometer scans acquired on the et al. [24] have reported about wear debris originating
undamaged and on the damaged coating areas. Only from a TiN-coated femoral head as delaminated surface
form subtraction is performed on the raw pro"le data, to asperities, after one year of in situ operating. This may be
reproduce the actual shape and size of the asperities. In the mechanism initiating abrasion of the TiN coating;
the damaged coating area the pro"le is saw-toothed with additional hard particles (such as acrylic cement par-
average tooth thickness about 1.5 lm. Fig. 5 shows the ticles) may take part in this abrasive process at a second
average values of the R parameter calculated on the stage.
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roughness pro"les, for each femoral head and at the vari- TiN fretting and coating breakthrough occurred in
ous head locations. The average R value is 0.02 lm on the two of the four examined components. In the presence of
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undamaged surfaces and 0.37 lm on the damaged ones. hard particles entrapped between the articulating
The calculated worn volumes for each UHMWPE cup counterfaces high local stresses can develop following
are shown in Table 1. micro-contact of two hard materials under load (Hertz-
ian forces). In this occurrence, the peak stresses are
located below the contact surface (pellicular loads), and
4. Discussion failure of coating adhesion is likely to occur as a conse-
quence of the coating brittleness. Detachment of TiN
Two of the four examined components (nos. 2 and 4) macroscopic fragments accelerates this failure mecha-
show a macroscopically intact TiN coating 6 to 8 years nism and extensive breakthrough of the coating is pos-
after implant. The presence of slight scratching, visible to sible even at low loads.
the naked eye, suggests that third body abrasion was Component no. 1 articulated in vivo with a biarticular
however taking place prior to implant failure. Harman head on a patient with a low activity level and a coating
912 M. Teresa Raimondi, R. Pietrabissa / Biomaterials 21 (2000) 907}913
Fig. 5. The average values of the R parameter calculated, for each femoral head, at the superior, inferior, anterior, posterior and apex locations.
!
breakthrough initiation site was already present 1.5 years Our results suggest that TiN coated titanium alloy
after implant. As a matter of fact the entrapment of third femoral heads are inadequate in the task of resisting
body particulate is favoured in the inner bearing of biar- in vivo third body wear mechanisms. Their use should
ticular joints [26]. This occurrence, associated to a rela- not be advocated.
tively high patient body weight, may have been the
critical failure factors for the coating of this component.
Component no. 3 articulated on a "xed socket on a high Acknowledgements
demand heavy patient and the coating was almost com-
pletely disappeared from about 70% of the head surface The authors are grateful to Professor Giuseppe Silva of
after 8 years of in situ operating. Extensive fretting cor- Dipartimento di Meccanica for making available both
rosion has been observed on the titanium alloy substrate the SEM equipment and his competence and to Carlo
and this might have accelerated the periprosthetic bone Santambrogio of Taylor Hobson S.p.A. for his help in the
resorption and the implant failure. pro"lometry studies.
The UHMWPE wear rates reported in Table 1 are
consistent with the wear data published by other authors
with reference to failed arthroplasties [13,27}29]. A com- References
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