Name : Putu Juwita Cahyanti

NIM : 2111031211

Class : 3 IKI

a. Communication

The word communication is derived from a Latin word meaning “to share”.
Communication can be defined as “purposefully and actively exchanging information
between two or more people to convey or receive the intended meanings through a shared
system of signs and symbols”. It is a combination of the processes we implement to share and
convey information. Communication is simply the creation and exchange of meaning.
Communication have three points there are people, shared meaning, and symbols.
Communication also have simple model there are sender, message, and receiver. Two-way
communication process is : sender has an idea, sender encodes the idea, sender transmits the
message, receiver gets the message, receiver decodes the message, receiver sends feedback.
Here’s the example of communication channel : face to face, meetings, videoconferencing,
voice mail, presentations, computer conferencing, and so on. Also not so obvious channels
there are :touch, visual appearance, body language, smell, objects, sounds, and color. As for
what make us good communicators : ability to communicate well in written and verbally,
ability to listen, being precise, good body language, positive attitude. Communication have
two aspect there are verbal or Linguistic Aspect-aspect of communication using words. It
may be oral or written, formal or informal and Non-verbal or Extra linguistic Aspect-aspect
of communication that does not make use of words but enhance or change the linguistic code.
Communication have three genre of communication : written communication, oral
communication, and mixed communication.

b. Culture

Culture is generally refers to the shared values, attitudes, beliefs, and practices that
characterize a social group, organization, or institution. It is difficult to pin down an exact
definition of culture, cultures themselves can be hard to draw boundaries around, as they are
fluid, diverse, and often overlapping. It is a field of study that looks at how people from
different cultural backgrounds communicate, in similar and different ways among
themselves, and how they endeavor across cultures (Rawat, 2019). It is a scientific field
whose object of interest is the interaction between individuals and groups from different
cultures, and which examines the influence of culture on who people are, how they act, feel,
think and evidently speak and listen (Dodd, 1991). It is a communicative process involving
individuals from reference cultures which are sufficiently different to be perceived as such,
with certain and/or contextual barriers having to be overcome in order to achieve effective
communication. (Aneas & Sandin, 2009) It involves understanding the different cultures,
languages and customs of people from other countries. It is a discipline that studies other
fields such as anthropology (cultural anthropology), cultural studies, psychology (Freudian
psychoanalytic theory), communication (linguistics), and ethology. When we talk of other
cultures, we mean not only those who speaka language that is different from ours or who live
in a different country or region; we also mean those who live in the same city or region but
who do not share the same social groups. Culture is a way of thinking and living whereby one
picks up a set of attitudes, values, norms and beliefs that are taught and reinforced by other
members in the group. This set of basic assumptions and solutions to the problems of the
world is a shared system that is passed on from generation to generation to ensure survival. A
culture consists of unwritten and written principles and laws that guide how an individual
interacts with the outside world. Members of a culture can be identified by the fact that they
share some similarity. They may be united by religion, by geography, by race or ethnicity.

c. Newspaper

The history of journalism, or the development of the gathering and transmitting of

news, spans the growth of technology and trade, marked by the advent of specialized
techniques for gathering and disseminating information on a regular basis that has caused, as
one history of journalism assume, the steady increase of "the scope of news available to us
and the speed with which it is transmitted.“ Newspapers are still the largest and most
influential of all mass media news operations. Newspaper played a pivotal or critical role in
the formation and growth of journalism. The history of the newspaper industry tells the story
of how the concept of journalism and the meaning of news evolved. Two challenges facing
today’s newspaper industry are how to practice good journalism in area of corporate
ownership and how to bring diversity/ variety into newsrooms. There are genre of journalism
:

1. Yellow journalism (or sensationalism) – writing which emphasizes exaggerated

claims or rumors.
2. Gonzo journalism - first championed by journalist Hunter S. Thompson, gonzo
journalism is a "highly personal style of reporting" in which articles are "written
without claims of objectivity, often including the reporter as part of the story via a
first-person narrative"
3. Drone journalism – use of drones to capture journalistic footage.
4. Advocacy journalism – writing to advocate particular viewpoints or influence the
opinions of the audience.
5. Broadcast journalism – writing or speaking which is intended to be distributed by
radio or television broadcasting, rather than only in written form for readers.
6. Investigative journalism – writing which seeks to add extra information to explain, or
better describe the people and events of a particular topic.
7. Tabloid journalism – writing which uses opinionated or wild claims.

News come from many sources like : religion, famous people, health, sex, conflict, tragedy,
weather, foof and drink, entertainment, sport, human interest, progress and development, and
so on.

d. Broadcasting

Broadcasting is a transmitting intelligence via radio waves traveling through the air,
for reception by electronic receivers, (either radio or TV). The electronic receivers when
activated (turned on) convert the electronic signal to sound and pictures with the intent of
having the signal received by anyone who has the appropriate reception equipment and
wishes to monitor it. Broadcasting is divided into radio and TV. Radio is subdivided into
short-wave, AM and FM and TV is subdivided into VHF, UHF and Low-Power.

I. Radio

AM radio

This was the first form of broadcast radio invented. The name of the medium wave band, AM
(amplitude modulation), indicates the modification of electric signal strength. AM stations
are found between 540 kilohertz (khz) and 1600 khz on the radio dial (1 khz equals 1,000
hertz; a hertz is a frequency of 1 cycle per second). The main characteristic is the propensity
to have a static sound (especially during electrical storms); and lack of fidelity (the range of
sound that can be transmitted).

FM RADIO

This was developed from experiments started in 1924 by Edwin H. Armstrong. FM

(frequency modulation) signifies varying the frequency of the carrier signal. Static-free and
has a frequency range comparable to the stereo disc played on hi-fi (but not as good as
compact disc) FM stations are found between 88.1 mhz and 107.9 mhz (millions of cycles per
second) on receiver dials.

SHORT-WAVE RADIO

This is a method of radio transmission used when it is desirable to send intelligence over
great distance using high-frequency signals (overseas audience). Short-wave radio comes
between AM radio and TV in the frequency spectrum (3 to 30 mhz). Short-wave is used
primarily for international broadcasting (ex. Voice of America). Short-wave signals tend to
be better for voice rather than music and are affected by the nature of the earth’s atmosphere
at the time of transmission.

2. Television

A system of transmitting pictures and voice by radio waves. In engineering terms, a form of
“radio” transmission. To transmit a television picture with all of its allied information, a
wider section of the frequency spectrum (6 mhz) had to be set aside for each television
transmission. The need for more room on each transmission frequency caused regulators and
engineers to choose a higher frequency range, which had not been fully developed, as the
location of the TV frequencies. This was named the Very High Frequency Band (VHF);
channels 2 to 13 (The lower part contains channels 2 to 6, then a section of the spectrum is set
aside for FM radio, and further up the spectrum the VHF band resumes with channels 7
through 13). VHF transmits at power maximums of 100,000 to 316,000 watts depending on
the channel number. As television transmission engineering reached new levels of technical
sophistication, another band was set aside, the Ultra High Frequency Band (UHF); channels
14 to 83. UHF stations can employ up to 5 million watts in their transmission. The VHF and
UHF bands are separated from each other on the imaginary line called the frequency
spectrum. Low-Power TV (1980s) – can be assigned to any VHF or UHF channel not in use
in the area as long as they don’t cause interference to nearby TV stations. Some industry
leaders are using the phrase Community TV to get away from the image of weakness implied
by the word low-power. Operate with only a minute fraction of the power employed by
regular TV stations Operate at either 10 watts on a VHF channel or 1,000 watts on a UHF
channel.

e. Evolution of Media

The evolution of media in time line 2010 Americans could turn on their television and
find 24-hour news channels as well as music videos, nature documentaries, and reality shows
about everything from hoarders to fashion models. That’s not to mention movies available on
demand from cable providers or television and video available online for streaming or
downloading. Half of US househlds received a daily newspaper. 1.9 average person holds
magazine subscription ( State of Media, 2004, Bilton 2007). Based on study University of
Califonia, San Diego claimed that Americans are exposed to media in taxicabs and buses, in
classrooms and doctors’ offices, on highways, and in airplanes. We can begin to orient
ourselves in the information cloud through parsing what roles the media fills in society,
examining its history in society, and looking at the way technological innovations have
helped bring us to where we are today. In 2019 base on studies on the use of socmed almost
half of the world's population (49 percent; 3.80 billion) now actively uses social media,
increasing the figure continuously (Kemp, 2020). We utilize social media for various
purposes, including relationship maintenance, access to information, and enjoyment (Boyd &
Ellison, 2007; Lin & Lu, 2011), which has made social media an inseparable part of many
people's everyday lives. Although, as previously said, social media provides various benefits
and opportunities, concerns have been voiced around the world concerning its excessive use
(Baccarella et al., 2018). Meanwhile, excessive or addictive social media use is defined as a
"behavioral addiction characterized by being overly concerned about social media, motivated
by an uncontrolled want to log on to or use social media, and investing so much time and
effort to social media that impairs other vital life areas" (Hilliard, 2019). Media fulfills basic
roles in our society.

A. Entertainment

1. Springboard for our imagination.

2. Source of fantasy and outlet for escapism.

3. The power of media brings all stories that take us away from ourselves.

B. Information and Education

1. Newspaper/ news in television and radio programs available across the globe.

2. Books and Magazine.

C. Technology

1. Online classes.

2. blogging/ vlogs.

3. podcasting.